The multi-disciplinary management of high-risk prostate cancer

Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 3-15

  Picard, Jonathan C ^a   Golshayan, Ali Reza ^b   Marshall, David T ^a   Opfermann, Krisha J ^a   Keane, Thomas E ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; High risk prostate cancer; Hormone therapy; Prostatectomy; Radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ABIRATERONE ACETATE; ANTIANDROGEN; BICALUTAMIDE; DEGARELIX; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; ESTRAMUSTINE; ETOPOSIDE; FLUTAMIDE; GEFITINIB; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GOSERELIN; IMATINIB; KETOCONAZOLE; LEUPRORELIN; MITOXANTRONE; PALLADIUM 103; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TESTOSTERONE; THALIDOMIDE; VINBLASTINE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ADVANCED CANCER; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTHRALGIA; BACKACHE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SIZE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER THERAPY; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CHILL; COMPUTER ASSISTED RADIOTHERAPY; CONSTIPATION; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISTANT METASTASIS; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; FATIGUE; GLEASON SCORE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGH RISK PROSTATE CANCER; HORMONE REFRACTORY PROSTATE CANCER; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; INJECTION SITE REACTION; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METASTASIS FREE SURVIVAL; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEEDLE BIOPSY; PELVIS LYMPH NODE; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECTUM DISEASE; RECTUM INJURY; REHYDRATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SALVAGE PROSTATECTOMY; SEMINAL VESICLE; SIDE EFFECT; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; URETHRA STRICTURE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE INCONTINENCE;

DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84855691024     PISSN: 10781439     EISSN: 18732496     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.09.002     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Jemal A., Thun M.J., Ries L.A., et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008, 100:1672-1694.
2. Thompson I., Thrasher J.B., Aus G., et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol 2007, 177:2106-2131.
3. Nguyen C.T., Reuther A.M., Stephenson A.J., et al. The specific definition of high risk prostate cancer has minimal impact in biochemical relapse-free survival. J Urol 2009, 181:75-80.
4. D'Amico A.V., Cote K., Loffredo M., et al. Determinants of prostate cancer-specific survival after radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:4567-4573.
5. D'Amico A.V., Moul J., Carroll P.R., et al. Cancer-specific mortality after surgery or radiation for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer managed during the prostate-specific antigen era. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:2163-2172.
6. D'Amico A.V., Whittington R., Malkowicz S.B., et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1998, 280:969-974.
7. Roehl K.A., Han M., Ramos C.G., et al. Cancer progression and survival rates following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy in 3,478 consecutive patients: Long-term results. J Urol 2004, 172:910-914.
8. Han M., Partin A.W., Pound C.R., et al. Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-year Johns Hopkins experience. Urol Clin North Am 2001, 28:555-565.
9. Bianco F.J., Scardino P.T., Eastham J.A. Radical prostatectomy: Long-term cancer control and recovery of sexual and urinary function ("trifecta"). Urology 2005, 66(5 Suppl):83-94.
10. Freedland, Partin A.W., Humphreys E.B., et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3a disease. Cancer 2007, 109:1273-1278.
11. Ward J.F., Slezak J.M., Blute M.L., et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically advanced (cT3) prostate cancer since the advent of prostate-specific antigen testing: 15-year outcome. BJU Int 2005, 95:751-756.
12. Carver B.S., Bianco F.J., Scardino P.T., et al. Long-term outcome following radical prostatectomy in men with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. J Urol 2006, 176:564-568.
13. Hsu C.Y., Joniau S., Oyen R., et al. Outcome of surgery for clinical unilateral T3a prostate cancer: A single-institution experience. Eur Urol 2007, 51:121-129.
14. Yossepowitch O., Eggener S.E., Bianco F.J., et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized, high risk prostate cancer: Critical analysis of risk assessment methods. J Urol 2007, 178:493-499.
15. Powell I.J., Tangen C.M., Miller G.J., et al. Neoadjuvant therapy before radical prostatectomy for clinical T3/T4 carcinoma of the prostate: 5-year follow-up, Phase II Southwest Oncology Group Study 9109. J Urol 2002, 168:2016-2019.
16. Dalkin B.L., Ahmann F.R., Nagle R., et al. Randomized study of neoadjuvant testicular androgen ablation therapy before radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1996, 155:1357-1360.
17. Soloway M.S., Pareek K., Sharifi R., et al. Neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy in cT2bNxMo prostate cancer: 5-year results. J Urol 2002, 167:112-116.
18. Namiki K., Rosser C.J. Neoadjuvant therapy and prostate cancer: What a urologist should know. Curr Opin Urol 2007, 17:188-193.
19. Kumar S., Shelley M., Harrison C., et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant hormone therapy for localized and locally advanced prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, 4. CD006019.
20. Messing E.M., Manola J., Yao J., et al. Immediate vs. deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol 2006, 7:472-479.
21. Anscher M.S., Robertson C.N., Prosnitz R. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologic stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: 10-year update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995, 33:37-43.
22. Anscher M.S., Prosnitz L.R. Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the prostate undergoing radical prostatectomy with positive surgical margins, seminal vesicle involvement and/or penetration through the capsule. J Urol 1987, 138:1407-1412.
23. Gibbons R.P., Cole B.S., Richardson R.G., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy: Results and complications. J Urol 1986, 135:65-68.
24. Thompson I.M., Tangen C.M., Paradelo J., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006, 296:2329-2335.
25. Swanson G.P., Thompson I.M., Tangen C., et al. Update of SWOG 8794: Adjuvant radiotherapy for pT3 prostate cancer improves metastasis free survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72:S31.
26. Bolla M., van Poppel H., Collette L., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: A randomized controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 2005, 366:572-578.
27. Ganswindt U., Stenzl A., Bamberg M., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer-a new standard?. Eur Urol 2008, 54:528-542.
28. Dreicer R., Magi-Galluzzi C., Zhou M., et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 2004, 63:1138-1142.
29. Febbo P.G., Richie J.P., George D.J., et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel before radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:5233-5240.
30. Chi K.N., Chin J.L., Winquist E., et al. Multicenter phase II study of combined neoadjuvant docetaxel and hormone therapy before radical prostatectomy for patients with high risk localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2008, 180:565-570. Discussion 570.
31. Konety B.R., Eastham J.A., Reuter V.E., et al. Feasibility of radical prostatectomy after neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy for patients with high risk or locally advanced prostate cancer: Results of a phase I/II study. J Urol 2004, 171(2 Pt 1):709-713.
32. Clark P.E., Peereboom D.M., Dreicer R., et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant estramustine and etoposide plus radical prostatectomy for locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 2001, 57:281-285.
33. Pettaway C.A., Pisters L.L., Troncoso P., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy followed by radical prostatectomy: Feasibility and preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18:1050-1057.
34. Prayer-Galetti T., Sacco E., Pagano F., et al. Long-term follow-up of a neoadjuvant chemohormonal taxane-based phase II trial before radical prostatectomy in patients with non-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int 2007, 100:274-280.
35. Hussain M., Smith D.C., El-Rayes B.F., et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel and estramustine chemotherapy in high-risk/locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 2003, 61:774-780.
36. Eastham J.A., Kelly W.K., Grossfeld G.D., et al. Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 90203: A randomized phase 3 study of radical prostatectomy alone vs. estramustine and docetaxel before radical prostatectomy for patients with high-risk localized disease. Urology 2003, 62(Suppl 1):55-62.
37. Vuky J., Porter C., Isacson C., et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant docetaxel and gefitinib followed by radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk, locally advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 2009, 115:184-191.
38. Mathew P., Pisters L.L., Wood C.G., et al. Neoadjuvant platelet derived growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy combined with docetaxel and androgen ablation for high risk localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2009, 181:81-87. Discussion 87.
39. Wang J., Halford S., Rigg A., et al. Adjuvant mitoxantrone chemotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 2000, 86:675-680.
40. Kibel A.S., Rosenbaum E., Kattan M.W., et al. Adjuvant weekly docetaxel for patients with high risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: A multi-institutional pilot study. J Urol 2007, 177:1777-1781.
41. Flaig T.W., Tangen C.M., Hussain M.H., et al. Randomization reveals unexpected acute leukemias in Southwest Oncology Group prostate cancer trial. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:1532-1536.
42. Zelefsky M.J., Fuks Z., Hunt M., et al. High dose radiation delivered by intensity modulated conformal radiotherapy improves the outcome of localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2001, 166:876-881.
43. Crook J., Ludgate C., Malone S., et al. Final report of multicenter Canadian phase III randomized trial of 3 vs. 8 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before conventional-dose radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73:327-333.
44. Lawton C.A., Winter K., Murray K., et al. Updated results of the phase III Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 85-31 evaluating the potential benefit of androgen suppression following standard radiation therapy for unfavorable prognosis carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 49:937-946.
45. Pilepich M.V., Winter K., John M.J., et al. Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 50:1243-1252.
46. Bolla M., Gonzalez D., Warde P., et al. Improved survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:295-300.
47. Hanks G.E., Pajak T.F., Porter A., et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:3972-3978.
48. D'Amico A.V., Manola J., Loffredo M., et al. Six-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs. radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 292:821-827.
49. Roach M., Bae K., Speight J., et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: Long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:585-591.
50. Bolla M., Collette L., Van Tienhoven G., et al. Ten-year results of long term adjuvant androgen deprivation with goserelin in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy: A phase III EORTC study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72. S30-S1.
51. Horwitz E.M., Bae K., Hanks G.E., et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: A phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:2497-2504.
52. Roach M.R., Lu J., Pilepich M.V., et al. Predicting long-term survival, and the need for hormonal therapy: A meta-analysis of RTOG prostate cancer trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47:617-627.
53. Stock R.G., Cahlon O., Cesaretti J.A., et al. Combined modality treatment in the management of high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59:1352-1359.
54. Widmark A., Klepp O., Solberg A., et al. Endocrine treatment, with or without radiotherapy, in locally advanced prostate cancer (SPCG-7/SFUO-3): An open randomized phase III trial. Lancet 2009, 373:301-308.
55. Bianco F.J., Scardino P.T., Stephenson A.J., et al. Long-term oncologic results of salvage radical prostatectomy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62:448-453.
56. Lerner S.E., Blute M.L., Zincke H. Critical evaluation of salvage surgery for radio-recurrent/resistant prostate cancer. J Urol 1995, 154:1103-1109.
57. Rosenthal S.A., Bae K., Pienta K.J., et al. Phase III multi-institutional trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with Paclitaxel, Estramustine, and Oral Etoposide combined with long-term androgen suppression therapy and radiotherapy vs. long-term androgen suppression plus radiotherapy alone for high-risk prostate cancer: Preliminary toxicity analysis of RTOG 99-02. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73:672-678.
58. Sandler H.M., DeSilvio M., Pienta K.J., et al. Preliminary analysis of RTOG 9902: Increased toxicity observed with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Prostate Cancer Symp 2006, [Abstract 190].
59. Kumar P., Perrotti M., Weiss R., et al. Phase I trial of weekly docetaxel with concurrent three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in the treatment of unfavorable localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol 2004, 22:1909-1915.
60. Perrotti M., Doyle T., Kumar P., et al. Phase I/II trial of docetaxel and concurrent radiation therapy in localized high risk prostate cancer (AGUSG 03-10). Urol Oncol 2008, 26:276-280.
61. Ben-Josef E., Porter A.T., Han S., et al. Neoadjuvant estramustine and etoposide followed by concurrent estramustine and definitive radiotherapy for locally advanced prostrate cancer: Feasibility and preliminary results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 49:699-703.
62. Lin B.J., Chen K.K., Chen M.T., et al. The time for serum testosterone to reach castrate level after bilateral orchiectomy or oral estrogen in the management of metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 1994, 43:834-837.
63. Sasagawa I., Kubota Y., Nakada T., et al. Influence of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues on serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Int Urol Nephrol 1998, 30:745-753.
64. Immediate vs. deferred treatment for advanced prostate cancer: Initial results of the Medical Research Council trial. Br J Urol 1997, 79:235-246. Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party Investigators Group.
65. Loblaw D.A., Virgo K.S., Nam R., et al. Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2007 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology Proactive Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:1596-1605.
66. Sharifi N., Gulley J.L., Dahut W.L. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. JAMA 2005, 294:238-244.
67. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: An overview of the randomized trials. Lancet 2000, 355:1491-1498. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.
68. Usami M., Akaza H., Arai Y., et al. Bicalutamide 80 mg combined with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRH-A) vs. LHRH-A monotherapy in advanced prostate cancer: Findings from a phase III randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial in Japanese patients. Prostate Cancer and Prostat Dis 2007, 10:194-201.
69. Akaza H., Hinotsu S., Usami M., et al. Extended analyses: Combined androgen blockade therapy with bicalutamide vs. luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist monotherapy in Japanese men with untreated advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5063. [Abstract].
70. Klotz L., Schellhammer P., Carroll K. A reassessment of the role of combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer. Br J Urol 2004, 93:1177-1182.
71. Klotz L., Boccon-Gibod L., Shore N.D., et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: A 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Urol Int 2008, 102:1531-1538.
72. Gittelman M., Pommerville P.J., Persson B.E., et al. A 1-year, open-label, randomized phase II dose finding study of degarelix for the treatment of prostate cancer in North America. J Urol 2008, 180:1986-1992.
73. Tannock I.F., Osoba D., Stockler M.R., et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: A Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14:1756-1764.
74. Kantoff P.W., Halabi S., Conaway M., et al. Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182 study. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:2506-2513.
75. Petrylak D.P., Tangen C.M., Hussain M.H., et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:1513-1520.
76. Tannock I.F., de Wit R., Berry W.R., et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:1502-1512.
77. Berthold D.R., Pond G.R., Soban F., et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: Updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:242-245.
78. Attard G., Reid A.H., Yap T.A., et al. Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4563-4571.
79. Figg W.D., Hussain M.H., Gulley J.L., et al. A double-blind randomized crossover crossover study of oral thalidomide vs. placebo for androgen dependent prostate cancer treated with intermittent androgen ablation. J Urol 2009, 181:1104-1113.