The historical evolution of thought regarding multiple micronutrient nutrition

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 142, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Semba, Richard D ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHELMINTIC AGENT; ASCORBIC ACID; IODINE; IRON; NICOTINIC ACID; PLACEBO; RETINOL; THIAMINE; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BERIBERI; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FOOD PROCESSING; GOITER; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HOOKWORM INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION; IODINE DEFICIENCY; IRON DEFICIENCY; KWASHIORKOR; MEASLES; MICROBIAL GROWTH; MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; ORGANIZATION; PROTEIN MALNUTRITION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RETINOL DEFICIENCY; RICE; RICKETS; SALT INTAKE; SCURVY; SEPSIS; TUBERCULOSIS; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; XEROPHTHALMIA;

DIET; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MICRONUTRIENTS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84855549757     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: 15416100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.137745     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Janke A. DieWuchsstoff-Frage in der Mikrobiologie. Zentralbl Bakt II. 1939;100:409.
2. Jolliffe N, Tisdall FF, Cannon PR, editors. Clinical nutrition. New York: Paul B. Hoeber; 1950.
3. Boussingault JB. Du fer contenu dans le sang et dans les aliments. Compt Rend Acad d Sc Par. 1872;74:1353-9.
4. Clark A. Observations on the anaemia of chlorosis of girls occurring more commonly between the advent of menstruation and the consummation of womanhood. Lancet. 1887;2:103-5.
5. Chatin A. Existence de l'iode dans l'air, les eaux, le sol et les produits alimentaires. Ann Soc Météorol France. 1859;7:50-107.
6. Coindet JF. Découverte d'un nouveau remède contre le goître. Bibliotheque universelle. 1820;14:190-8.
7. Goitre in Savoy. Lancet. 1869;2:518.
8. Raulin J. É tudes chimiques sur la vegetation. Paris: Victor Masson et fils; 1870.
9. Brakenridge DJ. On oxide of zinc as a remedy for diarrhoea of infancy and childhood. Med Times & Gaz Lond. 1873;i:164.
10. Berry W. On oxide of zinc in the treatment of diarrhoea. Practitioner. 1873;11:356-60.
11. Bonamy. Du traitement des diarrhées rebelles par l'oxyde de zinc. Bulletin gén de thérap Par. 1877;92:251-6.
12. Cautley E. The natural and artificial methods of feeding infants and young children. London: J & A Churchill; 1897.
13. Takaki K. Prevention of beriberi in the Japanese Navy. Sei-i-Kwai M J Tokyo. 1885;4:29-37.
14. Mori M. Pathogenesis of so-called hikan and a specific medicine for it. Chiugai Iji Shinpo Tokyo. 1896;386:554.
15. Hopkins FG. The analyst and the medical man. Analyst (Lond). 1906;31:385-404.
16. Hopkins FG. Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory factors in normal dietaries. J Physiol. 1912;44:425-60.
17. Holst A, Frölich T. Experimental studies relating to ship-beri-beri and scurvy. II. On the etiology of scurvy. J Hyg (Lond). 1907;7:634-71.
18. Eijkman C. Polyneuritis bij hoenders. Nieuwe bejdrage tot de Aetiologie der Ziekte. Geneesk Tijdschr v Nederl Indië, Batav. 1896;36:214-69.
19. Grijns G. Over polyneuritis gallinarum. Geneesk Tijdschr v Nederl Indië, Batav. 1901;41:3-110.
20. Funk C. The etiology of the deficiency diseases. Beri-beri, polyneuritis in birds, epidemic dropsy, scurvy, experimental scurvy in animals, infantile scurvy, ship beri-beri, pellagra. J State Med. 1912;20:341-68.
21. Funk C. On the chemical nature of the substance that cures polyneuritis in birds induced by a diet of polished rice. J Physiol. 1911;43:395-400.
22. Huber C. Vorläufige Mittheilung. Chem Ber. 1870;3:849.
23. Goldberger J, Waring CH, Willets DG. The prevention of pellagra. A test of diet among institutional inmates. Public Health Rep. 1915;30:3117-31.
24. McCollum EV, Davis M. The necessity of certain lipins in the diet during growth. J Biol Chem. 1913;15:167-75.
25. Osborne TB, Mendel LB. The relationship of growth to the chemical constituents of the diet. J Biol Chem. 1913;15:311-26.
26. McCollum EV, Kennedy C. The dietary factors operating in the production of polyneuritis. J Biol Chem. 1916;24:491-502.
27. Mellanby E. The part played by an "accessory factor" in the production of experimental rickets. Proc Physiol Soc, January 26, 1918, xi-xii.
28. Mellanby E. A further demonstration of the part played by accessory food factors in the aetiology of rickets. Proc Physiol Soc, December 14, 1918, liii-liv.
29. Medical Research Committee. Report on the present state of knowledge concerning accessory food factors (vitamines). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office; 1919.
30. Steenbock H, Gross EG. Fat-soluble vitamine. II. The fat-soluble vitamine content of roots, together with some observations on their water-soluble vitamine content. J Biol Chem. 1919;40:501-31.
31. Drummond JC. The nomenclature of the so-called accessory food factors (vitamins). Biochem J. 1920;14:660.
32. McCollum EV, Simmonds N, Becker JE, Shipley PG. Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. J Biol Chem. 1922;53:293-312.
33. Blunt K, Cowan R. Ultraviolet light and vitamin D in nutrition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1930.
34. Steenbock H. The induction of growth promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to light. Science. 1924;60:224-5.
35. Jansen BCP, Donath WF. Antineuritische vitamine. Chemische weekblad. 1926;23:1387-409.
36. Szent-Györgyi A. Observations on the function of peroxidase systems and the chemistry of the adrenal cortex. Description of a new carbohydrate derivative. Biochem J. 1928;22:1387-409.
37. League of Nations Health Organisation. Permanent Commission on Biological Standardisation. Report of the Conference on Vitamin Standards (London, June 17-20, 1931). Geneva: League of Nations; 1931.
38. Askew FA, Bruce HM, Callow RD, Philpot JS,Webster TA. Crystalline vitamin D. Nature. 1931;128:758.
39. Reerink EH, van Wijk A. The vitamin D problem. Biochem J. 1931;25:1001-9.
40. 2. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem. 1932;492:226.
41. Karrer P, Morf R. Zur Konstitution des β-Carotins und β-Dihydrocarotins. Helv Chim Acta. 1931;14:1033-6.
42. Karrer P, Morf R, Schöpp K. Zur Kenntnis des Vitamins-A aus Fischtranen. Helv Chim Acta. 1931;14:1036-40, 1431-6.
43. Svirbely JL, Szent-Györgyi A. The chemical nature of vitamin C. Biochem J. 1932;26:865-70.
44. Haworth WN, Hirst EL. Synthesis of ascorbic acid. J Soc Chem Ind. 1933;52:645-7.
45. 2. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem. 1936;521:160-75.
46. Windaus A, Schenck F, von Werder F. Über das anti-rachitisch wirksame Bestrahlungsprodukt aus 7-Dehydro-cholesterin. Z Phys Chem. 1936;241:100-3.
47. 1. J Am Chem Soc. 1936;58:1063-64.
48. 1. J Am Chem Soc. 1936;58:1504-5.
49. Holmes HN, Corbet RE. The isolation of crystalline vitamin A. J Am Chem Soc. 1937;59:2042-7.
50. Elvehjem CA, Madden RJ, Strong FM, Woolley DW. The isolation and identification of the anti-black tongue factor. J Biol Chem. 1938;123:137-49.
51. Isler O, Huber W, Ronco A, Kofler M. Synthese des vitamin A. Helv Chim Acta. 1947;30:1911-21.
52. th grades, inclusive: the plan of prevention proposed. J Lab Clin Med. 1917-1918;3:40-8.
53. Kimball OP,Marine D. The prevention of simple goiter in man. Second paper. Arch Intern Med. 1918;22:41-4.
54. Kimball OP, Rogoff JM, Marine D. The prevention of simple goiter in man. Third paper. J Am Med Assoc. 1919;73:1873-4.
55. Marine D, Kimball OP. Prevention of simple goiter in man. Fourth paper. Arch Intern Med. 1920;25:661-72.
56. Altland JK, Brush BE. Goiter prevention in Michigan: results of thirty years' voluntary use of iodized salt. J Mich State Med Soc. 1952;51:985-9.
57. Kimball OP. History of the prevention of endemic goitre. Bull World Health Organ. 1953;9:241-8.
58. Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease. Organization, activities, and results up to December 31, 1910. Washington, DC: Offices of the Commission; 1910.
59. Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease. Fifth Annual Report for the year 1914. Washington, DC: Offices of the Commission; 1915.
60. Smillie WG, Augustine DL. Hookworm infestation. The effect of varying intensities on the physical condition of school children. Am J Dis Child. 1926;31:151-68.
61. Smillie WG, Augustine DL. The effect of varying intensities of hookworm infestation upon the development of school children. South Med J. 1926;19:19-28.
62. Waite JH, Neilson IL. Effects of hookworm infection on mental development of North Queensland schoolchildren. J Am Med Assoc. 1919;73:1877-9.
63. Smillie WG, Spencer CR. Mental retardation in school children infested with hookworms. J Educ Psychol. 1926;17:314-21.
64. Strong EK. Effects of hookworm disease on the mental and physical development of children. Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Commission Publication No. 3. New York: Rockefeller Foundation; 1916.
65. Smillie WG. Control of hookworm disease in south Alabama. South Med J. 1924;17:494-9.
66. Blegvad O. Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and xerosis conjunctivae. Am J Ophthalmol. 1924;7:89-117.
67. Semba RD. Vitamin A as "anti-infective" therapy, 1920-1940. J Nutr. 1999;129:783-91.
68. Ellison JB. Intensive vitamin therapy in measles. BMJ. 1932;2:708-11.
69. Semba RD. On Joseph Bramhall Ellison's discovery that vitamin A reduces measles mortality. Nutrition. 2003;19:390-4.
70. Lancet. Parliamentary Intelligence. Ottawa and cod-liver oil. Lancet. 1932;2:978-9.
71. League of Nations. Final report of the Mixed Committee of the League of Nations on the relation of nutrition to health, agriculture and economic policy. Report A.13.1937.II.A. Geneva: League of Nations; 1937.
72. M'Gonigle GCM, Kirby J. Poverty and public health. London: Victor Gollancz; 1936.
73. League of Nations Health Organization. Intergovernmental conference of Far-Eastern countries on rural hygiene: report by the preparatory committee (document C.H. 1234-Ser. L.o.N.P.1937.III.3). Geneva: League of Nations; 1937.
74. Bigwood EJ. Guiding principles for studies on the nutrition of populations. League of Nations Health Organization, Technical Commission on Nutrition. Document C.H. 1401. Geneva: League of Nations; 1939.
75. Economic Advisory Council. Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire. First report, part I. Nutrition in the colonial empire. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office; 1939.
76. Carre L. Nouveau moyen de masquer la saveur de l'huile de foie de morue. Bull Gén Thérap Méd Chirurg. 1873;85:25-6.
77. Mackay HM. Anaemia in infancy: prevalence and prevention. Arch Dis Child. 1928;3:117-46.
78. Snodgrass K. Margarine as a butter substitute. Fats and Oils Studies of the Food Research Institute, No. 4. Stanford: Food Research Institute; 1930.
79. Wilder RM, Williams RR. Enrichment of flour and bread: a history of the movement. Bull Nat Res Council. 1944;110:1-130.
80. Council of Foods and Nutrition, AMA. Fortification of foods with vitamins and minerals. J Am Med Assoc. 1939;113:681.
81. Proceedings of the National Nutrition Conference for Defense, May 26-27-28, 1941. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1942.
82. NRC Committee on Cereals. Cereal enrichment in perspective, 1958, prepared by the Committee on Cereals, Food and Nutrition Board. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, NRC; 1958.
83. Stiebeling HK, Phipard EF. Diets of families of employed wage earners and clerical workers in cities. USDA Circular No. 507. Washington, DC; 1939.
84. Stiebeling HK, Monroe D, Coons CM, Phipard EF, Clark F. Family food consumption and dietary levels, five regions. USDA, Misc Publication No. 405, Washington, DC; 1941.
85. NRC. Inadequate diets and nutritional deficiencies in the United States: their prevalence and significance. Bull Nat Res Council. 1943;109:1-56.
86. Stiebeling HK. Food budgets for nutrition and production programs. USDA, Misc Publication No. 183, Washington, DC; 1933.
87. USDA. Food and life. Yearbook of Agriculture 1939. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1939
88. American Dietetic Association. Recommended dietary allowances for the various dietary essentials. J Am Diet Assoc. 1941;17:565-7.
89. Food and Nutrition Board, NRC. Recommended dietary allowances. NRC Circular 115, 1943.
90. Pett LB. Vitamin requirements of human beings. Vitam Horm. 1955;13:213-37.
91. Wilder RM. Misinterpretation and misuse of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Science. 1945;101:285-8.
92. Quigley DT. The national malnutrition. Milwaukee: Lee Foundation for Medical Research; 1943.
93. Youmans JB. Nutritional deficiencies: diagnosis and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company; 1943.
94. Borsook H. Nutritional status of aircraft workers in southern California. III. Effects of vitamin supplementation on absenteeism, turnover, and personnel ratings. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1945;23:113-60.
95. Kohn G, Milligan EHM, Wilkinson JF. Levels of vitamins And C nutrition in Glossop school-children and effect of deficiencies on their physical condition (preliminary communication). BMJ. 1943;ii:477-81.
96. Harper AA, Mackay IFS, Raper HS, Camm GL. Vitamins and physical fitness. BMJ. 1943;i:243-5.
97. 2, C, and D on growth, health, and physical fitness. BMJ. 1944;i:77-8.
98. Bransby ER, Burn JL, Magee HE, MacKecknie DM. Effect of a daily vitamin supplement on the health and development of children. BMJ. 1946;i:193-7.
99. Downes J. An experiment in the control of tuberculosis among Negroes. Milbank Mem Fund Q. 1950;28:127-59.
100. Gordon ES, Sevringhaus EL. Vitamin therapy in general practice. 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, Inc.; 1942.
101. Moore T. The interrelation of vitamins. Vitam Horm. 1945;3:1-21.
102. Apple RD. Vitamania: vitamins in American culture. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press; 1996.
103. WHO/FAO of the United Nations. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Nutrition. Report on the first session. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser No 16, 1950.
104. Williams CD. Kwashiokor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. Lancet. 1935;ii:1151-2.
105. WHO/FAO of the United Nations. Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Nutrition. Report on the second session. World Health Organ Tech Rep Series No. 44, 1951.
106. Brock JF, Autret M. Kwashiorkor in Africa. WHO monograph series No. 8. Geneva: WHO; 1952.
107. WHO/FAO of the United Nations. Joint WHO/FAO Expert Committee on Nutrition. Third report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Series No. 72, 1953.
108. Waterlow JC, editor. Protein malnutrition. Proceedings of a conference in Jamaica (1953) sponsored jointly by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (F.A.O.) World Health Organization (W.H.O.) Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, New York. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1955.
109. Waterlow JC, Stephen JML, editors. Human protein requirements and their fulfillment in practice: proceedings of a conference in Princeton, United States, 1933, sponsored jointly by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (F.A.O.), World Health Organization, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, New York. New York: FAO, WHO, and Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation; 1957.
110. Burgess A, Dean RFA, editors. Malnutrition and food habits: report of an international and interprofessional conference. London: Tavistock; 1959.
111. NRC Committee on Protein Malnutrition. Progress in meeting protein needs of infants and preschool children. Proceedings of an international conference held in Washington, D. C., August 21-24, 1960 under the auspices of the Committee on Protein Malnutrition, Food and Nutrition Board and the Nutrition Study Section, National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, NRC; 1961.
112. Jelliffe DB. Child nutrition in developing countries: a handbook for fieldworkers. Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office; 1968.
113. Black M. The children and the nations: the story of UNICEF. Sydney: P.I.C. for UNICEF; 1986.
114. FAO of the United Nations, Nutrition Division. Rice and rice diets, a survey. FAO Nutrition Studies, No. 1. Rome: FAO of the United Nations; 1954.
115. Aalsmeer WC, Mitra K, Simpson IA, Obando N. Rice enrichment in the Philippines. FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 12. Rome: FAO of the United Nations; 1954.
116. Williams RR. Toward the conquest of beriberi. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1961.
117. Sandstead HH. Origins of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense, and a brief note concerning its demise. J Nutr. 2005;135:1257-62.
118. Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense. Manual for nutrition surveys. 2nd ed. Bethesda (MD): NIH; 1963.
119. Kinney TD, Follis RH Jr. Nutritional disease. Proceedings of a conference on beriberi, endemic goiter and hypovitaminosis A, held at Princeton, NJ, June 1-5, 1958. Fed Proc. 1958; Suppl 2:1-162.
120. Pate M. Introduction. In György P, Burgess A, editors. Protecting the pre-school child: programmes in practice. Report of an international symposium held at the Rockefeller Villa Serbelloni, Lake Como, 3-8 August 1963 under the auspices of the 6th International Congress of Nutrition. London: Tavistock; 1965.
121. György P. Conference notes. Am J Clin Nutr. 1964;14:65-9.
122. National Academy of Sciences. Pre-school child malnutrition: primary deterrent to human progress. An international conference on prevention of malnutrition in the pre-school child. Washington, DC, December 7-11, 1964. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, NRC; 1966.
123. Scrimshaw NS, Taylor CE, Gordon JE. Interactions of nutrition and infection. Geneva: WHO; 1968.
124. Aykroyd WR. Conquest of deficiency diseases: achievements and prospects. Geneva: WHO; 1970.
125. CDC. Nutrition program. Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970. Five volumes. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication No. (HSM) 72-8130 to 72-8134. Atlanta: CDC; 1972.
126. Arnold E. Schaefer. Oral history transcript. Washington University School of Medicine Oral History Project, Bernard Becker Medical Library; 1980.
127. Combs GF. Arnold Edward Schaefer (1917-1992). J Nutr. 1993;123:2045-8.
128. Gee L, Sowell RF Jr. A school immunization law is successful in Texas. Public Health Rep. 1975;90:21-4.
129. Waterlow JC, Payne PR. The protein gap. Nature. 1975;258:113-7.
130. Knobel M, Medeiros-Neto G. Moléstias associadas à carência crô nica de iodo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;48:53-61.
131. Sommer A, Tarwotjo I, Djunaedi E, West KP Jr, Loeden AA, Tilden R, Mele L, the Aceh Study Group. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality. A randomized controlled community trial. Lancet. 1986;1:1169-73.
132. Muhilal, Permeisih D, Idjradinata YR, Muherdiyantiningsih, Karyadi D. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:1271-6.
133. Rahmathullah L, Underwood BA, Thulasiraj RD, Milton RC, Ramaswamy K, Rahmathullah R, Babu G. Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:929-35.
134. Vijayaraghavan K, Radhaiah G, Prakasam BS, Sarma KVR, Reddy V. Effect of massive dose vitamin A on morbidity and mortality in Indian children. Lancet. 1990;336:1342-5.
135. West KP Jr, Pokhrel RP, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK, Shrestha SR, Pradhan EK, Tielsch JM, Pandey MR, Sommer A. Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal. Lancet. 1991;338:67-71.
136. Daulaire NMP, Starbuck ES, Houston RM, Church MS, Stukel TA, Pandey MR. Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high risk population. BMJ. 1992;304:207-10.
137. Ghana VAST Study Team. Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Lancet. 1993;342:7-12.
138. Herrera MG, Nestel P, el Amin A, Fawzi WW, Mohamed KA, Weld L. Vitamin A supplementation and child survival. Lancet. 1992;340:267-71.
139. Sutcliffe JV, Dugdale G, Milford JR. The Sudan floods of 1988. Hydrol Sci. 1989;34:355-64.
140. Walsh RPD, Davies HRJ, Musa SB. Flood frequency and impacts at Khartoum since the early nineteenth century. Geogr J. 1994;160:266-79.
141. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. Sudan - flood. UNDRO Situation Report No. 9. August 22, 1988. Geneva: UNDRO, 1988.
142. CDC. International notes health assessment of the population affected by flood conditions: Khartoum, Sudan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1989;37:785-8.
143. Beaton GH, Martorell R, L'Abbé KA, Edmonston B, McCabe G, Ross AC, Harvey B. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Toronto: University of Toronto; 1992.
144. United Nations Children's Fund. Vitamin A supplementation: a decade of progress. New York: UNICEF; 2007.
145. Barreto ML, Santos LMP, Assis AMO, Araujo MP, Farenzena GH, Santos PAB, Fiaconne RL. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory infection in young children in Brazil. Lancet. 1994;344:228-31.
146. Bhandari N, Bhan NK, Sazawal S. Impact of massive dose of vitamin A given to preschool children with acute diarrhoea on subsequent respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity. BMJ. 1994;309:1404-7.
147. Biswas R, Biswas AB, Manna B, Bhattacharya SK, Dey R, Sarkar S. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. Eur J Epidemiol. 1994;10:57-61.
148. Arthur P, Kirkwood B, Ross D, Morris S, Gyapong J, Tomkins A, Addy H. Letter: impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity in northern Ghana. Lancet. 1992;339:361-2.
149. Semba RD, Muhilal, Scott AL, Natadisastra G, Wirasasmita S, Mele L, Ridwan E, West KP Jr, Sommer A. Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency. J Nutr. 1992;122:101-7.
150. Rahman MM, Mahalanabis D, Hossain S, Wahed MA, Alvarez JO, Siber GR, Thompson C, Santosham M, Fuchs GJ. Simultaneous vitamin A administration at routine immunization contact enhances antibody response to diphtheria vaccine in infants younger than six months. J Nutr. 1999;129:2192-5.
151. Semba RD, Muhilal, Ward BJ, Griffin DE, Scott AL, Natadisastra G, West KP Jr, Sommer A. Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin A-deficient children. Lancet. 1993;341:5-8.
152. de Pee S, West CE, Muhilal, Karyadi D, Hautvast JGAJ. Lack of improvement in vitamin A status with increased consumption of darkgreen leafy vegetables. Lancet. 1995;346:75-81.
153. Haskell MJ, Jamil KM, Hassan F, Peerson JM, Hoosain MI, Fuchs GJ, Brown KH. Daily consumption of Indian spinach (Basella alba) or sweet potatoes has a positive effect on total-body vitamin A stores in Bangladeshi men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:705-14.
154. Tang G, Qin J, Dolnikowsi GG, Russell RM, Grusak MA. Spinach or carrots can supply significant amounts of vitamin A as assessed by feeding with intrinsically deuterated vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:821-8.
155. Khan NC, West CE, de Pee S, Bosch D, Phuong HD, Hulshof PJM, Khoi HH, Verhoef H, Hautvast JGAJ. The contribution of plant foods to the vitamin A supply of lactating women in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1112-20.
156. Tang G. Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:S1468-73.
157. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc: a report of the Panel on Micronutrients. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
158. DeMaeyer EM, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. Rapp Trimest Stat Sanit Mond. 1985;38:302-16.
159. Stoltzfus RJ. Defining iron-deficiency anemia in public health terms: a time for reflection. J Nutr. 2001;131:S565-7.
160. Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Stoltzfus RJ, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Adhikari R, Mullany LC, Shresta S, Black RE. Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:144-52.
161. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, Chwaya HM, Stolzfus RJ, Dutta A, Dhingra U, Kabole I, Deb S, Othman MK, et al. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:133-43.
162. WHO/UNICEF joint statement. Iron supplementation of young children in regions where malaria transmission is intense and infectious diseases highly prevalent. Geneva: WHO, 2006.
163. Maberly GF, Haxton DP, van der Haar F. Iodine deficiency: consequences and progress towards elimination. Food Nutr Bull. 2003; 24 Suppl 4:S91-8.
164. de Benoist B, McLean E, Andersson M, Rogers L. Iodine deficiency in 2007: global progress since 2003. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29:195-202.
165. Thilly C, Lagasse R, Roger G, Bourdoux P, Ermans AM. Impaired fetal and postnatal development and high perinatal death-rate in a severe iodine deficient area. In Stockigt JR, Nagataki S, editors. Thyroid research VIII. Proceedings of the Eighth International Thyroid Congress, Sydney, Australia, 3-8 February, 1980. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1980. p. 20-3.
166. Pharoah POD, Connolly KJ. A controlled trial of iodinated oil for the prevention of endemic cretinism: a long-term follow-up. Int J Epidemiol. 1987;16:68-73.
167. Cobra C, Muhilal, Rusmil K, Rustama D, Djatnika, Suwardi SS, Permaesih D, Muherdiyantiningsih, Martuti S, Semba RD. Infant survival is improved by oral iodine supplementation. J Nutr. 1997;127:574-8.
168. DeLong GR, Leslie PW, Wang SH, Jiang XM, Zhang ML, Rakeman M, Jiang JY, Ma T, Cao XY. Effect on infant mortality of iodination of irrigation water in a severely iodine-deficient area of China. Lancet. 1997;350:771-3.
169. Potts M. World summit on children: mere survival or a world worth living in? Lancet. 1990;336:866-8.
170. WHO, UNICEF, et al. Proceedings of "Ending hidden hunger." A policy conference on micronutrient malnutrition. 10-12 October 1991, Montreal, Canada. Sponsored by WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, CIDA, USAID, FAO, UNDP.
171. Hess SY, Lönnerdal B, Hotz C, Rivera JA, Brown KH. Recent advances in knowledge of zinc nutrition and human health. Food Nutr Bull. 2009;30:S5-11.
172. Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, Khatun F, Martorell R, Ninh NX, Penny ME, et al. Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr. 1999;135:689-97.
173. Bhutta ZA, Bird SM, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Hidayat A, Khatun F, Martorell R, Ninh NX, Penny ME, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:1516-22.
174. WHO. Workshop to review the results of studies evaluating the impact of zinc supplementation on childhood mortality and severe morbidity. Conclusions and next steps. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
175. Edejer TTT, Aikins M, Black R, Wolfson L, Hutubessy R, Evans DB. Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for child health in developing countries. BMJ. 2005;331:1177.
176. Bryce J, el Arifeen S, Pariyo G, Lanata C, Gwatkin D, Habicht JP. Reducing child mortality: can public health deliver? Lancet. 2003;362:159-64.
177. Mason JB, Lotfi M, Dalmiya N, Sethuraman K, Deitchler M. The micronutrient report: current progress and trends in the control of vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies. Ottawa: Micronutrient Initiative and International Development Research Centre; 2001.
178. Christian P, Tielsch J. Evidence for multiple micronutrient effects based on randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in developing countries. J Nutr. 2012;142:173S-77S.
179. Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi KY, Yeung G. Treatment of anemia with microencapsulated ferrous fumarate plus ascorbic acid supplied as sprinkles to complementary (weaning) foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:791-5.
180. Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Schauer C, Antwi KY, Yeung G, Piekarz A. Homefortification with iron and zinc sprinkles or iron sprinkles alone successfully treats anemia in infants and young children. J Nutr. 2003;133:1075-80.
181. de Pee S, Kraemer K, van den Briel T, Boy E, Grasset C, Moench-Pfanner R, Zlotkin S, Bloem MW. Quality criteria for micronutrient powder products: report of a meeting organized by the World Food Programme and Sprinkles Global Health Initiative. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29:232-41.
182. de Pee S, Moench-Pfanner R, Martini E, Zlotkin SH, Darnton-Hill I, Bloem MW. Home fortification in emergency response and transition programming: experiences in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28:189-97.
183. Rah JH, de Pee S, Kraemer K, Steiger G, Bloem MW, Spiegel P, Wilkinson C, Bilukha O. Program experience with micronutrient powders and current evidence. J Nutr. 2012;142:191S-196S.
184. Klemm RD, West KP Jr, Palmer AC, Johnson Q, Randall P, Ranum P, Northrop-Clewes C. Vitamin A fortification of wheat flour: considerations and current recommendations. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31 Suppl 1:S47-61.
185. Hurrell R, Ranum P, de Pee S, Biebinger R, Hulthen L, Johnson Q, Lynch S. Revised recommendations for iron fortification of wheat flour and an evaluation of the expected impact of current national wheat flour fortification programs. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31 Suppl 1:S7-21.
186. Brown KH, Hambidge KM, Ranum P, Zinc Fortification Working Group. Zinc fortification of cereal flours: current recommendations and research needs. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31:S62-74.
187. Serdula M. Maximizing the impact of flour fortification to improve vitamin and mineral nutrition in populations. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31 Suppl 1:S86-93.
188. Zimmermann MB, Wegmueller R, Zeder C, Chaouki N, Biebinger R, Hurrell RF, Windhab E. Triple fortification of salt with microcapsules of iodine, iron, and vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1283-90.
189. Van Thuy P, Berger J, Nakanishi Y, Khan NC, Lynch S, Dixon P. The use of NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce is an effective tool for controlling iron deficiency in women of childbearing age in rural Vietnam. J Nutr. 2005;135:2596-601.
190. Chavasit V, Nopburabutr P, Kongkachuichai R. Combating iodine and iron deficiencies through the double fortification of fish sauce, mixed fish sauce, and salt brine. Food Nutr Bull. 2003;24:200-7.
191. Dary O, Martínez C, Guamuch M. Sugar fortification with vitamin A in Guatemala: the program's successes and pitfalls. In Freire, W. B., editor. Nutrition and an active life: from knowledge to action. Scientific and Technical Publication No. 612. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2005. p. 43-59.
192. Talukder A, Islam N, Klemm R, Bloem M. Home gardening in south Asia: the complete handbook. New York: Helen Keller International; 1993.
193. Bloem MW, de Pee S, Graciano F, Kiess L, Moench-Pfanner R, Talukder A. Homestead food production: a strategy to combat malnutrition and poverty. Jakarta: Helen Keller International, Asia- Pacific; 2001.
194. de Pee S, Talukder A, Bloem MW. Homestead food production for improving nutritional status and health. In Semba RD, Bloem MW, editors. Nutrition and health in developing countries. 2nd ed. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; 2008. p. 753-79.
195. Talukder A, Haselow NJ, Osei AK, Villate E, Reario D, Kroeun H, SokHoing L, Uddin A, Dhungel S, Quinn V. Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security and nutrition status of young children and women in poor populations: lessons learned from scaling-up programs in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines). Field Actions Science Reports 2010, special issue 1, urban agriculture [cited 2010 Dec 11]. Available from: http://factsreports.revues.org/index404.html.
196. Schaumberg DA, O'Connor J, Semba RD. Risk factors for xerophthalmia in the Republic of Kiribati. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:761-4.
197. Campbell AA, Ahkter N, Sun K, de Pee S, Kraemer K, Moench-Pfanner R, Rah JH, Badham J, Bloem MW, Semba RD. Relationship of homestead food production with night blindness among under-five children in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr. Epub 2011 May 4.
198. Semba RD, de Pee S, Sun K, Campbell AA, Bloem MW, Raju VK. Low intake of vitamin A-rich foods among children, aged 12-35 months, in India: association with malnutrition, anemia, and missed child survival interventions. Nutrition. 2010;26:958-62.
199. Semba RD, de Pee S, Sun K, Bloem MW, Raju VK. The role of expanded coverage of the national vitamin A program in preventing morbidity and mortality among preschool children in India. J Nutr. 2010;140:S208-12.
200. Lomborg B. Global crises, global solutions. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2004.
201. Scaling up nutrition: a framework for action; September 2010 [cited 2010 Dec 11]. Available from: http://www.unscn.org/files/Announcements/Scaling_Up_Nutrition-A_Framework_for_Action.pdf.