Volatility of Se and Te during subduction-related distillation and the geochemistry of epithermal ores of the Western United States

Economic Geology

Volumn 107, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 165-172

  Saunders, James A ^a   Brueseke, Matthew E ^b  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVOLATILIZATION; EPITHERMAL; GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES; GREAT BASIN; HOT SPOT; LARAMIDE; MAGMA DEGASSING; MAGMA GENERATION; MAGMATISMS; ORE GENESIS; ORE-FORMING; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; PARTIAL MELTING; RELATIVE VOLATILITY; ROCKY MOUNTAINS; VOLATILE BEHAVIORS; VOLATILE ELEMENTS; WESTERN UNITED STATES; YELLOWSTONES;

DEGASSING; DISTILLATION; GOLD; LEAD COMPOUNDS; MELTING; MERCURY (METAL); METALS; ORES; SULFUR;

GEOCHEMISTRY;

DEGASSING; DISTILLATION; ECONOMIC GEOLOGY; ELEMENT MOBILITY; EOCENE; EPITHERMAL DEPOSIT; GEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; MAGMATISM; MOBILIZATION; OLIGOCENE; ORE DEPOSIT; PARTIAL MELTING; SELENIUM; SLAB; SUBDUCTION; TELLURIUM; VOLATILIZATION; ZONING;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84855872131     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/econgeo.107.1.165     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Allen, K.D., and Hahn, G.A., 1994, Geology of the Sunbeam and Grouse Creek gold-silver deposits, Yankee Fork mining district, Eocene Challis volcanic field, Idaho: A volcanic dome- and volcaniclastic-hosted epithermal system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1964-1982.
2. Bastin, E.S., and Laney, F.B., 1918, The genesis of the ores at Tonopah, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 104, 55 p.
3. Bebout, G.E., Ryan, J.G., Leeman, W.P., and Bebout, A.E., 1999, Fractionation of trace elements by subduction-zone metamorphism-effect of convergent-margin thermal evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, p. 63-81. (Pubitemid 29520112)
4. Best, M.G., and Christiansen, E.H., 1991, Limited extension during peak Tertiary volcanism, Great Basin of Nevada and Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 13,509-13,528.
5. Black, J.E., Mancuso, T.K., and Gant, J.L., 1991, Geology and mineralization at the Rawhide Au-Ag deposit, Mineral County, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin: Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological Survey, Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 1990, Proceedings, p. 1123-1144.
6. Boyd, R.J., 2004, Trace elements in coal from Colinsville, Bowen basin, Australia: In-ground mode of occurrence and behaviour during utilisation: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Townsville, Australia, James Cook University, 494 p.
7. Brueseke, M.E., 2010, Magmatism and mineralization in the northern Great Basin: Mid-Miocene volcanism related to the inception of the Yellowstone hotspot and its relationship to regional bonanza ore deposits, in Steininger, R., and Pennell, W., eds., Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: Geological Society of Nevada, Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 2010, Proceedings, p. 247-255.
8. Bussey, S.D., 1996, Gold mineralization and associated rhyolitic volcanism at the Hog Ranch district, northwest Nevada: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology and Ore Deposits of the America Cordillera, Reno, Nevada, p. 181-210.
9. Casadevall, T., and Ohmoto, H., 1977, Sunnyside mine, Eureka mining district, San Juan County, Colorado: Geochemistry of gold and base metal ore deposition in a volcanic environment: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 1285-1320. (Pubitemid 8554147)
10. Castor, S.B., and Ferdock, G.C., 2004, Minerals of Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines &Geology, Reno, Nevada, University of Nevada Press, Special Publication 31, 512 p.
11. Castor, S.B., Boden, D.R., Henry, C.D., Cline, J.S., Hofstra, A.H., McIntosh, W.C., Tosdal, R.M., and Wooden, J.P., 2003, The Tuscarora Au-Ag district: Eocene volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits in the Carlin gold region, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 339-366. (Pubitemid 37164513)
12. Christie, A.B., Simpson, M.P., Brathwaite, R.L., Mauk, J.L., and Simmons, S.F., 2007, Epithermal Au-Ag and related deposits of the Hauraki goldfield, Coromandel volcanic zone, New Zealand: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 785-816. (Pubitemid 351217208)
13. Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., and Spry, P.G., 2006, Telluride and selenide minerals in gold deposits-how and why?: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 87, p. 163-169. (Pubitemid 43951040)
14. Coats, R.R., 1936, Auguilarite from the Comstock lode, Virginia City, Nevada: American Mineralogist, v. 21, p. 543-534.
15. Cocker, M.D., 1993, Primary element dispersion patterns in a carbonatehosted, epithermal, high-grade, Au-Ag telluride system: Mayflower mine, Madison County, Montana, USA: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 47, p. 377-390. (Pubitemid 23391851)
16. Crossey, L.J., Karlstrom, K.E., Springer, A.E., Newell, D., Hilton, D.R., and Fischer, T., 2009, Degassing of mantle-derived CO2 and He from springs in the southern Colorado Plateau region-Neotectonic connections and implications for groundwater systems: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 1034-1053.
17. Deditius, A.P., Utsunomiya, S., Ewing, R.C., Chyrssoulis, S.L., Venter, D., and Kesler, S.E., 2009, Decoupled geochemical behavior of As and Cu in hydrothermal systems: Geology, v. 37, p. 707-710.
18. Diaz-Somoano, M., Unterberger, S., and Hein, K.R.G., 2006, Prediction of trace element volatility during co-combustion processes: Fuel, v. 85, p. 1087-1093. (Pubitemid 43031448)
19. English, J.M., Johnston, S.T., and Wang, K., 2003, Thermal modeling of the Laramide orogeny: Testing the flat-slab subduction hypothesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 619-632. (Pubitemid 37172376)
20. Farmer, G.L., Bailley, T., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T., 2008, Mantle source volumes and the origin of the mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up in the southern Rocky Mountains, western U.S.: Lithos, v. 102, p. 279-294.
21. Feeley, T.C., 2003, Origin and tectonic implications of across-strike geochemical variations in the Eocene Absaroka volcanic province, United States: Journal of Geology, v. 111, p. 329-346. (Pubitemid 36893249)
22. Fifarek, R.H., Devlin, B.D., and Tschauder, Jr., R.J., 1996, Au-Ag mineralization at the Golden Promise deposit, Republic district, Washington: Relation to graben development and hot spring processes, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the American cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada, Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 1995, Proceedings, p. 1063-1088.
23. Fornash, K., and Farmer, G.L., 2009, Reassessing space-time-compositions patterns in late Cretaceous and younger magmatism, western North America [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 41, no. 6, p. 44.
24. Fulignati, P., and Sbrana, A., 1998, Presence of native gold and tellurium in the active high-sulfidation hydrothermal system of the La Fossa volcano (Vulcano, Italy): Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 86, p. 187-198. (Pubitemid 29076366)
25. Goldstrand, P.M., and Schmidt, K.W., 2000, Geology, mineralization, and ore controls at the Ken Snyder gold-silver mine, Elko County, Nevada: Geological Society of Nevada, Geology and Ore Deposits, The Great Basin and Beyond, Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 2000, Proceedings, p. 265-287.
26. Guilbert, J.M., 1963, unpublished report for Day Mines, Inc., cited in Margolis, J., 1989, Arkose-hosted, aquifer-controlled, epithermal Au-Ag mineralization, Wenatchee, Washington: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 1891-1902.
27. Guo, R., Yang, J., Liu, D., and Liu, Z., 2002, Transformation behavior of trace elements during coal pyrolysis: Fuel Process Technology, v. 77, p. 137-143. (Pubitemid 34649035)
28. Halsor, S.P., Bornhorst, T.J., Beebe, M., Richardson, K., and Strowd, W., 1988, Geology of the DeLamar silver mine, Idaho-a volcanic dome complex and genetically associated hydrothermal system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 1159-1169.
29. Hames, W.E., Unger, D.L., Saunders, J.A., Kamenov, G.D., 2009, Metallogeny and magmatism in the early Yellowstone hotspot: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 188, p. 214-224.
30. Hattori, K.H., and Guillot, S., 2003, Volcanic fronts form as a consequence of serpentinite dehydration in the forearc mantle wedge: Geology, v. 31, p. 525-528. (Pubitemid 36844904)
31. Haynes, W.M., ed., 2010, Handbook of chemistry and physics: 90th edition: Boca Raton, Chemical Rubber Company, 2804 p.
32. Hedenquist, J.W., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1994, The role of magmas in forming hydrothermal ore deposits: Nature, v. 370, p. 519-527. (Pubitemid 24265857)
33. Heinrich, C.A., Gunther, D., Audetat, A., Ulrich, T., and Frischknect, R., 1999, Metal fractionation between magmatic brine and vapor, determined by microanalysis of fluid inclusions: Geology, v. 27, p. 755-758. (Pubitemid 30005589)
34. Heinrich, C.A., Driesner, T., Stefansson, A., and Seward, T.M., 2004, Magmatic vapor contraction and the transport of gold from the porphyry environment to epithermal ore deposits: Geology, v. 32, p. 761-764. (Pubitemid 39316133)
35. Humphreys, E.D., 1995, Post-Laramide removal of the Farallon slab, western United States: Geology, v. 23, p. 987-990. (Pubitemid 26459464)
36. -2008, Cenozoic slab windows beneath the western United States, in Spencer, J.E., and Titley, S.R., eds., Ores and orogenesis: Circum Pacific tectonics, geologic evolution, and ore deposits: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 22, p. 389-396.
37. -2009, Relation of flat subduction to magmatism and deformation in the western United States, in Malburg Kay, S., Ramos, V.A., and Dickinson, W.R., eds., Backbone of the Americas: Shallow subduction, plateau uplift, and ridge and terrane collision: Geological Society of America Memoirs 204, p. 85-98.
38. Humphreys, E.D., Hessler, E., Dueker, K., Farmer, G.L., Erslev, E., and Atwater, T., 2003, How Laramide-age hydration of North American lithosphere by the Farallon slab controlled subsequent activity in the western United States: International Geology Review, v. 45, p. 575-594.
39. Izawa, E., Urashima, Y., Ibaraki, K., Suzuki, R., Yokohama, T., Kawasaki, K., Koga, A., and Taguchi, S., 1990, The Hishikari gold deposit: High-grade epithermal veins in Quaternary volcanics of southern Kyushu, Japan: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 36, p. 1-56. (Pubitemid 20661395)
40. Jensen, E.P., and Barton, M.D., 2000, Gold deposits related to alkaline magmatism: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 279-313.
41. John, D.A., 2001, Miocene and early Pliocene epithermal gold-silver deposits in the northern Great Basin, western United States: Characteristics, distribution, and relationship to magmatism: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 96, p. 1827-1853. (Pubitemid 34452279)
42. John, D.A., Hofstra, A.H., Fleck, R.J., Brummer, J.E., and Saderholm, E.C., 2003,Geologic setting and genesis of the Mule Canyon low-sulfidation epithermal gold-silver deposit, north-central Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 425-463. (Pubitemid 37164516)
43. Kamenov, G.D., Saunders, J.A., Hames, W.E., and Unger, D.L., 2007, Mafic magmas as sources for gold in middle Miocene epithermal deposits of the northern Great Basin, United States: Evidence from Pb isotope compositions of native gold: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 1191-1195. (Pubitemid 351454132)
44. Kay, B.D., 1986, Vein and breccia gold mineralization and associated igneous rocks at the Ortiz mine, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Unpublished M.S. thesis, Golden, CO, Colorado School of Mines, 170 p.
45. Kelley, K.D., and Ludington, S., 2002, Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, p. 38-60. (Pubitemid 34213160)
46. Kelly, W.C., and Goddard, E.N., 1969, Telluride ores of Boulder County, Colorado: Geological Society of America Memoir 109, 237 p.
47. Krauskopf, K.B., 1979, Introduction to geochemistry, 2nd edition: New York, McGraw-Hill, 387 p.
48. Larocque, A.C.L., Stimac, J.A., Siebe, C., Greengrass, K., Chapman, R., and Mejia, S.R., 2008, Deposition of a high-sulfidation Au assemblage from a magmatic volatile phase, Volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 170, p. 51-60. (Pubitemid 351343638)
49. Lauretta, D.S., Klaue, B., Blum, J.D., and Buseck, P.R., 2001, Thermal analysis of labile trace elements in CM and CV carbonaceous chondrites using ICP-MS: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, abs. no. 1356.
50. Lauretta, D.S., Klaue, B., and Blum, J.D., 2002, Thermal analysis of volatile trace elements in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII, abs. no. 1602.
51. Leavitt, E.D., Spell, T.L., Goldstrand, P.M., and Arehart, G.B., 2004, Geochronology of the Midas low-sulfidation gold-silver deposit, Elko County, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 99, p. 1665-1686. (Pubitemid 40479040)
52. Lindgren, W., 1915, Geology and mineral deposits of the National district, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 601, 58 p.
53. -1933, Mineral deposits, 4th edition: New York, McGraw Hill, 930 p.
54. Lipman, P.W., 2007, Incremental assembly and prolonged consolidation of Cordilleran magma chambers: Evidence from the Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field: Geosphere, v. 3, p. 42-70.
55. Livaccari, R. F., and Perry, F.V., 1993, Isotopic evidence for preservation of Cordilleran lithospheric mantle during the Sevier-Laramide orogeny, western United States: Geology, v. 21, p. 719-722. (Pubitemid 23394745)
56. Manning, C.E., 2004, The chemistry of subduction-zone fluids: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 223, p. 1-16. (Pubitemid 38768059)
57. Morris, G.A., Larson, P.B., and Hooper, P.R., 2000, "Subduction style" magmatism in a non-subduction setting: The Colville Igneous Complex, NE Washington State, USA: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, p.43-67. (Pubitemid 30113060)
58. Moune, S., Gauthier, P.J., Gislason, S.R., and Sigmarsson, O., 2006, Trace element degassing and enrichment in the eruptive plume of the 2000 eruption of Hekla volcano, Iceland: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 461-479. (Pubitemid 43109707)
59. Moye, F.J., Hackett, W.R., Blakely, J.D., and Snider, L.G., 1988, Regional geologic setting and volcanic stratigraphy of the Challis volcanic field, central Idaho: Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin 27, p. 87-97.
60. Muntean, J.L., Cline, J.S., Simon, A.C., Longo, A.A., 2011, Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of Nevada's Carlin-type gold deposits: Nature Geoscience, v. 4, p. 122-127.
61. Mutchler, F.E., Larson, E.E., and Ross, M.L., 1997, Potential for alkaline igneous rock-related gold deposits in the Colorado Plateau laccolithic centers: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2158, p. 233-252. (Pubitemid 29047549)
62. Noble, D.C., 1972, Some observations on the Cenozoic volcano-tectonic evolution of the Great Basin, western United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 17, p. 142-150.
63. Noll, Jr., P.D., Newsom, H.E., Leeman, W.P., and Ryan, J.G., 1996, The role of hydrothermal fluids in the production of subduction zone magmas: Evidence from siderophile and chalcophile trace elements and boron: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 587-611.
64. Osborne, M.A., 1991, Epithermal mineralization at Aurora, Nevada, in Raines, G.L., Lisle, R.E., Schafer, R.W., and Wilkinson, W.H., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the Great Basin: Geological Society of Nevada and U.S. Geological Survey, Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 1990, Proceedings, p. 1097-1110.
65. Pardee, J.T., and Schrader, F.C., 1933, Metalliferous deposits of the greater Helena mining region, Montana: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 842, 318 p.
66. Paterson, C.J., and Lisenbee, A.L., 1989, Metallogeny of gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 7, 190 p.
67. Paterson, C.J., Lisenbee, A.L., and Redden, J.A., 1988, Gold deposits in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Wyoming Geological Association, Field Conference, 39th, Casper, 1988, Guidebook, p. 295-304.
68. Peninsi, M., Le Cloarec, M.F., Lambert, G., and Le Roulley, J.C., 1988, Fractionation of metals in volcanic emissions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 88, p. 284-288.
69. Petruk, W., Owens, D.R., Stewart, J.M., and Murray, E.J., 1974, Observations on acanthite, aguilarite and naumannite: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 12, p. 365-369.
70. Pettke, T., Oberli, C., Heinrich, C.A., 2010, The magma and metal source of giant porphyry-type ore deposits, based on lead isotope microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 96, p. 267-277.
71. Pires, M., Fiedler, H., and Teixeira, E.C., 1997, Geochemical distribution of trace elements in coal: Modelling and environmental aspects: Fuel, v. 76, p. 1425-1437. (Pubitemid 127367366)
72. Poli, S., and Schmidt, M.W., 2002, Petrology of subducted slabs: Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 30, p. 207-235. (Pubitemid 35374813)
73. Porter, E.W., and Ripley, E., 1985, Petrologic and stable isotope study of the gold-bearing breccia pipe at the Golden Sunlight deposit, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1689-1706.
74. Power-Fardy, D., 2009, A technical review of the "D" reef (formerly the Lovitt-Day gold mine), Wenatchee, Washington USA for Lovitt Resources, Inc., Unpublished report, Watts Griffis, and McOuat Ltd., 107 p.
75. Ressel, M.W., and Henry, C.D., 2006, Igneous geology of the Carlin trend, Nevada: Development of the Eocene plutonic complex and significance for Carlin-type gold deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 101, p. 347-383. (Pubitemid 44501606)
76. Rice, C.M., Harmon, R.S., and Shepherd, T.J., 1985, Central City, Colorado: The upper part of an alkaline porphyry molybdenum system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1769-1796. (Pubitemid 16471861)
77. Richards, J.P., 2009, Postsubduction porphyry Cu-Au and epithermal Au deposits: Products of remelting of subduction-modified lithosphere: Geology, v. 37, p. 247-250.
78. Rubin, K., 1997, Degassing of metals and metalloids from erupting seamount and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes: Observations and predictions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 3525-3542.
79. Sadofsky, S.J., and Bebout, G.E., 2003, Record of forearc devolatilization on low-T, high-P/T metasedimentary suites: Significance for models of convergent margin chemical cycling: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 4, 9003, doi: 10.1029/2002GC000412.
80. Saunders, J.A., 1986, Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of representative gold telluride ores from Colorado: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Golden, Colorado, Colorado School of Mines, 171 p.
81. -1988, Textural and geochemical characteristics of gold mineralization from the Cresson mine, Cripple Creek district, Colorado, U.S.A.: Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London) Transactions, v. 97, p. B36-B39.
82. -1991, Gold deposits of the Boulder County gold district, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1857-I, p. 137-148.
83. -1994, Silica and gold textures in Bonanza ores of the Sleeper deposit, Humboldt
84. County, Nevada: Evidence for colloids and implications for epithermal oreforming processes: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 628-638.
85. -2010, Geologic time and epithermal ore formation: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, July 2010, p. 10-11.
86. Saunders, J.A., and May, E.R., 1986, Bessie G: A high-grade epithermal gold telluride deposit, La Plata County, Colorado, in Macdonald, A.J., ed., GOLD'86, An International Symposium on the Geology of Gold, Toronto, 1986, p. 436-444.
87. Saunders, J.A., and Schoenly, P.A., 1995, Boiling, colloid nucleation and aggregation, and the genesis of bonanza gold mineralization at the Sleeper Deposit, Nevada: Mineralium Deposita, v. 30, p. 199-211.
88. Saunders, J.A., Cook, R.B., and Schoenly, P.A., 1996, Electrum disequilibrium crystallization textures in volcanic-hosted bonanza epithermal gold deposits in northern Nevada: Geological Society of Nevada, Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera Symposium, Reno, Nevada, 1995, Proceedings, p. 173-179.
89. Saunders, J.A., Unger, D.L., Kamenov, G.D., Fayek, M., Hames, W.E., and Utterback, W.C., 2008, Genesis of middle Miocene Yellowstone-hotspotrelated bonanza epithermal Au- Ag deposits, northern Great Basin region, USA: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, p. 715-734.
90. Saunders, J.A., Kamenov, G.D., Hofstra, A.H., Unger, D.L., Creaser, R.A., and Barra, F., 2011a, "Forensic" geochemical approaches to constrain the source of Au-Ag in low-sulfidation epithermal ores, in Steininger, R., and Pennell, W., eds., Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: Geological Society of Nevada 2010 Symposium, Reno, Nevada, May 14-22, 2010, p. 693-700.
91. Saunders, J.A., Vikre, P., Unger, D.L., and Beasley, L., 2011b, Colloidal and physical transport textures exhibited by electrum and naumannite in bonanza epithermal veins from western USA, and their significance, in Steininger, R., and Pennell, W., eds., Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: Geological Society of Nevada 2010 Symposium, May 14-22, 2010, p. 825-832.
92. Shikazono, N., 1985, A comparison of temperatures estimated from the electrum-sphalerite-pyrite-argentite assemblage and filling temperatures of fluid inclusions from epithermal Au-Ag vein-type deposits in Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1415-1424.
93. Shimizu, T., Matsueda, H., Ishiyama, D., and Matsubaya, O., 1998, Genesis of epithermal Au-Ag mineralization of the Koryu mine, Hokkaido, Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 93, p. 303-325. (Pubitemid 28424721)
94. Simmons, S.F., and Brown, K.L., 2007, The flux of gold and related metals through a volcanic arc, Taupo volcanic zone, New Zealand: Geology, v. 35, p. 1099-1102.
95. Simon, G., Kesler, S.E., and Essene, E.J., 1997, Phase relations among selenides, sulfides, tellurides, and oxides: II. Applications to selenide-bearing ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 468-484.
96. Simpson, M.P, and Mauk, J.L., 2007, The Favona epithermal gold-silver deposit, Waihi, New Zealand: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 817-839. (Pubitemid 351217209)
97. Slack, J.F., 1980, Multistage vein ores of the Lake City district, western San Juan Mountains, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 75, p. 963-991.
98. Smith, D., 2010, Antigorite peridotite, metaserpentinite, and other inclusions within diatremes on the Colorado Plateau, SW USA: Implications for the mantle wedge during low-angle subduction: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 1355-1379.
99. So, C.-S., Dunchenko, V.Y., Yun, S.-T., Park, M.-S., Choi, S.-G., and Shelton, K.L., 1995, Te- and Se-bearing epithermal Au-Ag mineralization, Prasolovskoye, Kunashir Island, Kuril island arc: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 105-117. (Pubitemid 26458856)
100. Spry, P.G., 1987, A fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope study of precious and base metal mineralization spatially associated with the Patch and Gold Cup breccia pipes, Central City, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1632-1639.
101. Spry, P.G., Paredes, M.M., Foster, F., Truckle, J.S., and Chadwick, T.H., 1996, Evidence for a genetic link between gold-silver telluride and porphyry molybdenum mineralization at the Golden Sunlight deposit, Whitehall, Montana: Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 91, p. 507-526.
102. Spurr, J.E., 1915, Geology and ore deposition at Tonopah, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 10, p. 713-769.
103. Symonds, R.B., Rose, W.I., Reed, M.H., Lichte, F.E., and Finnegan, D.L., 1987, Volatilization, transport, and sublimation of metallic and non-metallic elements in high temperature gases at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, p. 2083-2101.
104. Tatsumi, Y., 1989, Migration of fluid phases and genesis of basalt magmas in subduction zones: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 4697-4707.
105. Umpleby, J.B., 1910, Geology and ore deposits of Republic mining district: Washington Geological Survey Bulletin 1, 65 p.
106. Unger, D.L., 2008, Geochronology and geochemistry of mid-Miocene bonanza low-sulfidation epithermal ores of the northern Great Basin, USA: Unpublished M.S. thesis, Auburn, Alabama, Auburn University, 133p.
107. Vikre, P.G., 1985, Precious metal vein system in the National district, Humboldt County, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 360-393.
108. -1989, Fluid-mineral relations in the Comstock Lode: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 84, p. 1574-1613.
109. -2007a, Au-Ag-Se deposits in the western US [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 39, no. 6, p. 197.
110. -2007b, Sinter-vein correlations at Buckskin Mountain, National district, Humboldt County, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 102, p. 193-224. (Pubitemid 47240723)
111. Wallace, A.R., 2003, Geology of the Ivanhoe Hg-Au district, northern Nevada: Influence of Miocene volcanism, lakes, and active faulting on epithermal mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 98, p. 409-424. (Pubitemid 37164515)
112. Williams-Jones, A.E., and Heinrich, C.A., 2005, Vapor transport of metals and the formation of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 100, p. 1287-1312.
113. Yudovskaya, M., Distler, V.V., Chaplygin, I.V., Mokhov, A.V., Trubkin, N.V., and Gorbacheva, S.A., 2006, Gaseous transport and deposition of gold in magmatic fluid: Evidence from the active Kudryavy volcano, Kurile Islands: Mineralium Deposita, v. 40, p. 828-848. (Pubitemid 43280316)
114. Yuningsih, E.T., Matsueda, H., Rosana, M.F., and Aryani, S.C., 2011, Physicochemical conditions of the Se- and Te-types epithermal Au-Ag deposits of western java, Indonesia: Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada, Abstracts, v. 34, p. 237-238.
115. Zajacz, Z., Seo, J.H., Candela, P.A., Piccoli, P.M., Heinrich, C.A., and Guillong, M., 2010, Alkali metals control the release of gold from volatile-rich magmas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 297, p. 50-56.
116. Zhang, X., and Spry, P.G., 1994, Petrological, mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of the Gies gold-silver telluride deposit, Judith Mountains, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 602-627. (Pubitemid 26460706)