In situ determination of Os, Ir, and Ru in chromites formed from komatiite, tholeiite and boninite magmas: Implications for chromite control of Os, Ir and Ru during partial melting and crystal fractionation

Chemical Geology

Volumn 302-303, Issue , 2012, Pages 3-15

  Pagé, Philippe ^a   Barnes, Sarah Jane ^a   Bédard, Jean H ^b   Zientek, Michael L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À CHICOUTIMI   (Canada)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA   (Canada)

^c U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chromite; IPGE; Mass balance calculation; Partition coefficients; Platinum group minerals

Indexed keywords

BONINITES; CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION; DETECTION LIMITS; GEOLOGICAL SETTING; IN-SITU; INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT; IPGE; KOMATIITE; LAYERED INTRUSIONS; MASS-BALANCE CALCULATIONS; MICROPROBE ANALYSIS; MINERAL INCLUSIONS; PARTIAL MELTING; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PARTITION COEFFICIENTS; PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS; PLATINUM-GROUP MINERALS; POSITIVE CORRELATIONS; ROCK TYPES;

BUDGET CONTROL; CHROMITE; IRIDIUM; MELTING; MINERALS; OSMIUM; PLATINUM; RHODIUM; ROCKS; SOLID SOLUTIONS;

CHROMITE DEPOSITS;

BASALT; BONINITE; CHROMITE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; IRIDIUM; KOMATIITE; LAYERED INTRUSION; MASS BALANCE; OPHIOLITE; ORE DEPOSIT; OSMIUM; PARTIAL MELTING; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; RUTHENIUM; THOLEIITE;

EID: 84855795065     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Agiorgitis G., Wolf R. Aspects of osmium, ruthenium and iridium contents in some Greek chromites. Chem. Geol. 1978, 23:267-272.
2. Augé T. PGM inclusions in ophiolitic chromitite from Vourinos complex, Greece. Can. Mineral. 1985, 23:163-171.
3. Augé T. PGM in the Tiebaghi and Vourinos ophiolitic complexes: genetic implications. Can. Mineral. 1988, 26:177-192.
4. Ballhaus C., Berry R.F., Green D.H. Oxygen fugacity controls in the Earth's upper mantle. Nature 1990, 348:437-440.
5. Ballhaus C., Berry R.F., Green D.H. High pressure experimental calibration of the olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1991, 107:27-40.
6. Barnes, S.-J., 1985. The fractionation of platinum group elements in Archean komatiites of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, northern Ontario, Canada., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, unpublished.
7. Barnes S.J. The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1986, 93:524-531.
8. Barnes S.J. Chromite in Komatiites, II. Modification during greenschist to mid-amphibolite facies metamorphism. J. Petrol. 2000, 41:387-409.
9. Barnes S.J., Fiorentini M.L. Iridium, ruthenium and rhodium in komatiites: evidence for iridium alloy saturation. Chem. Geol. 2008, 257:44-58.
10. Barnes S.-J., Maier W.D. The Fractionation of Ni, Cu and the Noble Metals in Silicate and Sulfide Liquids 1999, 13:69-106. Geological Association Canada Short Course.
11. Barnes S.-J., Picard C.P. The behaviour of platinum-group elements during partial melting, crystal fractionation, and sulphide segregation; an example from the Cape Smith fold belt, northern Quebec. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:79-87.
12. Barnes S.J., Roeder P.L. The range of spinel compositions in terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks. J. Petrol. 2001, 42(12):2279-2302.
13. Barnes S.-J., Prichard H.M., Cox R.A., Fisher P.C., Godel B. The location of the chalcophile and siderophile elements in platinum-group element ore deposits (a textural, microbeam and whole rock geochemical study): implications for the formation of the deposits. Chem. Geol. 2008, 248(3-4):295-317.
14. Bécu, V., 2005. Pétrologie et géochimie de l'indice de chromitites platinifères Star Chrome, complexe ophiolitique de Thetford Mines, Québec, M.Sc. thesis, INRS-ETE: Université du Québec, Québec, 177p.
15. Bédard L.P., Barnes S.-J. Improved platinum-group element extraction by NiS fire assay from chromitite ore samples using a flux containing sodium metaphosphate. Geostand. Newslett. 2004, 28:311-316.
16. Bennett V.C., Norman M.D., Garcia M.O. Rhenium and platinum group element abundances correlated with mantle source components in Hawaiian picrites: sulphides in the plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 183:513-526.
17. Bézos A., Lorand J.-P., Humler E., Gros M. Platinum-group element systematics in Mid-Oceanic Ridge basaltic glasses from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69(10):2613-2627.
18. Borisov A., Palme H. Solubilities of noble metals in Fe-containing silicate melts as derived from experiments in Fe-free systems. Am. Mineral. 2000, 85:1665-1673.
19. Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F. Core formation and metal-silicate fractionation of osmium and iridium from gold. Nature Geosci. 2009, 2:798-801.
20. Brenan J.M., Homolova V. An experimental study of spinel- and chromite-melt partitioning of platinum group elements. 11th International Platinum Symposium - Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release-Data 269 2010.
21. Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F., Dalpé C. Experimental constraints on the partitioning of rhenium and some platinum-group elements between olivine and silicate melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 212:135-150.
22. Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F., Ash R. An experimental study of the solubility and partitioning of iridium, osmium and gold between olivine and silicate melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 237:855-872.
23. Brenan J.M., Finnigan C.S., McDonough W.F., Homolova V. Experimental constraints on the partitioning of Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt and Pd between chromite and silicate melt: the importance of ferric iron. Chem. Geol. 2012, 302-303:16-32. (this issue).
24. Brügmann G.E., Arndt N.T., Hofmann A.W., Tobschall H.J. Noble metal abundances in komatiite suites from Alexo, Ontario and Gorgona island, Columbia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:2159-2169.
25. Campbell I.H., Murck B.W. Petrology of the G and H chromitite zones in the Mountain View area of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. J. Petrol. 1993, 34(2):291-316.
26. Canil D. Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archean komatiite magmas. Nature 1997, 389:842-845.
27. Capobianco C.J., Drake M.J. Partitioning of ruthenium, rhodium and palladium between spinel and silicate melt and implications for platinum group element fractionation trends. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:869-874.
28. Capobianco C.J., Hervig R.L., Drake M.J. Experimental on crystal-liquid partitioning of Ru, Rh and Pd for magnetite and hematite solid solutions crystallized from silicate melt. Chem. Geol. 1994, 113:23-43.
29. Conn H.K. The Johns-Manville platinum-palladium prospect, Stillwater Complex, Montana, U.S.A. Can. Mineral. 1979, 17:463-468.
30. Constantinides C.C., Kingston G.A., Fisher P.C. The occurrence of platinum group minerals in chromitites of the Kokkinorotsos chrome mine, Cyprus. International Ophiolite Symposium Cyprus 1979 1980, 93-101. A. Panayiotou (Ed.).
31. Cooper R.W. Magmatic unconformities and stratigraphic relations in the Peridotite Zone, Stillwater Complex, Montana. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1997, 34:407-425.
32. Cooper R.W. Stratigraphy and chromite mineralization of the peridotite zone, Stillwater Complex, Montana. 9th International Platinum Symposium - Stillwater Complex Montana 2002, D1-D68. Geology and Guide, USA.
33. Corrivaux, L., 1989. Étude des Gîtes de Chrome-Platine du Canton de Coleraine, Estrie. Mémoire de maitrise, Université Québec à Montréal.
34. Crocket J.H. Platinum-group elements in mafic and ultramafic rocks: a survey. Can. Mineral. 1979, 17:391-402.
35. Crocket J.H. PGE in fresh basalt, hydrothermal alteration products, and volcanic incrustations of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64(10):1791-1807.
36. Crocket J.H. Platinum-group elements in basalts from Maui, Hawaii: low abundances in Alkali basalts. Can. Mineral. 2002, 40:595-609.
37. Crocket J.H., MacRae W.E. Platinum-group element distribution in komatiitic and Tholeiitic volcanic rocks from Munro Township, Ontario. Econ. Geol. 1986, 81:1242-1251.
38. Dare S.A.S., Barnes S.-J., Prichard H.M. The distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) and other chalcophile elements among sulfides from the Creighton Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposit, Sudbury, Canada, and the origin of palladium in pentlandite. Miner. Deposita 2010, 45:765-793.
39. De Paolo D.J., Wasserburg G.J. Sm-Nd age of the Stillwater Complex and the mantle evolution curve of neodynium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1979, 43:999-1008.
40. Dobson P.F., Skogby H., Rossman G.R. Water in boninite glass and coexisting orthopyroxene: concentration and partitioning. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1995, 118:414-419.
41. Dowling S.E., Hill R.E.T. The distribution of PGE in fractionated Archaean komatiites, western and central ultramafic units, Mt Keith region, Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1992, 39:349-363.
42. Dunning G.R., Krogh T.E., Pederson R.B. U-Pb zircon Ages of Appalachian-Caledonian Ophiolites: Terra Cognita 6 1986, Abstract L51.
43. Ertel W., O'Neill H., St C., Sylvester P.J., Dingwell D.B. Solubilities of Pt and Rh in a haplobasaltic silicate melt at 1300°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63(16):2439-2449.
44. Finnigan C.S., Brenan J.M., Mungall J.E., McDonough W.F. Experiments and models bearing on the role of chromite as a collector of platinum group minerals by local reduction. J. Petrol. 2008, 49:1647-1665.
45. Fiorentini M.L., Stone W.E., Beresford S.W., Barley M.E. Platinum-group element alloy inclusions in chromites from Archaean mafic-ultramafic units: evidence from the Abitibi and Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belts. Mineral. Petrol. 2004, 82:341-355.
46. Fiorentini M.L., Beresford S.W., Barley M.E. Ruthenium-chromium variations: a new lithogeochemical tool in the exploration for komatiite-hosted Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits. Econ. Geol. 2008, 103:431-437.
47. Fryer B.J., Greenough J.D. Evidence for mantle heterogeneity from platinum-group-element abundances in Indian Ocean basalts. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1992, 29:2329-2340.
48. Gijbels R.H., Millard H.T., Desborough G.A., Bartel A.J. Osmium, ruthenium, iridium and uranium in silicates and chromite from the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1974, 38:319-337.
49. 2): implications for the genesis of PGM in ophiolite chromitites. Eur. J. Mineral. 2009, 21(9):419-432.
50. Gonzalez-Jiménez J.M., Gervilla F., Proenza J.A., Kerestedjian T., Augé T., Bailly L. Distribution of platinum-group minerals in ophiolitic chromitites. Appl. Earth Sci. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) 2009, 118(3/4):101-110.
51. Gorton M.P., Schandl E.S., Naldrett A.J. Platinum group element (PGE) concentrations in the sheeted dike complex and geochemical changes during alteration of the lowermost part of a 2-km-thick oceanic crust, hole 504B. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Sci. Results 1995, 137(140):199-205.
52. Hébert, Y., 1983, Étude pétrologique du Complexe Ophiolitique de Thetford Mines, Québec: Ph.D. thesis, Laval University, Québec, 426 pp.
53. Hess H.H. Stillwater igneous complex, Montana; a quantitative study. Geological Society of America Memoir 1960, 80. 230 pp.
54. Hiemstra S.A. The role of collectors in the formation of the platinum deposits in the Bushveld Complex. Can. Mineral. 1979, 17:469-482.
55. Homolova V., Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F., Ash R. Olivine- and Spinel-Silicate Melt Partitioning of Platinum Group Elements (Pges) as a Function of Oxygen Fugacity 2008, 74. Geological Association of Canada/Mineralogical Association of Canada, Abstracts with program,.
56. Hunter R.H. Texture development in cumulate rocks. In Layered Intrusions 1996, 77-101. Elsevier. R.G. Cawthorn (Ed.).
57. Ireland T.J., Walker R.J., Garcia M.O. Highly siderophile element and 187Os isotope systematics of Hawaiian picrites: implications for parental melt composition and source heterogeneity. Chem. Geol. 2009, 260:112-128.
58. Irvine T.N. Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator, Part 1. Theory. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1965, 2:648-672.
59. Irvine T.N. Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator. Part 2. Petrologic applications. Can. J Earth Sci 1967, 4:71-103.
60. Jackson E.D. Primary textures and mineral associations in the ultramafic zone of the Stillwater Complex. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1961, 358. 106 pp.
61. Jackson E.D. Stratigraphic and lateral variation of chromite composition in the Stillwater Complex. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 1 1963, 46-54. Mineralogical Society of America. D.J. Fisher, C.S. Frueh, C.E. Tilley (Eds.).
62. Kaçira, N., 1971. Geology of chromitite occurrences and ultramafic rocks of the Thetford Mines - Disraeli area. Ph. D. thesis, Western Ontario University, 247 p.
63. Keays R.R. Palladium and irridium in komatiites and associated rocks, application to petrogenetic problems. Komatiites. Allen, London 1982, 435-458. N.T. Arndt, E.G. Nisbet (Eds.).
64. Leeman W.P., Scheidegger K.F. Olivine/liquid distribution coefficients and a test for crystal-liquid equilibrium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1977, 35:247-257.
65. Lipin B.R., Page N.J., Zientek M.L., Carlson R.R., Loferski P.J., Nicholson S.W., Moring B.C. Guide to the Benbow area. The Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and Guide: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 1985, 92:125-146. G.K. Czamanske, M.L. Zientek (Eds.).
66. Locmelis M., Pearson N.J., Barnes S.J., Fiorentini M.L. Ruthenium in komatiitic chromite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 2011, 75(13):3645-3661.
67. Luguet A., Shirey S.B., Lorand J.-P., Horan M.F., Carlson R.W. Residual platinum-group minerals from highly depleted harzburgites of the Lherz massif (France) and their role in HSE fractionation of the mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:3082-3097.
68. Maier W.D., Barnes S.-J., Marsh J.S. The concentrations of noble metals in Southern African flood-type basalts and MORB: implications for petrogenesis and magmatic sulphide exploration. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2003, 146:44-61.
69. McDonald I., De Wit M.J., Smith C.B., Bizzi L.A., Viljoen K.S. The geochemistry of the platinum-group elements in Brazilian and southern African kimberlites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:2883-2903.
70. McDonough W.F., Sun S.-S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 1995, 120:223-254.
71. Mitchell R.H., Keays R.R. Abundance and distribution of gold, palladium and iridium in some spinel and garnet lherzolites: implications for the nature and origin of precious metal-rich intergranular components in the upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45:2425-2442.
72. Momme P., Tegner C., Brooks C.K., Keays R.R. The behaviour of platinum-group elements in basalts from the East Greenland rifted margin. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2002, 143:133-153.
73. O'Neill H., St C., Dingwell D.B., Borisov A., Spettel B., Palme H. Experimental petrochemistry of some high siderophile elements at high temperatures and some implications for core formation and the mantle's early history. Chem. Geol. 1995, 120:255-273.
74. Oshin, I.O., 1981. The abundances and geochemistry of some noble metals in Thetford Mines ophiolite, P.Q., Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University, 391 pp.
75. Oshin I.O., Crocket J.H. Noble metals in the Thetford Mines ophiolite Quebec, Canada, Part I. Distribution of gold, iridium, platinum and palladium in the ultramafic and gabbroic rocks. Econ. Geol. 1982, 77:1556-1570.
76. Page N.J. Sulfide minerals in the G and H chromitite zones of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1971, 694. 20 pp.
77. Pagé, P., 2001. L'origine de la distribution des teneurs en EGP dans les faciès mantelliques océaniques et ophiolitiques (exemples de la Faille Transformante Garrett, Pacifique sud et du massif de North Arm Mountain, Complexe Ophiolitique de Bay of Islands, Terre-Neuve, Canada) M.Sc. thesis, Laval University, Québec, 414 pp.
78. Pagé, P., 2006. Pétrogenèse de l'ophiolite de Thetford Mines, Québec, Canada, avec un accent particulier sur les roches du manteau et les chromitites. Ph.D. thesis, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, PQ, Canada, 282 pp.
79. Pagé P., Barnes S.-J. Trace elements signature of chromites from podiform chromitites of the Thetford Mines Ophiolite, Québec, Canada: products of boninitic melt migration. Econ. Geol. 2009, 104:997-1018.
80. Page N.J., Jackson E.D. Preliminary report on sulfide and platinum-group minerals in the chromitites of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. U.S. Geol. Surv. Pap. 1967, 575-D:D123-D126.
81. Pagé P., Bédard J.H., Schroetter J.-M., Tremblay A. Mantle petrology and mineralogy of the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex. Lithos 2008, 100:255-292.
82. Pagé P., Bédard J.H., Tremblay A. Geochemical variations in a depleted Ordovician forearc mantle: the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex. Lithos 2009, 113:21-47.
83. Pagé P., Barnes S.-J., Zientek M.L., Prichard H.M., Fisher P.C. IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru) are not in chromite. Xi'an Ni-Cu Symposium - Northwestern Geology 2009, vol. 42:20-23. 2009, June 16th to 20th 2009 - Xi'an, China.
84. Park J., Campbell I.H., Eggins S.M. The role of chromite crystallization on the PGE geochemistry of mafic magmas. 11th International Platinum Symposium - Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release-Data 269; June 21st to 24th 2009 - Sudbury, Canada 2010.
85. Peach C.L., Mathez E.A. Constraints on the formation of platinum-group element deposits in igneous rocks. Econ. Geol. 1996, 91:439-450.
86. Peck D.C., Keays R.R., Ford R.J. Direct crystallisation of refractory platinum group element alloys from boninitic magmas: Evidence from western Tasmania. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1992, 39:373-387.
87. Philipp H., Eckhardt J.-D., Puchelt H. Platinum-group elements (PGE) in basalts of the seaward-dipping reflector sequence, SE Greenland coast. J. Petrol. 2001, 42(2):407-432.
88. Premo W.R., Helz R.T., Zientek M.L., Langston R.B. U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages for the Stillwater Complex and its associated sills and dikes, Beartooth Mountains, Montana. Identification of a parent magma?. Geology 1990, 18:1065-1068.
89. Prichard H.M., Potts P.J., Neary C.R. Platinum group element minerals in the Unst chromite, Shetland Isles. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall., Sect. B (Applied Earth Sciences) 1981, 90:B186-B188.
90. Puchtel I.S., Humayun M. Platinum group elements in Kostomuksha komatiites and basalts: implications for oceanic crust recycling and core-mantle interaction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64(24):4227-4242.
91. Puchtel I.S., Humayun M. Platinum group element fractionation in komatiitic basalt lava lake. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65(17):2979-2993.
92. Puchtel I.S., Humayun M., Campbell A.J., Sproule R.A., Lesher C.M. Platinum group element geochemistry of komatiites from the Alexo and Pyke Hill areas, Ontario, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68(6):1361-1383.
93. Rehkämper M., Halliday A.N., Alt J., Fitton J.G., Zipfel J., Takazawa E. Non-chondritic platinum-group element ratios in oceanic mantle lithosphere: petrogenetic signature of melt percolation?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 172:65-81.
94. Righter K., Campbell A.J., Humayun M., Hervig R.L. Partitioning of Ru, Rh, Pd, Re, Ir, and Au between Cr-bearing spinel, olivine, pyroxene and silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2004, 68(4):867-880.
95. Savard D., Barnes S.-J., Meisel T. Comparison between nickel-sulfur fire assay Te co-precipitation and isotope dilution with high-pressure asher acid digestion for the determination of platinum-group elements, rhenium and gold. Geostand. Newslett. 2010, 34:281-291.
96. Schroetter J.-M., Pagé P., Bédard J.H., Tremblay A., Bécu V. Forearc extension and seafloor spreading in the Thetford Mines Ophiolite complex. Ophiolites in Earth History: Geological Society of London, Special Publication 2003, 218:231-251. Y. Dilek, P.T. Robinson (Eds.).
97. Schroetter J.-M., Tremblay A., Bédard J.H. Structural evolution of the Thetford-Mines Ophiolitic Complex, Canada: implications for the southern Québec Ophiolite Belt. Tectonics 2005, 24. TC1001, 20 pp. 10.1029/2003TC00160.
98. Spandler C., Mavrogenes J., Arculus R. Origin of chromitites in layered intrusions: evidence from chromite-hosted melt inclusions from the Stillwater Complex. Geology 2005, 33(11):893-896.
99. St-Julien P., Hubert C. Evolution of the Taconian Orogeny in the Québec Appalachians. Am. J. Sci. 1975, 275:337-362.
100. Stockman H.W., Hlava P.F. Platinum-group minerals in Alpine chromitites from south-westren Oregon. Econ. Geol. 1984, 79:491-508.
101. Stone W.E., Crocket J.H. Platinum-group element contents of chromites from mafic-ultramafic layered flows, Abitibi greenstone belt, Ontario: implications for geochemical fractionation and mineral exploration. Mineral. Petrol. 2003, 78:139-147.
102. Sylvester P. Laser-ablation-ICP-mass spectrometry in the Earth sciences, principles and applications. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course 2001, 29. 243 pp. P. Sylvester (Ed.).
103. Talkington R.W., Lipin B.R. Platinum-group minerals in chromite seams of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Econ. Geol. 1986, 81(5):1179-1186.
104. Tanguay, S., 1992. Pétrographie et géochimie des EGP dans la sequence de roches ultramafiques au nord du gisement de chromitite Hall, complexe ophiolitique de Thetford Mines, Québec, M.Sc. thesis, Université Laval, Québec, 84p.
105. Todd S.G., Keith D.W., Le Roy L.W., Schissel D.J., Mann E.L., Irvine T.N. The J-M platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: I. Stratigraphy and petrology. Econ. Geol. 1982, 77:1454-1480.
106. Vinet, N., 2010. Mécanismes de solidification des magmas basaltiques: Étude quantitative texturale et géochimique des laves du Kilauea, Hawaii.Ph.D. thesis, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.
107. Von Gruenewaldt G., Hulbert L.J., Naldrett A.J. Contrasting platinum-group element concentration patterns in cumulates of the Bushveld Complex. Miner. Deposita 1989, 24:219-229.
108. Waters C., Boudreau A.E. A reevaluation of crystal-size distributions in chromite cumulates. Am. Mineral. 1996, 81(11-12):1452-1459.
109. Whitehead J., Dunning G.R., Spray J.G. U-Pb geochronology and origin of granitoid rocks in the Thetford Mines ophiolite, Canadian Appalachians. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2000, 112:915-928.
110. Williams H., St-Julien P. The Baie Verte-Brompton Line: Early Paleozoic continent ocean interface in the Canadian Appalachiens. Major Structural Zones and Faults of the Northern Appalachians 1982, 24:177-207. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper. P. St-Julien, J. Béland (Eds.).
111. Zhong H., Zhu W., Qi L., Zhou M.-F., Song X.-Y., Zhang Y. Platinum-group element (PGE) geochemistry of the Emeishan basalts in the Pan-Xi area, SW China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2006, 51(7):845-854.
112. Zhou M.-F. PGE distribution in 2.7-Ga layered komatiite flows from the Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Chem. Geol. 1994, 118:155-172.
113. Zientek M.L., Czamanske G.K., Irvine T.N. Stratigraphy and nomenclature for the Stillwater Complex. The Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and Guide. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 1985, 92:21-32. G.K. Czamanske, M.L. Zientek (Eds.).