The effect of the classical and medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on vitamin and mineral levels

Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 16-26

  Christodoulides, S S ^a,b   Neal, E G ^a   Fitzsimmons, G ^a   Chaffe, H M ^a   Jeanes, Y M ^b   Aitkenhead, H ^a   Cross, J H ^a  

^a GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epilepsy; Ketogenic diet; Micronutrients

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; MAGNESIUM; MINERAL; RETINOL; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VITAMIN; ZINC;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; KETOGENIC DIET; MALE; MALNUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; KETOGENIC DIET; MAGNESIUM; MALE; MALNUTRITION; MINERALS; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENTS; TRIGLYCERIDES; VITAMIN A; VITAMIN E; VITAMINS; ZINC;

EID: 84855997690     PISSN: 09523871     EISSN: 1365277X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2011.01172.x     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Arnaud, M.J. (2008) Update on the assessment of magnesium status. Br. J. Nutr. 99, 24S-36S.
2. Bank, I.M., Shemie, S.D., Rosenblatt, B., Bernard, C. & Mackie, A.S. (2008) Sudden cardiac death in association with the ketogenic diet. Pediatr. Neurol. 39, 429-431.
3. Bergqvist, A.G.C., Chee, C.M., Lutchka, L., Rychik, J. & Stallings, V.A. (2003) Selenium deficiency associated with cardiomyopathy: a complication of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 44, 618-620.
4. Bergqvist, A.G.C., Schall, J.I. & Stallings, V.A. (2007) Vitamin D status in children with intractable epilepsy, and impact of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 48, 66-71.
5. Department of Health (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: HMSO.
6. Dikici, B., Dagli, A., Ucmak, H., Bilici, M. & Ece, A. (2007) Efficacy of vitamin E in children with immunotolerant-phase chronic hepatitis B infection. Pediatr. Int. 49, 603-607.
7. Dimitrov, N.V., Meyer, C., Gilliland, D., Ruppenthal, M., Chenoweth, W. & Malone, W. (1991) Plasma tocopherol concentrations in response to supplemental vitamin E. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 723-729.
8. Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (2003) Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and minerals. London: FSA.
9. Freeman, J.M., Vining, E.P.G., Pillas, D., Pyzik, P.L., Casey, J.C. & Kelly, M.T. (1998) The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics 102, 1358-1363.
10. Gibson, R.S. (1994) Zinc nutrition in developing countries. Nutr. Res. Rev. 7, 151-173.
11. Gibson, R.S., Hess, S.Y., Hotz, C. & Brown, H. (2008) Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. Br. J. Nutr. 99, 14S-23S.
12. 1/2years. Volume 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: HMSO.
13. Gregory, J., Low, S., Bates, C.J., Prentice, A., Jackson, L.V., Smithers, G., Wenlock, R. & Farron, M. (2000) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Young people aged 4 to 18years. Volume 1: Report of the Diet and Nutrition Survey. London: HMSO.
14. Groesbeck, D.K., Bluml, R.M. & Kossoff, E.H. (2006) Long-term use of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 48, 978-981.
15. Guo, C., Ronen, G. & Atkinson, S. (2001) Long-term valproate and lamotrigine treatment may be a marker for reduced growth and bone mass in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 42, 1141-1147.
16. Hoyt, C.S. & Billson, F.A. (1979) Optic neuropathy in ketogenic diet. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 63, 191-194.
17. Ismail, Y., Ismail, A.A. & Ismail, A.A. (2010) The underestimated problem of using serum magnesium measurements to exclude magnesium deficiency in adults; a health warning is needed for "normal" results. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 48, 323-327.
18. Jialal, I., Fuller, C.J. & Huet, B.A. (1995) The effect of α-tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation. A dose-response study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15, 190-198.
19. Kang, H.C., Chung, D.E., Kim, D.W. & Kim, H.D. (2004) Early- and late-onset complications of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 45, 1116-1123.
20. Kang, H.C., Kim, Y.J., Kim, D.W. & Kim, H.D. (2005) Efficacy and safety of the ketogenic diet for intractable childhood epilepsy: Korean multi-centre experience. Epilepsia 46, 272-279.
21. Kossoff, E.H., Zupec-Kania, B.A., Amark, P.E., Ballaban-Gil, K.R., Bergqvist, A.G.C., Blackford, R., Buchhalter, J.R., Caraballo, R.H., Cross, J.H., Dahlin, M.G., Donner, E.J., Klepper, J., Jehle, R.S., Kim, H.D., Liu, Y.M.C., Nation, J., Nordli, D.R., Pfeifer, H.H., Rho, J.M., Stafstrom, C.E., Thiele, E.A., Turner, Z., Wirrell, E.C., Wheless, J.W., Veggiotti, P. & Vining, E.P.G. (2009) Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia 50, 304-317.
22. Kraemer, K., Waelti, M., de Pee, S., Moench-Pfanner, R., Hathcock, J.N., Bloem, M.W. & Semba, R.D. (2008) Are low tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin A undermining effective food fortification efforts? Nutr. Rev. 66, 517-525.
23. Liu, Y.M., Williams, S., Basualdo-Hamond, C., Stephens, D. & Curtis, R. (2003) A prospective study: growth and nutritional status of children treated with the ketogenic diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 103, 107-112.
24. Mackay, M.T., Bicknell-Royle, J., Nation, J., Humphrey, M. & Harvey, A.S. (2005) The ketogenic diet in refractory childhood epilepsy. J. Paediatr. Child Health 41, 353-357.
25. Magrath, G., MacDonald, A. & Whitehouse, W. (2000) Dietary practices and use of the ketogenic diet in the UK. Seizure 9, 128-130.
26. Neal, E.G., Chaffe, H.M., Schwartz, R., Lawson, M., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., Whitney, A. & Cross, J.H. (2008a) The ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 7, 500-506.
27. Neal, E.G., Chaffe, H.M., Edwards, N., Lawson, M., Schwartz, R. & Cross, J.H. (2008b) Growth of children on classical and MCT ketogenic diets. Pediatrics 122, e334-e340.
28. Neal, E.G., Chaffe, H.M., Schwartz, R., Lawson, M., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., Whitney, A. & Cross, J.H. (2009) A randomised trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 50, 1109-1117.
29. Vining, E.P.G., Pyzik, P., McGrogan, J., Hladky, H., Anand, A., Kriegler, S. & Freeman, J.M. (2002) Growth of children on the ketogenic diet. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 44, 796-802.
30. Wilder, R.M. (1921) The effects of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2, 307-308.
31. Willmott, N.S. & Bryan, R.A. (2008) Case report: scurvy in an epileptic child on a ketogenic diet with oral complications. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent. 9, 148-152.
32. Zupec-Kania, B.A. & Spellman, E. (2008) An overview of the ketogenic diet for pediatric epilepsy. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23, 589-596.
33. Zupec-Kania, B. & Zupanc, M.L. (2008) Long-term management of the ketogenic diet: seizure monitoring, nutrition, and supplementation. Epilepsia 49, 23S-26S.