Fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in household drinking water taps fed from rainwater tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 78, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 219-226

  Ahmed, W ^a,b   Hodgers, L ^a   Sidhu, J P S ^a,b   Toze, S ^a,c  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUSTRALIA; CAMPYLOBACTER SPP; CAMPYLOBACTERS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; E. COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI BACTERIA; FECAL CONTAMINATION; FECAL INDICATORS; FECAL SAMPLES; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY; POTENTIAL SOURCES; QUANTITATIVE DETECTION; QUANTITATIVE PCR; QUEENSLAND; SALMONELLA SPP; TAP WATER; TAP-WATER SAMPLES; TREE BRANCHES; WATER SAMPLES;

CONTAMINATION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; ROOFS; SALMONELLA; TANKS (CONTAINERS); WATER ANALYSIS;

POTABLE WATER;

BACTERIAL DNA; DRINKING WATER; PROTOZOAL DNA; RAIN;

BIRD; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; DRINKING WATER; FECAL PELLET; MARSUPIAL; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGEN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RAINWATER; STORAGE TANK;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; BIRD; CAMPYLOBACTER; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES; GENETICS; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PHALANGERIDAE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; WATER QUALITY; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; BIRDS; CAMPYLOBACTER; DNA, BACTERIAL; DNA, PROTOZOAN; DRINKING WATER; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FECES; GIARDIA LAMBLIA; HUMANS; PHALANGERIDAE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; QUEENSLAND; RAIN; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER QUALITY; ZOONOSES;

AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND;

ANIMALIA; AVES; CAMPYLOBACTER; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; ENTEROCOCCUS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GIARDIA INTESTINALIS; SALMONELLA;

EID: 84855707383     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.06554-11     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ahmed W, Huygens F, Goonetilleke A, Gardner T. 2008. Real-time PCR detection of pathogenic microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 5490-5496.
2. Ahmed W, Vieritz A, Goonetilleke A, Gardner T. 2010. Health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:7382-7391.
3. Albrechtsen H-J. 2002. Microbiological investigations of rainwater and gray-water collected for toilet flushing. Water Sci. Technol. 46:311-316.
4. Ashbolt R, Kirk MD. 2006. Salmonella Mississippi infections in Tasmania: the role of native Australian animals and untreated drinking water. Epidemiol. Infect. 134:1257-1265.
5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007. Environmental issues: people's views and practices, no. 4602.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, Australia.
6. Bernander R, Palm JED, Svärd SG. 2001. Genome ploidy in different stages of the Giardia lamblia life cycle. Cell. Microbiol. 3:55-62.
7. Birks R, Colbourne J, Hills S, Hobson R. 2004. Microbiological water quality in a large in-building water recycling facility. Water Sci. Technol. 50:165-172.
8. Brodribb R, Webster P, Farrell D. 1995. Recurrent Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus bacteraemia in a febrile neutropaenic patient linked to tank water. Commun. Dis. Intell. 19:312-313.
9. Butzler JP. 2004. Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 10:868-876.
10. Chilvers BL, Cowan PE, Waddington DC, Kelley PJ, Brown TJ. 1998. The prevalence of infection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild animals on farmland, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. Int. J. Health Res. 8:59-64.
11. Chiu CH, Ou JT. 1996. Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in faeces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culture-multiplex PCR combination assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2619-2622.
12. Crabtree KD, Ruskin RH, Shaw SB, Rose JB. 1996. The detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in cistern water in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Water. Res. 30:208-216.
13. Cunliffe D. 1998. Guidance on the use of rainwater tanks. National Environmental Health Forum monographs. Water series no. 3. National Environmental Health Forum, Adelaide, Australia.
14. Despins C, Farahbakhsh K, Leidl C. 2009. Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 58:117-134.
15. Evans CA, Coombes PJ, Dunstan RH. 2006. Wind, rain and bacteria: the effect of weather or the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater. Water Res. 40:37-44.
16. Guy RA, Payment P, Krull UJ, Horgen PA. 2003. Real-time PCR for quantification of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in environmental water samples and sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5178-5185.
17. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, Fairley CK. 2001. A randomized blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:773-777.
18. Heyworth JS, Glonek G, Maynard EJ, Baghurst PA, Finlay Jones J. 2006. Consumption of untreated tank rainwater and gastroenteritis among young children in South Australia. Int. J. Epidemiol. 35:1051-1058.
19. Hill VR, et al. 2005. Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6878-6884.
20. Holberton DV, Marshall JJ. 1995. Analysis of consensus sequence patterns in Giardia cytoskeleton gene promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 2945-2953.
21. Lee ZMP, Bussema C, III, Schmidt TM. 2009. rrnDB: documenting the number of rRNA and tRNA genes in bacteria and archaea. Nucleic Acids Res. 37:D489-D493.
22. Leskinen SD, Brownell M, Lim DV, Harwood VJ. 2010. Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and PCR detection of human-associated genetic markers from various types of surface water in Florida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:4116-4117.
23. Lund M, Nordentoff S, Pedersen K, Madsen M. 2004. Detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken fecal samples by real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:5125-5132.
24. Lye DJ. 2002. Health risks associated with consumption of untreated water from household roof catchment system. J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 38:1301-1306.
25. Mahbubani MH, et al. 1992. Differentiation of Giardia duodenalis from other Giardia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction and gene probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:74-78.
26. Marino MR, Brown TJ, Waddington DC, Brockie RE, Kelly PJ. 1992. Giardia intestinalis in North Island possums, house mice and ship rats. N. Z. Vet. J. 40:24-27.
27. Merritt A, Miles R, Bates J. 1999. An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis on an island resort, north Queensland. Commun. Dis. Intell. 23:215-219.
28. National Health and Medical Research Council. 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality in Australia. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia.
29. Pinfold JV, Horan NJ, Wiroganagud W, Mara D. 1993. The bacteriological quality of rain jar water in rural northeast Thailand. Water Res. 27:297-302.
30. Savill MG, et al. 2001. Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:38-46.
31. Sazakli E, Alexopolous A, Leotsinidis M. 2007. Rainwater harvesting quality assessment and utilization in Kelafonia Island, Greece. Water Res. 41:2039-2047.
32. Simmons G, Hope V, Lewis G, Whitmore J, Wanzhen G. 2001. Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Res. 35:1518-1524.
33. Spinks J, Phillips S, Robinson P, Van Buynder P. 2006. Bushfires and tank rainwater quality: a cause for concern? J. Water Health 4:21-28.
34. Uba BN, Aghogho O. 2000. Rainwater quality from different roofcatchments in the Port Harcourt District, Rivers State, Nigeria. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 49:281-288.
35. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Method 1600: membrane filter test method for enterococci in water. EPA/821/R-97/004. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
36. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Method 1603: Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water by membrane filtration using modified membrane-thermotolerant Escherichia coli agar (modified mTEC). EPA/821/R-02/023. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.