Consumption of untreated tank rainwater and gastroenteritis among young children in South Australia

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 1051-1058

  Heyworth, Jane S ^a,b   Glonek, G ^c   Maynard, E J ^d   Baghurst, P A ^e   Finlay Jones, J ^b,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d Department of Health   (Australia)

^e WOMEN S AND CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Children; Drinking water; Gastroenteritis; Rainwater

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; RAIN;

CHILD HEALTH; COHORT ANALYSIS; DRINKING WATER; GASTROENTERITIS; HEALTH RISK; RAINWATER; RISK FACTOR; RURAL POPULATION;

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FLUID INTAKE; GASTROENTERITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD; MORBIDITY; PARENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RURAL AREA; TANK; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER TREATMENT;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; DRINKING; FEMALE; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; RISK; SOUTH AUSTRALIA; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

EID: 33749616648     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyl105     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Lye D. Microbiology of rainwater cistern systems; a review. J Environ Sci Health 1992;A27:2123-66.
2. Heyworth J, Maynard E, Cunliffe D. Who drinks what?: Potable water use in South Australia. Water 1998;25:9-13.
3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices. Canberra: ABS, 2001.
4. Fuller C, Martin T, Walters R. Quality Aspects of Water Stored in Domestic Rainwater Tanks (A Preliminary Study). Adelaide: Engineering and Water Supply, 1981.
5. Thomas P, Greene G. Rainwater quality from different roof catchments. Water Sci Technol 1993;28:291-9.
6. Brodribb R, Webster P, Farrell D. Recurrent Campylobacter fetus suspecies fetus bacteraemia in a febrile neutropaenic patient linked to tank water. Commun Dis Intell 1995;19:312-13.
7. Merrin A, Miles R, Bates J. An outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis on an island resort, north Queensland. Commun Dis Intell 1999; 23:215-19.
8. Simmons G, Hope V, Lewis G. Auckland Roof Water Quality Survey: Pilot Survey. Auckland: Auckland Healthcare, 1997.
9. Simmons G, Hope V, Lewis G, Whitmore J, Gao W. Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Res 2001;35:1518-24.
10. Simmons G, Smith J. Roof water probable source of Salmonella infections. N Z Public Health Rep 1997;4:5.
11. Koplan J, Deen R, Swanston W, Tota B. Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis. J Hyg (Lond) 1978;81:303-09.
12. Schlech WF 3rd, Gorman GW, Payne MC, Broome CV. Legionnaires' disease in the Caribbean. An outbreak associated with a resort hotel. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:2076-79.
13. CAST. Foodborne Pathogens: Risk And Consequences. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 1994.
14. NHMRC/ARMMC. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2004. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council and Australian National Resource Management Ministerial Council, 2004.
15. Heijnen H. Towards water quality guidance for collected rainwater. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Rainwater Catchment Systems. Mannheim: FAKT, fbr, Margraf Verlag, 2001.
16. Simmons G, Heyworth J, Rimajova M. Assessing the microbial health risks of tank rainwater used for drinking water. Environ Health 2001;1:57-64.
17. Heyworth JS, Baghurst P, McCaul KA. Prevalence of gastroenteritis among 4-year-old children in South Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2003;130:443-51.
18. Gracey M. Diarrhoea in Australian Aborigines. Aust J Public Health 1992;16:216-25.
19. Gunzburg S, Gracey M, Burke V, Chang B. Epidemiology and microbiology of diarrhoea in young Aboriginal children in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Epidemiol Infect 1992;108: 67-76.
20. Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E. A randomised trial to evaluate the risk of gastro-intestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. Am J Public Health 1991;81:703-08.
21. Diggle P, Liang K, Zeger S. Analysis of Longitudinal Data. Oxford: Oxford Science Publications, 1996.
22. Kleinbaum D, Klein M. Logistic Regression, a Self-learning Text. 2nd edn. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.
23. Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
24. Wang Z. Assessing confounding effects in epidemiological studies, sbe27. Stata J 1999;STB 49.
25. Weinstein P, Macaitis M, Walker C, Cameron S. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea in South Australia. Med J Aust 1993;158:117-19.
26. Eberhart-Phillips J, Walker N, Garret N et al. Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: Results of a case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51:686-91.
27. Payment P, Hunter P. Chapter 4. Endemic and epidemic infectious intestinal disease and its relationship to drinking water. In: Fewtrell L, Batram J (eds). Water Quality-Guidelines, Standards and Health: Assessment of Risk and Risk Management for Water-Related Infectious Disease. IWA on behalf of WHO: London, 2001,pp. 61-88.
28. Mrukowicz, JZ, Thompson J, Reed GW et al. Epidemiology of rotavirus in infants and protection against symptomatic illness afforded by primary infection and vaccination. Vaccine 1999;17:745-53.
29. Glass, R Bresee J, Jiang B et al. Gastroenteritis viruses: An overview. Novartis Foundation Symposium, 2001.
30. Frost FJ, Calderon RL, Muller TB et al. A two-year follow-up survey of antibody to Cryptosporidium in Jackson County, Oregon following an outbreak of waterborne disease. Epidemiol Infect 1998;121: 213-17.
31. Craun GF, Hubbs SA, Frost F, Calderon RL, Via SA. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. AWWA J 1998;90:81-91.
32. Zmirou D, Rey S, Courtois X et al. Residual microbiological risk after simple chlorine treatment of drinking ground water in small community systems. Eur J Public Health 1995;5:7581.
33. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, Fairley CK. A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109: 773-78.
34. Monto A, Koopman J, Longini I, Isaacson R. The Tecumseh study. XII. Enteric agents in the community, 1976-1981. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:284-91.
35. Dingle J, Badger G, Jordan W. Illness in the Home: A Study of 25,000 Illnesses in a Group of Cleveland Families. Cleveland: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1964.
36. Kuusi M, Aavitsland P, Gondrosen B, Kapperud G. Incidence of gastroenteritis in Norway - a population-based survey. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:591-97.
37. de Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Kortbeek LM et al. Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: Incidence and etiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:666-74.
38. Herikstad H, Yang S, Van Gilder TJ et al. A population-based estimate of the burden of diarrhoeal illness in the United States: FoodNet, 1996-7. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:9-17.
39. de Wit M, Hoogenboom-Verdegaal A, Goosen E, Sprenger M, Borgdorff M. A population-based longitudinal study on the incidence and disease burden of gastroenteritis and Campylobacter and Salmonella infection in four regions of the Netherlands. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:713-18.
40. Savarino S, Bourgeois A. Diarrhoeal disease: Current concepts and future challenges. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal disease in developed countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993;87(Suppl 3): 7-11.