Molecular epidemiology: Insights into cancer susceptibility, risk assessment, and prevention

Journal of the National Cancer Institute

Volumn 88, Issue 8, 1996, Pages 496-509

  Perera, Frederica P ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGEN; MUTAGENIC AGENT;

CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CARCINOGENESIS; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNIC GROUP; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; WORKPLACE; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

DIET; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; DNA REPAIR; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING; NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0029924267     PISSN: 00278874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/88.8.496     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risk of cancer in the United States today. New York: Oxford Univ Press, 1981.
2. Perera FP, Weinstein IB. Molecular epidemiology and carcinogen-DNA adduct detection: new approaches to studies of human cancer causation. J Chron Dis 1982;35:581-600.
3. Tomatis L, Aitio A, Wilbourn J, Shuker L. Human carcinogens so far identified. Jpn J Cancer Res 1987;78:887-98.
4. Higginson J, Muir CS. The role of epidemiology in elucidating the importance of environmental factors in human cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 1976;1:79-105.
5. Weinstein IB, Santella RM, Perera FP. Molecular biology and epidemiology of cancer. In: Greenwald P, Kramer BS, Weed DL, editors. Cancer prevention and control. New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1995:83-110.
6. Venitt S. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis and individual susceptibility to cancer. Clin Chem 1994;40:1421-5.
7. Perera FP, Poirier MC, Yuspa SH, Nakayama J, Jaretzki A, Curren MM, et al. A pilot project in molecular cancer epidemiology: determination of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in animal and human tissues by immunoassays. Carcinogenesis 1982;3:1405-10.
8. National Research Council, Committee on Biological Markers. Biological markers in environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect 1987; 74:3-9.
9. Hulka BS. ASPO Distinguished Achievement Award Lecture. Epidemiological studies using biological markers: issues for epidemiologists. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1991;1:13-9
10. Schulte PA, Perera FP, editors. Molecular epidemiology: principles and practices. New York: Academic Press, 1993.
11. Perera F. The potential usefulness of biological markers in risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 1987;76:141-5.
12. National Research Council, Science and judgement of risk assessment. Washington, DC: Natl Acad Press, 1994.
13. Omenn GS. Future research directions in cancer ecogenetics. Mutat Res 1991;247:283-91.
14. Ashford NA. Monitoring the worker and the community for chemical exposure and disease: legal and ethical considerations in the US. Clin Chem 1994;40:1426-37.
15. Hubbard R, Wald E. Exploring the gene myth: how genetics information is produced and manipulated by scientists, physicians, employers, insurance companies, educators, and law enforcers. Boston: Beacon Press, 1993.
16. Nowak R. Genetic testing set for takeoff [news] [see comment citations in Medline] [published errata appear in Science 1994;265:1792 and 1994; 266:716]. Science 1994;265:464-7.
17. Schulte PA, Sweeney MH. Ethical considerations, confidentiality issues, rights of human subjects, and uses of monitoring data in research and regulation. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103(Suppl 3):69-74.
18. Ashford NA. Medical screening in the workplace: legal and ethical considerations. Semin Occup Med 1986;1:67-79.
19. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures-1996. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 1996.
20. Ames BN, Gold LS. Too many rodent carcinogens: mitogenesis increases mutagenesis [published erratum appears in Science 1990;249:1487]. Science 1990;249:970-1.
21. Perera FP, Rail DP, Weinstein IB. Carcinogenesis mechanisms: the debate continues. Science 1991;252:903-4.
22. Finkel AM. A quantitative estimate of the variations in human susceptibility to cancer and its implications for risk management. In: Low-dose extrapolation of cancer risks: issues and perspectives. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute, 1995:297-328.
23. Nebert DW. Role of genetics and drug metabolism in human cancer risk. Mutat Res 1991;247:267-81.
24. Hattis D, Barlow K. Human interindividual variability in cancer risks. Technical and management challenges. Health and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1996,2:194-220.
25. Beardsley T. Death by analysis. Sci Am 1995;Jun:28; Risk Policy Report, March 15, 1994.
26. Li FP. Inherited susceptibility to cancer: from epidemiology to interventional research. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:648.
27. Frebourg T, Friend SH, Cancer risks from germ line p53 mutations. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1637-41.
28. Knudson AG. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and anti-oncogenes. Cancer Res 1994;45:1437-43.
29. Cavenee WK, White RL. The genetic basis of cancer. Sci Am 1995;272:72-9.
30. Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991;254:1138-46.
31. Koufos A, Hansen MF, Lampkin BC, Workman ML. Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, et al. Loss of alleles at loci on human chromosome 11 during genesis of Wilms' tumour. Nature 1984;309:170-2.
32. Easton D, Ford D, Peto J. Inherited susceptibility to breast cancer. Cancer Surv 1993;18:95-113.
33. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994;266:66-71.
34. Kinzler KW. Genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995,36:668-9.
35. Lambert WC, Kuo HR, Lambert MW. Xeroderma pigmentosum. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:169-209.
36. Swift M, Morrell D, Massey RB, Chase CL. Incidence of cancer in 161 families affected by ataxia-telangiectasia [see comment citations in Medline]. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1831-5.
37. Savitsky K, Bar-Shira A, Gilad S, Rotman G, Ziv Y, Vanagaite L, et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase [see comment citations in Medline]. Science 1995;268:1749-53.
38. Caporaso N, DeBaun MR, Rothman N. Lung cancer and CYP2D6 (the debrisoquine polymorphism): sources of heterogeneity in the proposed association. Pharmacogenetics 1995;5:S129-34.
39. Seidegard J, Pero RW, Markowitz MM, Roush G, Miller DG, Beattie EJ. Isoenzyme(s) of glutathione transferase (class mu) as a marker for the susceptibility to lung cancer: a follow-up study. Carcinogenesis 1990;11(1): 33-6.
40. Bell DA, Taylor JA, Paulson DF, Robertson CN, Mohler JL, Lucier GW. Genetic risk and carcinogen exposure: a common inherited defect of the carcinogen-metabolism gene glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) that increases susceptibility to bladder cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85: 1159-64.
41. Vineis P, Caporaso N. Tobacco and cancer: epidemiology and the laboratory. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103:156-60.
42. Bell DA, Taylor JA, Butler MA, Stephens EA, Wiest J, Brubaker LH, et al. Genotype/phenotype discordance for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) reveals a new slow-acetylator allele common in African-Americans. Carcinogenesis 1993;14:1689-92.
43. Yu MC, Skipper PL, Taghizadeh K, Tannenbaum SR, Chan KK, Henderson BE, et al. Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black and Asian men in Los Angeles, California. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:712-6.
44. Ambrosone CB, Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Vena JE, Brasure JR, et al. Cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione S-transferase (M1) genetic polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 1995;55:3483-5.
45. Rüdiger HW, Schwartz U, Serrand E, Stief M, Krause T, Nowak D, et al. Reduced O6-methylguanine repair in fibroblast cultures from patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res 1989;49:5623-6.
46. Krontiris TG, Devlin B, Karp DD, Robert NJ, Risch N. An association between the risk of cancer and mutations in the Hras1 minisatellite locus [see comment citations in Medline]. N Engl J Med 1993;329:517-23.
47. Sugimura H, Weston A, Caporaso NE, Shields PG, Bowman ED, Metcalf RA, et al. Biochemical and molecular epidemiology of cancer. Biomed Environ Sci 1991;4:73-92.
48. Sugimura H, Caporaso NE, Modali RV, Krontiris TG, Weston A, Harris CC. Association of rare alleles of HRAS-1 with lung cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1990,31:230.
49. Weston A, Vineis P, Caporaso NE, Krontiris TG, Lonergan JA, Sugimura H. Racial variation in the distribution of Ha-ras-1 alleles. Mol Carcinog 1991;4:265-8.
50. Whyatt RM, Perera FP. Application of biologic markers to studies of environmental risks in children and the developing fetus. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103(Suppl 6):105-10.
51. Shimizu Y, Kato H, Schull WJ. Risk of cancer among atomic bomb survivors. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 1991;32(Suppl 2):54-63.
52. Kato H, Yoshimoto Y, Schull WJ. Risk of cancer among children exposed to atomic bomb radiation in utero: a review. In: Napalkov NP, Rice JM, Tomatis L, Yamasaki H, editors. Perinatal and multigeneration carcinogenesis. Lyon: IARC, 1989:365-74.
53. Ershler WB. The influence of an aging immune system on cancer incidence and progression [see comment citations in Medline]. J Gerontol 1993;48:B3-7.
54. Cohen HJ. Biology of aging as related to cancer. Cancer 1994;74(7 Suppl).2092-100.
55. Kelsey JL Breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:1-256.
56. Glover-Kerkvliet J. Environmental assault on immunity. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103:236-9.
57. Ross RK, Yuan JM, Yu MC, Wogan GN, Qian GS, Tu JP, et al. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma [see comment citations in Medline]. Lancet 1992;339.943-6.
58. Skolnick MH, Cannon-Albright LA, Goldgar DE, Ward JH, Marshall CJ, Schumann GB, et al. Inheritance of proliferative breast disease in breast cancer kindreds. Science 1990;250:1715-20.
59. Wu AH, Fontham ET, Reynolds P, Greenberg RS, Buffler RS, Lift J, et al. Previous lung disease and risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmoking women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:1023-32.
60. Block G. The data support a role for antioxidants in reducing cancer risk. Nutr Rev 1992;50(7):207-13.
61. Willett WC. Micronutrients and cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59(5 Suppl):1162S-5S.
62. Harris CC. Chemical and physical carcinogenesis: advances and perspectives for the 1990s. Cancer Res (18 Suppl) 1991;51:5023s-44s.
63. Bishop JM. Molecular themes in oncogenesis. Cell 1991;64:235-48.
64. Barrett JC. Mechanisms of action of known human carcinogens In: Vainio H, Magee PN, McGregor DB, McMichael AJ, editors. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis in risk identification. Lyon: IARC, 1992: 115-34
65. Bartsch H. Genetic and other host-risk factors. In: Higginson J, Muir CS, Munoz N, editors. Human cancer: epidemiology and environmental causes. New York: Cambridge Univ Press. 1992:189-208.
66. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759-67.
67. Frenkel K. Carcinogen-mediated oxidant formation and oxidative DNA damage. Pharmacol Ther 1992;53:127-66.
68. Perera FP. Perspectives on the risk assessment for nongenotoxic carcinogens and tumor promoters [see comment citation in Medline]. Environ Health Perspect 1991;94:231-5.
69. Davis DL, Bradlaw HL, Wolff M, Woodruff T, Hoel DG, Anton-Culver H. Medical hypothesis, xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1993;101.372-7.
70. Weinstein IB. Synergistic interactions between chemical carcinogens, tumor promoters, and viruses and their relevance to human liver cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 1989;14:253-9.
71. Varmus HE. The molecular genetics of cellular oncogenes. Annu Rev Genet 1984;18:553-612.
72. Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford Univ Press, 1996.
73. Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR. Protein adducts in the molecular dosimetry of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 1990;11:507-18.
74. Perera FP, Santella RM, Brenner D, Poirier MC, Munshi AA, Fischman HK, et al. DNA adducts, protein adducts, and sister chromatid exchange in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;79:449-56.
75. Santella RM, Grinberg-Funes RA, Young TL, Dickey C, Singh VN, Wang LW, et al. Cigarette smoking related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral mononuclear cells Carcinogenesis 1992; 13(11):2041-5.
76. van Schooten FJ, van Leeuwen FE, Hillebrand MJ, de Rijke ME, Hart AA, van Veen HG, et al. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide - DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA from coke-oven workers: the impact of smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:927-33.
77. Rothman N, Poirier MC, Baser ME, Hansen JA, Gentile C, Bowman ED, et al. Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells during consumption of charcoal-broiled beef. Carcinogenesis 1990,11:1241-3.
78. Shamsuddin AK, Sinopoli NT, Hemminki K, Boesch RR, Harris CC. Detection of benzo(a)pyrene DNA adducts in human white blood cells. Cancer Res 1985;45:66-8.
79. Crawford FG, Mayer J, Santella RM, Cooper T, Ottman R, Tsai WY, et al. Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke in preschool children and their mothers [see comment citations in Medline]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1398-402.
80. Perera FP, Hemminki K, Grzybowska E, Motykiewicz G, Michalska J, Santella RM, et al. Molecular and genetic damage from environmental pollution in Poland [published erratum appears in Nature 1993;361:564] [see comment citation in Medline]. Nature 1992;360:256-8.
81. Perera FP, Santella RM, Whyatt RM. Molecular epidemiology: genetic damage in adults and newborns related to environmental exposures in Eastern Europe. Environ Health Perspect 1995;103(Suppl 6):105-10.
82. Perera FP, Dickey C, Santella R, O'Neill JP, Albertini RJ, Ottman R, et al. Carcinogen-DNA adducts and gene mutation in foundry workers with low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:2905-10.
83. Perera FP, Tang D, O'Neill P, Bigbee W, Albertini R, Santella R, et al HPRT and gtycophorin A mutations in foundry workers: relationship to PAH exposure and to PAH-DNA adducts. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14 969-73.
84. Bryant MS, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Maclure M Hemoglobin adducts of 4-aminobiphenyl in smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Res 1987, 47:602-8.
85. Vineis P, Bartsch H, Caporaso N, Harrington AM, Kadlubar FF, Landl MT, et al. Genetically based N-acetyltransferase metabolic polymorphism and low-level environmental exposure to carcinogens. Nature 1994;369. 154-6.
86. Tang D, Santella RM, Blackwood AM, Young TL, Mayer J, Jaretzki A, et al. A molecular epidemiologic case-control study of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:341-6.
87. Rothman KJ Modern epidemiology, Boston; Little, Brown, 1986
88. Groopman JD, Wogan GN, Roebuck BD, Kensler TW. Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins and their application to human cancer prevention, Cancer Res 1994;54:1907S-1911S.
89. Vineis P, Faggiano F, Terracini B. Biochemical epidemiology: uses in the study of human carcinogenesis Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1990;10:231-7.
90. Whyatt R, Santella R, Garte SJ, Ottman R, Gladek-Yarborough A, Young T, et al. Effects of environmental exposures on DNA damage in women and the developing fetus and its modulation by genetic/metabolic factors. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:284.
91. Mooney LA, Santella RM, Covey L, Jeffrey AM, Bigbee W, Randall MC, et al. Decline in DNA damage and other biomarkers in peripheral blood following smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4: 627-34.
92. McMichael AJ. Invited commentary - molecular epidemiology: new pathway or new travelling companion? [see comment citations in Medline] Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:1-11.
93. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Carcinogens leave fingerprints [news]. Nature 1992;355:209-10.
94. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991;253:49-52.
95. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 1994;54:4855-78.
96. Suzuki H, Takahashi T, Kuroishi T, Suyama M, Ariyoshi T, Takahashi T, et al. p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in Japan: association between mutations and smoking. Cancer Res 1992;52:734-6.
97. Biggs PJ, Warren W, Venitt S, Stratton MR Does a genotoxic carcinogen contribute to human breast cancer? The value of mutational spectra in unravelling the aetiology of cancer. Mutagenesis 1993;8:275-83.
98. Perera FP, Estabrook A, Hewer A, Channing KM, Rundle A, Mooney LA, et al. Carcinogen-DNA adducts in human breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:233-8.
99. Li D, Wang M, Dhingra K, Hittelman WN. Aromatic DNA adducts in adjacent tissues of breast cancer patients: clues to breast cancer etiology. Cancer Res 1996,56:287-93.
100. Slebos RJ, Hruban RH, Dalesio O, Mooi WJ, Offerhaus GJ, Rodenhuis S. Relationship between K-ras oncogene activation and smoking in adenocarcinoma of the human lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;83:1024-7.
101. Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Hackman P, Ridanpaa M, Anttila S, Karjalainen A, Partanen T, et al. K-ras mutations in human adenocarcinoma of the lung: association with smoking and occupational exposure to asbestos. Int J Cancer 1993;53:250-6
102. You M, Candrian U, Maronpot RR, Stoner GD, Anderson MW. Activation of the Ki-ras protooncogene in spontaneously occurring and chemically induced lung tumors of the strain A mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:3070-4.
103. Taylor JA, Watson MA, Devereux TR, Michels RY, Saccomanno G, Anderson M. p53 mutation hotspot in radon-associated lung cancer [see comment citations in Medline]. Lancet 1994;343:86-7.
104. Bennett WP, Wang XW, Greenblatt MS, Soini YM, Shields PG, Harris CC. Tumor suppressor genes: at the crossroads of molecular carcinogenesis, molecular epidemiology, and human risk assessment. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:699-700.
105. Hsu IC, Metcalf RA, Sun T, Welsh JA, Wang NJ, Harris CC. Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas [see comment citations in Medline]. Nature 1991;350:427-8.
106. Bressac B, Kew M, Wands J, Ozturk M. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa [see comment citation in Medline]. Nature 1991;350:429-30.
107. Hollstein M, Marion MJ, Lehman T, Welsh J, Harris CC, Martel-Planche G, et al. p53 mutations at A:T base pairs in angiosarcomas of vinyl chloride-exposed factory workers. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:1-3.
108. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, Lin A, McKenna GJ, Baden HP, et al. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:10124-8.
109. Marshall CJ. Tumor suppressor genes Cell 1991;64:313-26.
110. Gonzalez FJ, Idle JR. Pharmacogenetic phenotyping and genotyping. Present status and future potential. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;26.59-70.
111. Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Oxidation of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 1991; 4:391-407.
112. Poulsen HE, Loft S, Wassermann K. Cancer risk related to genetic polymorphisms in carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;72:93-103.
113. Miller EC. Some current perspectives on chemical carcinogenesis in humans and experimental animals: Presidental Address. Cancer Res 1978; 38:1479-96
114. Singer B, Grunberger DE, editors. Molecular biology of mutagens and carcinogens. New York: Plenum Press, 1983.
115. Whyatt RM, Garte SJ, Cosma G, Bell DA, Jedrychowski W, Wahrendorf J, et al. CYP1A1 messenger RNA levels in placental tissue as a biomarker of environmental exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4: 147-53.
116. Schweikl H, Taylor JA, Kitareewan S, Linko P, Nagorney D, Goldstein JA. Expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in human liver. Pharmacogenetics 1993;3:239-49.
117. Petruzzelli S, Camus AM, Carrozzi L, Ghelarducci L, Rindi M, Menconi G, et al. Long-lasting effects of tobacco smoking on pulmonary drug-metabolizing enzymes: a case-control study on lung cancer patients. Cancer Res 1988;48:4695-700.
118. Kouri RE, McKinney CE, Slomiany DJ, Snodgrass DR, Wray NP, McLemore TL. Positive correlation between high aryl hydroxylase activity and primary lung cancer as analyzed in cryopreserved lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1982;42:5030-7.
119. Kellermann G, Shaw CR, Luyten-Kellerman M. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and bronchogenic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1973;289:934-7.
120. Nakachi K, Imai K, Hayashi S, Watanabe J, Kawajiri K. Genetic susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in relation to cigarette smoking dose. Cancer Res 1991;51:5177-80.
121. Kawajiri K, Nakachi K, Imai K, Watanabe J, Hayashi S. The CYP1A1 gene and cancer susceptibility. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1993;14:77-87.
122. Crofts F, Taioh E, Trachman J, Cosma GN, Currie D, Toniolo P, et al. Functional significance of different human CYP1A1 genotypes. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:2961-3.
123. Kadlubar FF, Butler MA, Kaderlik KR, Chou HC, Lang NP. Polymorphisms for aromatic amine metabolism in humans: relevance for human carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 1992;98:69-74.
124. Stephens EA, Taylor JA, Kaplan N, Yang CH, Hsieh LL, Lucier GW, et al. Ethnic variation in the CYP2E1 gene. polymorphism analysis of 695 African-Americans, European-Americans, and Taiwanese. Pharmacogenetics 1994;4:185-92.
125. Shields PG. Pharmacogenetics, detecting sensitive populations. Environ Health Perspect 1994;102(Suppl 11):81-7.
126. Kato S, Bowman ED, Harrington AM, Blomeke B, Shields PG. Human lung carcinogen-DNA adduct levels mediated by genetic polymorphisms in vivo [see comment citations in Medline]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:902-7.
127. Nazar-Stewart V, Motulsky AG, Eaton DL, White E, Homung SK, Leng ZT, et al. The glutathione S-transferase mu polymorphism as a marker for susceptibility to lung carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993,53:2313-8.
128. McWilliams JE, Sanderson BJ, Harris EL, Richert-Boe KE, Henner WD. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) deficiency and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:589-94.
129. Tang DL, Chiamprasert S, Santella RM, Perera FP. Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer: carcinogen-DNA adducts, GSTM1 and risk. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:284.
130. Brockmoller J, Kerb R, Drakoulis N, Staffeldt B, Roots I Glutathione S-transferase M1 and its variants A and B as host factors of bladder cancer susceptibility: a case-control study. Cancer Res 1994;54:4103-11
131. Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Karjalainen A, Anttila S, Vainio H. Point-mutational MspI and Ile-Val polymorphism closely linked in the CYP1A1 gene: lack of assocation with susceptibility to lung cancer in a Finnish study population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992;1:485-9.
132. Alexandrie AK, Sundberg MI, Seidegard J, Tornling G, Rannug A. Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer with special emphasis on CYP1A1 and GSTM1: a study on host factors in relation to age at onset, gender, and histological cancer types Carcinogenesis 1994;15:1785-90.
133. Vahakangas K, Trivers GE, Plummer S, Hayes RB, Krokan H, Rowe M, et al. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil DNA glycosylase in human bronchoalveolar lavage cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from tobacco smokers and non-smokers. Carcinogenesis 1991;12:1389-94.
134. Myrnes B, Giercksky KE, Krokan H. Interindividual variation in the activity of O6-methyl guanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase in human organs. Carcinogenesis 1983;4:1565-8.
135. Grafstrom RC, Pegg AE, Trump BF, Harris CC. O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in normal human tissues and cells. Cancer Res 1984;44:2855-7.
136. Harris CC, Autrup H, Vahakangas K, Trump BF. Genetic variation in response to chemical exposure. In: Omenn GS, Gelboin HV, editors Banbury Report #16. Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1984:145-53.
137. Oesch F, Aulmann W, Platt KL, Doerjer G. Individual differences in DNA repair capacities in man. Arch Toxicol (Suppl) 1987;10:172-9.
138. Pero RW, Johnson DB, Miller DG, Zang E, Markowitz M, Doyle GA, et al Adenosinc diphosphate ribosyl transferase responses to a standardized dose of hydrogen peroxide in the mononuclear leukocytes of patients with a diagnosis of cancer. Carcinogenesis 1989;10:1657-64.
139. Kovacs E, Almendral A. Reduced DNA repair synthesis in healthy women having first degree relatives with breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987;23:1051-7.
140. Nebert DW, Petersen DD, Puga A. Human AH locus polymorphism and cancer: inducibility of CYP1A1 and other genes by combustion products and dioxin. Pharmacogenetics 1991;1:68-78.
141. Lehrer SP, Schmutzler RK, Rabin JM, Schachter BS. An estrogen receptor genetic polymorphism and a history of spontaneous abortion - correlation in women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer but not in women with estrogen receptor negative breast cancer or in women without cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993;26:175-80.
142. Ponder BA. Genetic predisposition to cancer. 1991;203-4.
143. Taioli E, Crofts F, Trachman J, Demopoulos R, Toniolo P, Garte SJ. A specific African-American CYP1A1 polymorphism is associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 1995;55:474-3.
144. Krieger N. Social class and the black/white crossover in the age-specific incidence of breast cancer: a study linking census-derived data to population-based registry records. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:804-14.
145. Trapido EJ, Chen F, Davis K, Lewis N, MacKinnon JA, Strait PM Cancer in south Florida Hispanic women. A 9-year assessment [see comment citations in Medline] [published erratum appears in Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1928]. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1083-8.
146. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical abstract of the United States: 1994. Washington, DC, 1994.
147. Goldman BA. Not just prosperity: achieving sustainability with environmental justice. National Wildlife Federation; Corporate Conservation Council; Synergy '94 Conference, Washington (DC), 1994.
148. Blaszyk H, Vaughn CB, Hartmann A, McGovern RM, Schroeder JJ, Cunningham J, et al. Novel pattern of p53 gene mutations in an American black cohort with high mortality from breast cancer. Lancet 1994; 343:1195-7.
149. Krieger N, Wolff MS, Hiatt RA, Rivera M, Vogelman J, Orentreich N. Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women [see comment citations in Medline]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:589-99.
150. Wagenknecht LE, Burke GL, Perkins LL, Haley NJ, Friedman GD. Misclassification of smoking status in the CARDLA study: a comparison of self report with serum cotinine levels. Am J Public Health 1992;82:33-6.
151. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Akerkar S, Richie JP Jr. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3,pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronide, metabolites of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, in the urine of black and white smokers. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1994;35:286.
152. Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW. Evolution of the P450 gene superfamily: animal-plant 'warfare' molecular drive, and human genetic differences in drug oxidation. Trends Genet 1990;6:182-6.
153. London SJ, Daly AK, Fairbrother KS, Holmes C, Carpenter CL, Navidi WC, et al. Lung cancer risk in African-Americans in relation to a race-specific CYP1A1 polymorphism. Cancer Res 1995;55:6035-7.
154. Spitz MR, Hsu TC, Wu X, Fueger JJ, Amos CI, Roth JA, Mutagen sensitivity as a biological marker of lung cancer risk in African Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4.99-103.
155. Wei Q, Hsu TC, Gu J, Xu X, Cheng L. Cellular DNA repair capacity correlates with in vitro mutagen sensitivity. Proc AACR 1995;36:275.
156. Yu MC, Ross RK, Chan KK, Henderson BE, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, et al Glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype affects aminobiphenylhemoglobin adduct levels in white, black and Asian smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:861-4.
157. Garrett PA, Hulka BS, Kim YL, Farber RA. HRAS protooncogene polymorphism and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2:131-8.
158. Elledge RM, Clark GM, Chamness GC, Osborne CK. Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States [see comment citation in Medline]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994,86:705-12.
159. Calabrese EJ. Age and susceptibility to toxic substances. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986.
160. World Health Organization. Principles for evaluating health risks from chemicals during infancy and early childhood: the need for a special approach. Environmental Health Criteria 59. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1986.
161. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. Washington, DC: Natl Acad Press, 1993.
162. Mott L, Vance F, Curtis J. Handle with care: children and environmental carcinogens. New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1994.
163. Kang DH, Correa-Villasenor A, Breysse PN, Strickland PT. Correlation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentration between children and their mothers. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1995;36:107.
164. Cook JT, Martin KS. Differences in nutrient adequacy among poor and non-poor children. Medford (MA): Tufts Univ School of Nutrition; Center on Hunger, Poverty & Nutrition Policy, May 1995.
165. National Center for Children in Poverty. Number of poor children under six increased from 5 to 6 million 1987-1992. News and Issues Dec 1995; 5.1-2.
166. Tokunaga M, Land CE, Yamamoto T, Asano M, Tokuoka S, Ezaki H, et al. Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors. Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1950-1980 [see comment citations in Medline]. Radiat Res 1987;112:243-72.
167. Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Clarke EA, Stolley PD, Warshauer ME, Zauber AG, et al. Breast cancer and cigarette smoking: a hypothesis [see comment citations in Medline]. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1-13.
168. Herrero R, Brinton LA, Reeves WC, Brenes MM, Tenorio F, De Britton RC, et al. Sexual behavior, venereal diseases, hygiene practices, and invasive cervical cancer in high-risk population. Cancer 1990;65:380-6.
169. White E, Malone KE, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Breast cancer among young U.S. women in relation to oral contraceptive use. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:505-14.
170. Kjaer SK, Dahl C, Engholm G, Bock JE, Lynge E, Jensen OM. Case-control study of risk factors for cervical neoplasia in Denmark. II. Role of sexual activity, reproductive factors, and venereal infections. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:339-48.
171. Risch HA, Howe GR, Jain M, Burch JD, Holowaty EJ, Miller AB. Are female smokers at higher risk for lung cancer than male smokers? A case-control analysis by histologic type [see comment citations in Medline]. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:281-93.
172. Borysenko J. Psychophysiological variables. In: Brain J, Beck BD, Warren AJ, Shaikh RA, editors. Variations in susceptibility to inhaled pollutants: identification, mechanisms, and policy implications. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 1988.
173. Hsing AW, Hansson LE, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O, Blot WJ, Ekbom A, et al. Pernicious anemia and subsequent cancer: A population-based cohort study. Cancer 1993;71:745-50.
174. Greenwald P, Nixon DW, Malone WF, Kelloff GJ, Stem HR, Witkin KM. Concepts in cancer chemoprevention research. Cancer 1990;65: 1483-90.
175. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, Iscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies [see comment citations in Medline]. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:561-9.
176. Moon RC. Comparative aspects of carotenoids and retinoids as chemopreventive agents for cancer. J Nutr 1989;119:127-34.
177. Perera FP, Mooney LA. The role of molecular epidemiology in cancer prevention. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer prevention Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1993:1-15.
178. Grinberg-Funes RA, Singh VN, Perera FP, Bell DA, Young TL, Dickey C, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in smokers and their relationship to micronutrient levels and glutathione-S-transferase M1 genotype. Carcinogenesis 1994;15:2449-54.
179. Mooney LA, Bell DA, Santella RM, Lucier G, Ottman R, Paik M, et al. Manuscript submitted for publication.
180. Kucuk O, Pung A, Franke AA, Custer LJ, Wilkens LR, LeMarchand L, et al. Correlations between mutagen sensitivity and plasma nutrient levels of healthy individuals. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995; 4:217-21.
181. Shin DM, Hittelman WN, Hong WK. Biomarkers in upper aerodigestive tract tumorigenesis: a review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994,3: 697-709.
182. Dhingra K, Vogel V, Sneige N, Sahin A, Aldaz M, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Strategies for the application of biomarkers for risk assessment and efficacy in breast cancer chemoprevention trials. J Cell Biochem [Suppl] 1993;17G:37-43.
183. Kelloff GJ, Boone CW, Steele VE, Crowell JA, Lubet R, Sigman CC. Progress in cancer chemoprevention: perspectives on agent selection and short-term clinical intervention trials. Cancer Res 1994;54(7 Suppl): 2015s-2024s.
184. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Murphy SE, Foiles PG, Chung FL. Carcinogen biomarkers related to smoking and upper aerodigestive tract cancer. J Cell Biochem [Suppl] 1993;17F:27-35.
185. Perera FP. Molecular epidemiology in cancer prevention. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. New York: Oxford Univ Press, 1996.
186. Hattis D. Use of biological markers and pharmacokinetics in human health risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 1991;90:229-38.
187. Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, Shaikh RA. Variations in susceptibility to inhaled pollutants: identification, mechanisms, and policy implications. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ Press, 1988.
188. Hattis D, Erdreich L, DiMauro T. Human variability in parameters that are potentially related to susceptibility to carcinogenesis. I. Preliminary observations. Cambridge (MA): Center for Technology, Policy & Industrial Development. MIT, 1986.
189. Olden K, Poje J. Environmental justice and environmental health. Bull Soc Occup Environ Health 1995;4:3-4.