Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 66, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 292-311

  Sri, Jennifer C ^a   Dubina, Meghan I ^a   Kao, Grace F ^a,b,c   Rady, Peter L ^d   Tyring, Stephen K ^d   Gaspari, Anthony A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

CD4+ lymphocytopenia; epidermodysplasia verruciformis; extensive human papillomavirus; extensive human papillomavirus infection; extensive verrucosis; extensive warts; generalized verrucae treatment; generalized verrucosis; generalized warts; human papillomavirus infection; multiple verrucae; multiple warts; recalcitrant verrucae; recalcitrant warts; verrucae; verrucosis; wart treatment; WHIM syndrome

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2A INTERFERON; BLEOMYCIN; CIDOFOVIR; CIMETIDINE; DIPHENCYPRONE; FLUOROURACIL; FOCAL ADHESION KINASE 1; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HLA DQA1 ANTIGEN; HLA DQB1 ANTIGEN; IMIQUIMOD; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; JANUS KINASE 3; RETINOID; SALICYLIC ACID; TRANSFER FACTOR; WISKOTT ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEIN;

ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CANCER SCREENING; CAUTERIZATION; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDERMODYSPLASIA VERRUCIFORMIS; GENE MUTATION; GENERALIZED VERRUCOSIS; GENETIC DISORDER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPER IGE SYNDROME; HYPER IGM SYNDROME; LABORATORY TEST; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; NETHERTON DISEASE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOTHERAPY; REVIEW; SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; SKIN CANCER; TREATMENT FAILURE; VERRUCA VULGARIS; VIRUS TYPING; WISKOTT ALDRICH SYNDROME;

COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; T-LYMPHOCYTOPENIA, IDIOPATHIC CD4-POSITIVE; WARTS;

EID: 84855843959     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.011     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. T. Yanagi, A. Shibaki, Y. Tsuji-Abe, K. Yokota, and H. Shimizu Epidermodysplasia verruciformis and generalized verrucosis: the same disease? Clin Exp Dermatol 31 2006 390 393
2. H.U. Bernard, R.D. Burk, Z. Chen, K. van Doorslaer, H. Hausen, and E.M. de Villiers Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments Virology 401 2010 70 79
3. G.F. Kao, and W.H. Kao Malignant transformation of keratinocytes by human papillomaviruses J Cutan Pathol 21 1994 193 199 (Pubitemid 24213231)
4. A.L. Allen, and E.C. Siegfried The natural history of condyloma in children J Am Acad Dermatol 39 1998 951 955 (Pubitemid 28547727)
5. T. Tanigaki, and H. Endo A case of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (Lewandowsky-Lutz, 1922) with skin cancer: histopathology of malignant cutaneous changes Dermatologica 169 1984 97 101 (Pubitemid 14086383)
6. W.R. de Oliveira, C. Festa Neto, P.L. Rady, and S.K. Tyring Clinical aspects of epidermodysplasia verruciformis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17 2003 394 398 (Pubitemid 36869300)
7. S. Majewski, and S. Jablonska Do epidermodysplasia verruciformis human papillomaviruses contribute to malignant and benign epidermal proliferations? Arch Dermatol 138 2002 649 654
8. N. Ramoz, L.A. Rueda, B. Bouadjar, L.S. Montoya, G. Orth, and M. Favre Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis Nat Genet 32 2002 579 581 (Pubitemid 35435168)
9. G. Orth Genetics of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: insights into host defense against papillomaviruses Semin Immunol 18 2006 362 374 (Pubitemid 44511885)
10. B. Akgul, O. Kose, M. Safali, K. Purdie, R. Cerio, and C. Proby A distinct variant of epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a Turkish family lacking EVER1 and EVER2 mutations J Dermatol Sci 46 2007 214 216 (Pubitemid 46601835)
11. E.J. Androphy, I. Dvoretzky, and D.R. Lowy X-linked inheritance of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: genetic and virologic studies of a kindred Arch Dermatol 121 1985 864 868 (Pubitemid 15070196)
12. C. Barzegar, C. Paul, P. Saiag, P. Cassenot, H. Bachelez, and B. Autran Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruption complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection Br J Dermatol 139 1998 122 127 (Pubitemid 28338078)
13. F. Breitburd, N. Ramoz, J. Salmon, and G. Orth HLA control in the progression of human papillomavirus infections Semin Cancer Biol 7 1996 359 371 (Pubitemid 27380015)
14. M.A. Lutzner, C. Blanchet-Bardon, and G. Orth Clinical observations, virologic studies, and treatment trials in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a disease induced by specific human papillomaviruses J Invest Dermatol 83 Suppl 1984 18s 25s (Pubitemid 14088892)
15. A. Gewirtzman, B. Bartlett, and S. Tyring Epidermodysplasia verruciformis and human papilloma virus Curr Opin Infect Dis 21 2008 141 146 (Pubitemid 351641516)
16. G.F. Kao, S.E. McClain, and A.A. Gaspari Epidermodysplasia verruciformis eMedicine 2009 Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1131981- overview Accessed February 2, 2010
17. G.F. Kao, and W.H. Kao Chapter 19: Viruses S.J. Miller, M.E. Maloney, Cutaneous oncology: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management 1998 Blackwell Science Inc Malden (MA) 148 157
18. G.J. Nuovo Cytopathology of the lower female genital tract: an integrated approach 1994 Williams & Wilkins Baltimore
19. S. Segura, C. Carrera, J. Ferrando, J.M. Mascaro Jr., J. Palou, and J. Malvehy Dermoscopy in epidermodysplasia verruciformis Dermatol Surg 32 2006 103 106
20. R.P. Braun, H.S. Rabinovitz, J. Krischer, J. Kreusch, M. Oliviero, and L. Naldi Dermoscopy of pigmented seborrheic keratosis: a morphological study Arch Dermatol 138 2002 1556 1560 (Pubitemid 35453467)
21. S. Jablonska, and G. Orth Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Clin Dermatol 3 1985 83 96
22. G.J. Nuovo, T.W. Plaia, S.A. Belinsky, S.B. Baylin, and J.G. Herman In situ detection of the hypermethylation-induced inactivation of the p16 gene as an early event in oncogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 12754 12759 (Pubitemid 29513575)
23. R.J. Gorlin, B. Gelb, G.A. Diaz, K.G. Lofsness, M.R. Pittelkow, and J.R. Fenyk Jr. WHIM syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder: clinical, hematological, and molecular studies Am J Med Genet 91 2000 368 376 (Pubitemid 30193934)
24. G.A. Diaz, and A.V. Gulino WHIM syndrome: a defect in CXCR4 signaling Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5 2005 350 355 (Pubitemid 41683977)
25. W.W. Zuelzer "Myelokathexis"-a new form of chronic granulocytopenia: report of a case N Engl J Med 270 1964 699 704
26. A.V. Gulino WHIM syndrome: a genetic disorder of leukocyte trafficking Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 3 2003 443 450 (Pubitemid 39157331)
27. T. Kawai, and H.L. Malech WHIM syndrome: congenital immune deficiency disease Curr Opin Hematol 16 2009 20 26
28. K. Balabanian, B. Lagane, J.L. Pablos, L. Laurent, T. Planchenault, and O. Verola WHIM syndromes with different genetic anomalies are accounted for by impaired CXCR4 desensitization to CXCL12 Blood 105 2005 2449 2457 (Pubitemid 40387045)
29. A. Kreuter, B. Hochdorfer, N.H. Brockmeyer, P. Altmeyer, H. Pfister, and U. Wieland A human papillomavirus-associated disease with disseminated warts, depressed cell-mediated immunity, primary lymphedema, and anogenital dysplasia: WILD syndrome Arch Dermatol 144 2008 366 372 (Pubitemid 351439120)
30. R.S. Ostrow, D. Manias, A.J. Mitchell, L. Stawowy, and A.J. Faras Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a case associated with primary lymphatic dysplasia, depressed cell-mediated immunity, and Bowen's disease containing human papillomavirus 16 DNA Arch Dermatol 123 1987 1511 1516
31. A. Fischer Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) Clin Exp Immunol 122 2000 143 149
32. C. Laffort, F. Le Deist, M. Favre, S. Caillat-Zucman, I. Radford-Weiss, and M. Debre Severe cutaneous papillomavirus disease after hemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in patients with severe combined immune deficiency caused by common gammac cytokine receptor subunit or JAK-3 deficiency Lancet 363 2004 2051 2054 (Pubitemid 38781108)
33. H.B. Gaspar, K.C. Gilmour, and A.M. Jones Severe combined immunodeficiency-molecular pathogenesis and diagnosis Arch Dis Child 84 2001 169 173 (Pubitemid 32150338)
34. F.C. Antony, A.D. Webster, M.D. Bain, and C.C. Harland Recalcitrant palmoplantar warts associated with adult-onset adenosine deaminase deficiency Br J Dermatol 147 2002 182 183 (Pubitemid 34779461)
35. J.H. Lin, K.Y. Wang, S. Kraft, and R.L. Roberts Resolution of warts in association with subcutaneous immunoglobulin in immune deficiency Pediatr Dermatol 26 2009 155 158
36. T.M. Reid, N.G. Fraser, and I.R. Kernohan Generalized warts and immune deficiency Br J Dermatol 95 1976 559 564
37. J. Lynn, A.K. Knight, M. Kamoun, and A.I. Levinson A 55-year-old man with hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphopenia, and unrelenting cutaneous warts J Allergy Clin Immunol 114 2004 409 414 (Pubitemid 39119045)
38. A. Uluhan, D. Sager, and H.E. Jasin Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and common variable hypogammaglobulinemia J Rheumatol 25 1998 1205 1210 (Pubitemid 28350899)
39. C.R. Weiler, and J.L. Bankers-Fulbright Common variable immunodeficiency: test indications and interpretations Mayo Clin Proc 80 2005 1187 1200 (Pubitemid 41233356)
40. P.F. Yong, M. Tarzi, I. Chua, B. Grimbacher, and R. Chee Common variable immunodeficiency: an update on etiology and management Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 28 2008 367 386 ix-x (Pubitemid 351522413)
41. E.A. Goddard, E.J. Hughes, and D.W. Beatty Hyper IgM with combined immunodeficiency J Clin Lab Immunol 35 1991 183 188 (Pubitemid 23046877)
42. C.U. Kyong, G. Virella, H.H. Fudenberg, and C.P. Darby X-linked immunodeficiency with increased IgM: clinical, ethnic, and immunologic heterogeneity Pediatr Res 12 1978 1024 1026 (Pubitemid 9051987)
43. R. Fuleihan, N. Ramesh, and R.S. Geha X-linked agammaglobulinemia and immunoglobulin deficiency with normal or elevated IgM: immunodeficiencies of B cell development and differentiation Adv Immunol 60 1995 37 56
44. M.W. Chang, R. Romero, P.R. Scholl, and A.S. Paller Mucocutaneous manifestations of the hyper-IgM immunodeficiency syndrome J Am Acad Dermatol 38 1998 191 196 (Pubitemid 28100832)
45. N.S. Prose, C. von Knebel-Doeberitz, S. Miller, P.B. Milburn, and E. Heilman Widespread flat warts associated with human papillomavirus type 5: a cutaneous manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection J Am Acad Dermatol 23 1990 978 981 (Pubitemid 20364348)
46. T.G. Berger, W.S. Sawchuk, C. Leonardi, A. Langenberg, J. Tappero, and P.E. Leboit Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated papillomavirus infection complicating human immunodeficiency virus disease Br J Dermatol 124 1991 79 83
47. N. Haas, P.G. Fuchs, B. Hermes, and B.M. Henz Remission of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like skin eruption after highly active antiretroviral therapy in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient Br J Dermatol 145 2001 669 670 (Pubitemid 36138936)
48. M.A. Trauner, B.S. Ruben, S.L. Hatcher, and M.A. Lawry Groin eruption in an HIV-positive man: epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV) Arch Dermatol 138 2002 527 532
49. D. Carre, A. Dompmartin, R. Verdon, F. Comoz, E. Le Brun, and F. Freymuth Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in a patient with HIV infection: no response to highly active antiretroviral therapy Int J Dermatol 42 2003 296 300 (Pubitemid 36553228)
50. S.C. Davison, N. Francis, K. McLean, and C.B. Bunker Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruption associated with HIV infection Clin Exp Dermatol 29 2004 311 312 (Pubitemid 38658479)
51. W. Hu, G. Nuovo, M. Willen, and S. Somach Epidermodysplasia verruciformis in two half brothers with HIV infection J Cutan Med Surg 8 2004 357 360 (Pubitemid 41542425)
52. T.L. Hultgren, S.K. Srinivasan, and D.J. DiMaio Epidermodysplasia verruciformis occurring in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report Cutis 79 2007 307 311
53. R. Bonamigo, G. Maldonado, R.M. Londero, and A. Cartell Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like disorder in a teenager with HIV and HCV infections Pediatr Dermatol 24 2007 456 457 (Pubitemid 47382854)
54. H.D. Rogers, J.L. Macgregor, K.M. Nord, S. Tyring, P. Rady, and D.E. Engler Acquired epidermodysplasia verruciformis J Am Acad Dermatol 60 2009 315 320
55. E. Huiras, V. Preda, T. Maurer, and M. Whitfeld Cutaneous manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Curr Opin HIV AIDS 3 2008 453 460
56. N.F. Crum-Cianflone Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes: what's new? AIDS Read 16 2006 199 206 213, 216-7; discussion 214-7
57. D. Iarikov, W. Duke, and D. Skiest Extensive development of flat warts as a cutaneous manifestation of immune reconstitution syndrome AIDS Read 18 2008 524 527
58. D. Kerob, A. Dupuy, M.D. Vignon-Pennamen, I. Bournerias, E. Dohin, and C. Lebbe A case of efflorescence of cutaneous warts as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-infected patient Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 405 406 (Pubitemid 47101049)
59. D.J. Jevtovic, D. Salemovic, J. Ranin, I. Pesic, S. Zerjav, and O. Djurkovic-Djakovic The prevalence and risk of immune restoration disease in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy HIV Med 6 2005 140 143 (Pubitemid 40425979)
60. D. Greenspan, A.J. Canchola, L.A. MacPhail, B. Cheikh, and J.S. Greenspan Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts Lancet 357 2001 1411 1412 (Pubitemid 32455371)
61. M. Kaminski, M. Pawinska, S. Jablonska, A. Szmurlo, S. Majewski, and G. Orth Increased natural killer cell activity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis Arch Dermatol 121 1985 84 86 (Pubitemid 16225026)
62. S. Majewski, E. Skopinska-Rozewska, S. Jablonska, M. Wasik, J. Misiewicz, and G. Orth Partial defects of cell-mediated immunity in patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis J Am Acad Dermatol 15 1986 966 973 (Pubitemid 17176809)
63. C. Morrison, Y. Eliezri, C. Magro, and G.J. Nuovo The histologic spectrum of epidermodysplasia verruciformis in transplant and AIDS patients J Cutan Pathol 29 2002 480 489 (Pubitemid 35034459)
64. T. Schmook, I. Nindl, C. Ulrich, T. Meyer, W. Sterry, and E. Stockfleth Viral warts in organ transplant recipients: new aspects in therapy Br J Dermatol 149 Suppl 2003 20 24 (Pubitemid 38064509)
65. F.J. Moloney, S. Keane, P. O'Kelly, P.J. Conlon, and G.M. Murphy The impact of skin disease following renal transplantation on quality of life Br J Dermatol 153 2005 574 578 (Pubitemid 41248215)
66. B. Rose, D. Wilkins, W. Li, N. Tran, C. Thompson, and Y. Cossart Human papillomavirus in the oral cavity of patients with and without renal transplantation Transplantation 82 2006 570 573 (Pubitemid 44290265)
67. A. Kohler, T. Meyer, E. Stockfleth, and I. Nindl High viral load of human wart-associated papillomaviruses (PV) but not beta-PV in cutaneous warts independent of immunosuppression Br J Dermatol 161 2009 528 535
68. R.J. Berkhout, J.N. Bouwes Bavinck, and J. ter Schegget Persistence of human papillomavirus DNA in benign and (pre)malignant skin lesions from renal transplant recipients J Clin Microbiol 38 2000 2087 2096 (Pubitemid 30414320)
69. C.A. Harwood, T. Surentheran, J.M. McGregor, P.J. Spink, I.M. Leigh, and J. Breuer Human papillomavirus infection and non-melanoma skin cancer in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent individuals J Med Virol 61 2000 289 297 (Pubitemid 30368527)
70. J.N. Bouwes Bavinck, M. Feltkamp, L. Struijk, and J. ter Schegget Human papillomavirus infection and skin cancer risk in organ transplant recipients J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 6 2001 207 211 (Pubitemid 33758576)
71. M. Alimagham, S. Amini-Afshar, S. Farahmand, A. Pour-Kazemi, F. Pour-Reza-Gholi, and S. Masood Frequency of infectious skin lesions in kidney transplant recipients Urol J 2 2005 193 196
72. N.J. London, S.M. Farmery, E.J. Will, A.M. Davison, and J.P. Lodge Risk of neoplasia in renal transplant patients Lancet 346 1995 403 406
73. + T lymphocytopenia with disseminated HPV J Cutan Pathol 29 2002 502 505
74. + T-lymphocytopenia-immunodeficiency without evidence of HIV infection N Engl J Med 328 1993 380 385 (Pubitemid 23042285)
75. + T lymphocytopenia Arch Dis Child 78 1998 371 372
76. + helper/inducer T lymphocytes in a patient with widespread human papillomavirus type 3-related infection Arch Dermatol 126 1990 1604 1608
77. + T lymphocytopenia associated with disseminated flat warts and alopecia areata J Dermatol 29 2002 653 656 (Pubitemid 35334013)
78. + T lymphocytopenia Int J Dermatol 38 1999 119 121 (Pubitemid 29136863)
79. L. Requena, J.L. Sarasa, M. Terai, T. Sata, and T. Matsukura Lifelong severe verrucosis associated with human papillomavirus type 2: report of a case with a 38-year follow-up Br J Dermatol 139 1998 1081 1086 (Pubitemid 29010552)
80. B. Alisjahbana, R. Dinata, E. Sutedja, I. Suryahudaya, H. Soedjana, and N.N. Hidajat Disfiguring generalized verrucosis in an Indonesian man with idiopathic CD4 lymphopenia Arch Dermatol 146 2010 69 73
81. J.A. Hernandez, K.J. Land, and R.W. McKenna Leukemias, myeloma, and other lymphoreticular neoplasms Cancer 75 Suppl 1995 381 394
82. K.L. Agnew, R. Ruchlemer, D. Catovsky, E. Matutes, and C.B. Bunker Cutaneous findings in chronic lymphocytic leukemia Br J Dermatol 150 2004 1129 1135 (Pubitemid 38932282)
83. T.J. Hamblin Long-lasting response of therapy-resistant viral warts to treatment with interleukin-2 in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and profound immunodeficiency Leuk Res 31 2007 413 414 (Pubitemid 46073187)
84. T.R. Hata, and R.L. Gallo Antimicrobial peptides, skin infections, and atopic dermatitis Semin Cutan Med Surg 27 2008 144 150 (Pubitemid 351938749)
85. B.L. Lipman Atopic dermatitis in an infant complicated by generalized verrucae vulgares Ann Allergy 51 1983 33 34 (Pubitemid 13026014)
86. T. Lawrence, A. Puel, J. Reichenbach, C.L. Ku, A. Chapgier, and E. Renner Autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiencies Curr Opin Hematol 12 2005 22 30 (Pubitemid 40189235)
87. X.B. Lei, S.M. Geng, W.H. Zeng, S.S. Tan, J.M. Wang, and S.X. Xiao Unusual coexistence of molluscum contagiosum and verruca plana in a hyper-IgE syndrome Int J Dermatol 45 2006 1199 1201
88. G. Ozarmagan, K. Didem Yazganoglu, and A. Agacfidan Hyper-IgE syndrome with widespread premalign oral papillomas treated with interferon alpha2b Acta Derm Venereol 85 2005 433 435 (Pubitemid 41345619)
89. P. Sehrt, S. Zielen, V. Gerein, G. Herrmann, and D. Hofmann Hyper-IgE syndrome-two case reports of unusual complications [in German] Immun Infekt 22 1994 156 157 (Pubitemid 24268116)
90. M. Yamazaki-Nakashimada, S. Zaltzman-Girshevich, S. Garcia de la Puente, B. De Leon-Bojorge, S. Espinosa-Padilla, and M. Saez-de-Ocariz Hyper-IgE syndrome and autoimmunity in Mexican children Pediatr Nephrol 21 2006 1200 1205 (Pubitemid 44083900)
91. Y. Minegishi, and H. Karasuyama Defects in Jak-STAT-mediated cytokine signals cause hyper-IgE syndrome: lessons from a primary immunodeficiency Int Immunol 21 2009 105 112
92. Q. Zhang, J.C. Davis, I.T. Lamborn, A.F. Freeman, H. Jing, and A.J. Favreau Combined immunodeficiency associated with DOCK8 mutations N Engl J Med 361 2009 2046 2055
93. K.R. Engelhardt, S. McGhee, S. Winkler, A. Sassi, C. Woellner, and G. Lopez-Herrera Large deletions and point mutations involving the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) in the autosomal-recessive form of hyper-IgE syndrome J Allergy Clin Immunol 124 2009 1289e4 1302e4
94. A. Wiskott Familiarer, angeobren Morbus Werlhofi? Monatschrift Kinderheil 68 1937 212 216
95. J.L. Arbiser Genetic immunodeficiencies: cutaneous manifestations and recent progress J Am Acad Dermatol 33 1995 82 89
96. K.E. Sullivan, C.A. Mullen, R.M. Blaese, and J.A. Winkelstein A multiinstitutional survey of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome J Pediatr 125 1994 876 885 (Pubitemid 24379120)
97. W.L. Weston Cutaneous manifestations of defective host defenses Pediatr Clin North Am 24 1977 395 407 (Pubitemid 8153132)
98. J.M. Derry, H.D. Ochs, and U. Francke Isolation of a novel gene mutated in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Cell 78 1994 635 644 (Pubitemid 24268586)
99. D.A. Stevens, R.A. Ferrington, T.C. Merigan, and V.A. Marinkovich Randomized trial of transfer factor treatment of human warts Clin Exp Immunol 21 1975 520 524
100. A.D. Ormerod, A.Y. Finlay, A.G. Knight, N. Mathews, J.M. Stark, and J. Gough Immune deficiency and multiple viral warts: a possible variant of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Br J Dermatol 108 1983 211 215 (Pubitemid 13190111)
101. R.D. Wilkinson, G.H. Curtis, and W.A. Hawk Netherton's disease; trichorrhexis invaginata (bamboo hair), congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and the atopic diathesis: a histopathologic study Arch Dermatol 89 1964 46 54
102. F.B. Muller, I. Hausser, D. Berg, C. Casper, R. Maiwald, and A. Jung Genetic analysis of a severe case of Netherton syndrome and application for prenatal testing Br J Dermatol 146 2002 495 499 (Pubitemid 34603824)
103. S. Chavanas, C. Bodemer, A. Rochat, D. Hamel-Teillac, M. Ali, and A.D. Irvine Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome Nat Genet 25 2000 141 142 (Pubitemid 30394980)
104. F. Weber, P.G. Fuchs, H.J. Pfister, H. Hintner, P. Fritsch, and R. Hoepfl Human papillomavirus infection in Netherton's syndrome Br J Dermatol 144 2001 1044 1049 (Pubitemid 34203359)
105. R. Folster-Holst, O. Swensson, E. Stockfleth, H. Monig, U. Mrowietz, and E. Christophers Comel-Netherton syndrome complicated by papillomatous skin lesions containing human papillomaviruses 51 and 52 and plane warts containing human papillomavirus 16 Br J Dermatol 140 1999 1139 1143 (Pubitemid 29284591)
106. J.W. Patterson, G.F. Kao, J.H. Graham, and E.B. Helwig Bowenoid papulosis: a clinicopathologic study with ultrastructural observations Cancer 57 1986 823 836 (Pubitemid 16161064)
107. O. Croissant, F. Breitburd, and G. Orth Specificity of cytopathic effect of cutaneous human papillomaviruses Clin Dermatol 3 1985 43 55
108. G.J. Nuovo, and M. Ishag The histologic spectrum of epidermodysplasia verruciformis Am J Surg Pathol 24 2000 1400 1406
109. E.M. de Villiers, C. Fauquet, T.R. Broker, H.U. Bernard, and H. zur Hausen Classification of papillomaviruses Virology 324 2004 17 27 (Pubitemid 38737395)
110. S.Y. Chan, S.H. Chew, K. Egawa, E.I. Grussendorf-Conen, Y. Honda, and A. Rubben Phylogenetic analysis of the human papillomavirus type 2 (HPV-2), HPV-27, and HPV-57 group, which is associated with common warts Virology 239 1997 296 302 (Pubitemid 28105636)
111. K. Hagiwara, H. Uezato, H. Arakaki, S. Nonaka, K. Nonaka, and H. Nonaka A genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis in a large sample of common warts in Japan J Med Virol 77 2005 107 112 (Pubitemid 41076485)
112. S. Jablonska, S. Obalek, A. Golebiowska, M. Favre, and G. Orth Epidemiology of butchers' warts Arch Dermatol Res 280 Suppl 1988 S24 S28
113. W.R. de Oliveira, Q. He, P.L. Rady, T.K. Hughes, C.F. Neto, and E.A. Rivitti HPV typing in Brazilian patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: high prevalence of EV-HPV 25 J Cutan Med Surg 8 2004 110 115 (Pubitemid 38781364)
114. T. Kim, J.C. Park, M.R. Roh, J.M. Park, S.H. Kim, and N.H. Cho Development of aggressive squamous cell carcinoma in epidermodysplasia verruciformis associated with human papillomavirus type 22b Dermatology 220 2010 326 328
115. J.E. Lane, P.H. Bowman, and D.J. Cohen Epidermodysplasia verruciformis South Med J 96 2003 613 615 (Pubitemid 38281724)
116. G. Sanclemente, J.J. Garcia, L.F. Gomez, S.K. Tyring, J.C. Wolff, and L.A. Correa An unusual presentation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a black epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patient Int J Dermatol 46 2007 199 201 (Pubitemid 46671701)
117. G. Orth Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: a model for understanding the oncogenicity of human papillomaviruses Ciba Found Symp 120 1986 157 174
118. S.J. Weissenborn, U. Wieland, M. Junk, and H. Pfister Quantification of beta-human papillomavirus DNA by real-time PCR Nat Protoc 5 2010 1 13
119. S.J. Weissenborn, I. Nindl, K. Purdie, C. Harwood, C. Proby, and J. Breuer Human papillomavirus-DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers J Invest Dermatol 125 2005 93 97 (Pubitemid 40981429)
120. K. Egawa, Y. Inaba, K. Yoshimura, and T. Ono Varied clinical morphology of HPV-1-induced warts, depending on anatomical factors Br J Dermatol 128 1993 271 276 (Pubitemid 23075935)
121. W. Wang, C. Wang, S. Xu, C. Chen, X. Tong, and Y. Liang Detection of HPV-2 and identification of novel mutations by whole genome sequencing from biopsies of two patients with multiple cutaneous horns J Clin Virol 39 2007 34 42 (Pubitemid 46575336)
122. A.A. Gaspari, A.D. Zalka, D. Payne, M. Menegus, L.A. Bunce, and C.N. Abboud Successful treatment of a generalized human papillomavirus infection with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma immunotherapy in a patient with a primary immunodeficiency and cyclic neutropenia Arch Dermatol 133 1997 491 496 (Pubitemid 27175698)
123. K. Asadullah, H. Renz, W.D. Docke, H. Otterbach, U. Wahn, and E. Kottgen Verrucosis of hands and feet in a patient with combined immune deficiency J Am Acad Dermatol 36 1997 850 852 (Pubitemid 27220420)
124. K.A. Vidulich, P.L. Rady, Q. He, S.K. Tyring, and M. Duvic Detection of high-risk human papillomaviruses in verrucae of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a case series Int J Dermatol 48 2009 598 602
125. M.D. Palm, S.K. Tyring, P.L. Rady, and M.D. Tharp Human papillomavirus typing of verrucae in a patient with WHIM syndrome Arch Dermatol 146 2010 931 932
126. R.J. Berkhout, L.M. Tieben, H.L. Smits, J.N. Bavinck, B.J. Vermeer, and J. ter Schegget Nested PCR approach for detection and typing of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus types in cutaneous cancers from renal transplant recipients J Clin Microbiol 33 1995 690 695
127. M.M. Lipke An armamentarium of wart treatments Clin Med Res 4 2006 273 293 (Pubitemid 46170319)
128. A. Rivera, and S.K. Tyring Therapy of cutaneous human papillomavirus infections Dermatol Ther 17 2004 441 448 (Pubitemid 39657276)
129. S. Lauchli, W. Kempf, G. Dragieva, G. Burg, and J. Hafner CO2 laser treatment of warts in immunosuppressed patients Dermatology 206 2003 148 152 (Pubitemid 36205283)
130. J.C. Sterling, S. Handfield-Jones, and P.M. Hudson Guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts Br J Dermatol 144 2001 4 11 (Pubitemid 32162085)
131. J. Garcia-Zuazaga, K.D. Cooper, and E.D. Baron Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: current concepts in the treatment of skin cancer Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 5 2005 791 800 (Pubitemid 41599955)
132. A.N. Lee, and S.B. Mallory Contact immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester for the treatment of recalcitrant warts J Am Acad Dermatol 41 1999 595 599 (Pubitemid 29480411)
133. N.B. Silverberg, J.K. Lim, A.S. Paller, and A.J. Mancini Squaric acid immunotherapy for warts in children J Am Acad Dermatol 42 2000 803 808 (Pubitemid 30252886)
134. S. Lee, C.K. Cho, J.G. Kim, and S.I. Chun Therapeutic effect of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on verruca plana and verruca vulgaris Int J Dermatol 23 1984 624 626 (Pubitemid 15219385)
135. R. Happle Antigenic competition as a therapeutic concept for alopecia areata Arch Dermatol Res 267 1980 109 114 (Pubitemid 10176016)
136. M.A. Sobh, M.M. Abd El-Razic, R.A. Rizc, M.M. Eid, I.A. Abd el-Hamid, and M.A. Ghoneim Intralesional injection of bleomycin sulphate into resistant warts in renal transplant recipients versus non-transplant warty patients Acta Derm Venereol 71 1991 63 66
137. B.T. Kovach, and T. Stasko Use of topical immunomodulators in organ transplant recipients Dermatol Ther 18 2005 19 27 (Pubitemid 40685544)
138. Z. Faluhelyi, I. Rodler, A. Csejtey, S.K. Tyring, I.A. Ember, and I. Arany All- trans retinoic acid (ATRA) suppresses transcription of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) in a dose-dependent manner Anticancer Res 24 2004 807 809 (Pubitemid 38625026)
139. T.D. Horn, S.M. Johnson, R.M. Helm, and P.K. Roberson Intralesional immunotherapy of warts with mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton skin test antigens: a single-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial Arch Dermatol 141 2005 589 594 (Pubitemid 40656062)
140. C.J. Rogers, M.D. Gibney, E.C. Siegfried, B.R. Harrison, and D.A. Glaser Cimetidine therapy for recalcitrant warts in adults: is it any better than placebo? J Am Acad Dermatol 41 1999 123 127 (Pubitemid 29336868)
141. T. Mitsuishi, K. Iida, and S. Kawana Cimetidine treatment for viral warts enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression but not IL-18 expression in lesional skin Eur J Dermatol 13 2003 445 448 (Pubitemid 37305088)
142. R. Snoeck, M. Bossens, D. Parent, B. Delaere, H. Degreef, and M. Van Ranst Phase II double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of cidofovir topical gel for the treatment of patients with human papillomavirus infection Clin Infect Dis 33 2001 597 602 (Pubitemid 32762931)
143. G.V. De Socio, S. Simonetti, D. Rosignoli, P. Minga, G.M. Tomassini, and F. Baldelli Topical cidofovir for severe warts in a patient affected by AIDS and Hodgkin's lymphoma Int J STD AIDS 19 2008 715 716
144. G. Orlando, M.M. Fasolo, R. Beretta, R. Signori, B. Adriani, and N. Zanchetta Intralesional or topical cidofovir (HPMPC, VISTIDE) for the treatment of recurrent genital warts in HIV-1-infected patients AIDS 13 1999 1978 1980 (Pubitemid 29509560)
145. C. Cusack, D. Fitzgerald, T.M. Clayton, and A.D. Irvine Successful treatment of florid cutaneous warts with intravenous cidofovir in an 11-year-old girl Pediatr Dermatol 25 2008 387 389 (Pubitemid 351813967)
146. F. Lozada-Nur, M. Glick, M. Schubert, and I. Silverberg Use of intralesional interferon-alpha for the treatment of recalcitrant oral warts in patients with AIDS: a report of 4 cases Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 92 2001 617 622 (Pubitemid 33601775)
147. A.J. Czelusta, T. Evans, I. Arany, and S.K. Tyring A guide to immunotherapy of genital warts: focus on interferon and imiquimod BioDrugs 11 1999 319 332 (Pubitemid 29235062)
148. T. Kono, S. Kondo, S. Pastore, G.M. Shivji, M.A. Tomai, and R.C. McKenzie Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression Lymphokine Cytokine Res 13 1994 71 76 (Pubitemid 24136345)
149. S. Jacobs, E.I. Grussendorf-Conen, I. Rosener, and A. Rubben Molecular analysis of the effect of topical imiquimod treatment of HPV 2/27/57-induced common warts Skin Pharmacol Physiol 17 2004 258 266 (Pubitemid 39370257)
150. S. Tyring, M. Conant, M. Marini, W. Van Der Meijden, and K. Washenik Imiquimod; an international update on therapeutic uses in dermatology Int J Dermatol 41 2002 810 816 (Pubitemid 35422853)
151. S. Dharancy, B. Catteau, L. Mortier, E. Boleslawski, N. Declerck, and V. Canva Conversion to sirolimus: a useful strategy for recalcitrant cutaneous viral warts in liver transplant recipient Liver Transpl 12 2006 1883 1887 (Pubitemid 44911816)
152. C.W. Menges, L.A. Baglia, R. Lapoint, and D.J. McCance Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 up-regulates AKT activity through the retinoblastoma protein Cancer Res 66 2006 5555 5559 (Pubitemid 43927104)
153. K. Wilkins, R. Turner, J.C. Dolev, P.E. LeBoit, T.G. Berger, and T.A. Maurer Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease J Am Acad Dermatol 54 2006 189 206 quiz 7-10 (Pubitemid 43144386)
154. R.H. Gormley, and C.L. Kovarik Dermatologic manifestations of HPV in HIV-infected individuals Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 6 2009 130 138
155. I. Heard, J.M. Palefsky, and M.D. Kazatchkine The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related diseases Antivir Ther 9 2004 13 22 (Pubitemid 38313943)
156. C. Wang, W. Wang, Y.J. Lei, J.Y. Wang, X.P. Dong, and J. Wang Multiple huge cutaneous horns overlying verrucae vulgaris induced by human papillomavirus type 2: a case report Br J Dermatol 156 2007 760 762
157. S.S. Venugopal, and D.F. Murrell Recalcitrant cutaneous warts treated with recombinant quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) in a developmentally delayed, 31-year-old white man Arch Dermatol 146 2010 475 477