Climate change law: Lessons from the Californian experience

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 169-188

  Peel, Jacqueline ^a   Power, Michael ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855531865     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (208)

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3. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (done at Kyoto on 11 December 1997, enforced 16 February 2005, 2303 UNTS 148).
4. See generally, Peel J, "The Role of Climate Change Litigation in Australia's Response to Global Warming" (2007) 24 EPLJ 90;
5. England P, "Doing the Groundwork: State, Local and Judicial Contributions to Climate Change Law in Australia" (2008) 25 EPLJ 360.
6. See, eg Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Participating States (an initiative of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States of the US), http://www.rggi.org/states viewed 29 March 2010;
7. and the widespread Renewable Portfolio Standards that have been adopted in almost half of America's States: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division, States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (US Department of Energy, May 2009), http://www.appsl.eere.energv. gov/states/maps/ renewableportfoliostates.cfm viewed 29 March 2010.
8. See, eg O'Brien C, "I Wish They All Could Be California Environmental Quality Acts: Rethinking NEPA in Light of Climate Change" (2009) 36 BC Envtl Aff L Rev 239;
9. Golden K, "Senate Bill 1078: The Renewable Portfolio Standard - California Asserts Its Renewable Energy Leadership" (2003) 30 Ecology L Q 693;
10. Franco G, Cayan D, Luers A, Hanemann M and Croes B, "Linking Climate Change Science with Policy in California" (2008) 87 (Suppl 1) Climatic Change 7 at 9.
11. 2006 Cal. Legis. Serv 488 (West)
12. (codified at Cal. Health and Safety Code § 38500-99 (West 2006 & Supp 2007)).
13. See Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (Cth). This law was substantially amended in 2009, with the passage of the Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2009(Cth), which subsumed all equivalent State-based schemes into an increased target of 20% by 2020.
14. See Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth). Rejection of the Bill in the Senate has put the legislation on hold for the present until the government either reintroduces the Bill or seeks to dissolve the parliament and hold fresh elections.
15. See Peel, n 3; see also Australian Labor Party, National Platform (2007) Ch 9 at [24]
16. proposing to introduce a "greenhouse gas" trigger into the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth).
17. Hanemann M, How California Came to Pass AB 32, the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Working Paper Series, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, UC Berkeley, 2007) p 8, http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/ lvb0i4d6viewed 29 March 2010;
18. Califomian Energy Commission, The Impacts of Global Warming on California (Sacramento CA, 1989);
19. Californian Energy Commission, Global Climate Change: Potential Impacts and Policy Recommendations (Sacramento CA, 1991).
20. Hanemann, n 10, p 8; Franco et al, n 5 at 9.
21. Field C, Daily G, Davis F, Gaines S, Matson P, Melack J and Miller N, Confronting Climate Change in California: Ecological Impacts on the Golden State (Union of Concerned Scientists and Ecological Society of America, 1999).
22. Chapter 1018, Statutes of 2000, Sher; Cal. Health and Safety Code § 42800;
23. Pub. Res. Code § 25730.
24. The establishment of the registry was based on a recommendation of the CEC: see Californian Energy Commission, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies for California (Sacramento CA, 1998).
25. Chapter 200, Statutes of 2002
26. Pavley; Cal. Health and Safety Code §§ 42823, 43018. 5.
27. See, eg Kaswan A, "The Domestic Response to Climate Change: What Role for Federal, State and Litigation Initiatives?" (2007) USFLR 39 at 48.
28. Obama B, Remarks by the President on National Fuel Efficiency Standards (speech delivered at the White House Rose Garden, Washington DC, 19 May 2009);
29. White House, Obama Administration Announces Comprehensive Strategy for Energy Security (media release, US Government, 31 March 2010);
30. Environmental Protection Agency, DOT, EPA Set Aggressive National Standards for Fuel Economy and First Ever Greenhouse Gas Emission Levels for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks (media release, 1 April 2010).
31. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (Deering 2003).
32. Golden, n 5 at 697.
33. McKinstry RB Jr, "Local Solutions for Global Problems: The Debate Over the Causes and Effects of Climate Change and the Emerging Mitigation Strategies for the States, Localities and Private Parties" (2004) 12 Penn State Envtl L Rev 1 at 11;
34. Cobo K, "California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: Meaningfully Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions or Merely a Set of Empty Promises?" (2007) Loy LA L Rev 447 at 452-453.
35. Wilson T, Williams L, Smith J and Mendelsohn R (eds), Global Climate Change and California: Potential Implications for Ecosystems, Health, and the Economy (CEC Public Interest Energy Research Program, 2003);
36. Union of Concerned Scientists, Choosing Our Future: Climate Change in California (Berkeley CA, 2004).
37. Cal. Exec. Order No S-20-06 § 1.
38. Cal. Exec. Order No S-20-06 §§ 3-4.
39. California Global Warming Solutions Act, 2006 Cal. Legis. Serv 488 (West)
40. (codified at Cat Health and Safety Code § 38500-99 (West 2006 & Supp. 2007)).
41. Cal. Health and Safety Code § 38550 (West 2006 & Supp. 2007).
42. Cal. Health and Safety Code § 38350 (West 2006 & Supp. 2007).
43. Air Resources Board, Early Action Measures (California Environmental Protection Agency), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccea/ccea.htm viewed 29 March 2010.
44. Air Resources Board, Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data - 1990 to 2004 (California Environmental Protection Agency, 2009), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ inventorv/data/data.htm viewed 29 March 2010.
45. Cal. Code of Regulations §§ 95100-133.
46. Air Resources Board, Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework For Change (California Environmental Protection Agency, 2008).
47. Cal. Health and Safety Code § 38562 (West 2006 & Supp. 2007). At the time of writing, these regulations were in the process of being made.
48. Air Resources Board, Cap-and-Trade (California Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm viewed 12 April 2010.
49. California v General Motors, No C06-05755 MJJ, 2007 US Dist. LEXIS 68547 (ND Cal., 17 September 2007).
50. Sullivan C, "How Californian Land Use Planning Became a Weapon Against Warming", Greenwire (5 December 2007), http://www.earthnortal.ore/ news/?p=711 viewed 29 March 2010.
51. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21083.5.
52. Kyoto Protocol, n 2, Arts 6, 12, 17.
53. Directive 2003/87/EC Establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol's Project Mechanisms [2004] OJ L 338.
54. See generally, Ellerman D and Joskow P, The European Union's Emissions Trading System in Perspective (Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, MIT, 2008).
55. Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 (NZ).
56. See Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth).
57. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Model Rule (an initiative of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States of the US, 2007), http://wvvw.rggi.org/ modelrulekeydocumentslink viewed 31 March 2010.
58. Western Climate Initiative, Design Recommendations (2008), http://www.westemclimateinitiative.org/the-wci-cap-and-tradeprogram/ design-recommendations viewed 31 March 2010.
59. Kirk J, "Creating an Emissions Trading System for Greenhouse Gases: Recommendations to the California Air Resources Board" (2008) 26 Va Envtl LJ 547 at 557;
60. Ellerman AD and Harrison D Jr, Emissions Trading in the US: Experience, Lessons and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases (Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, MIT, 2003).
61. Cal. Health and Safety Code §§ 38560, 38570.
62. Cal. Exec. Order No S-20-06 § 3.
63. Cal. Exec. Order No S-20-06 § 4.
64. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 30.
65. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 33.
66. See California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Market-Based Compliance Mechanisms, Preliminary Draft Regulation for a California Cap And-Trade Program (24 November 2009), http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/ meetings/121409/pdr.pdf viewed 31 March 2010. Following the receipt of public comments, a draft proposed regulation will be prepared and put out for further public comment before preparation of final draft regulation. Board due to consider final draft regulation at its scheduled meeting in October 2010.
67. Western Climate Initiative, n 46.
68. California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Market-Based Compliance Mechanisms, n 53, s 95801;
69. Air Resources Board, n 34, p vii.
70. Air Resources Board, n 34, Appendix C, pp 16-17.
71. EUROPA, Citizens' Summary: EU Climate and Energy Package (2010), http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climateaction. htm viewed 31 March 2010.
72. Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK Sets World's First Carbon Budgets (media release, UK Government, 22 April 2009), http://www.decc.gov. uk/en/content/cms/news/pn047/pn047.aspx viewed 31 March 2010.
73. Wong P (Minister for Climate Change), A New Target for Reducing Australia's Carbon Pollution (media release, Australian Government, 4 May 2009).
74. In a recent submission to the UNFCCC under the Copenhagen Accord, Australia has specified a 5% target, rising to 15% only if a global agreement is reached under which major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia's. See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Appendix I - Quantified Economy-wide Emissions Targets for 2020, http://www.unfccc.int/ home/items/5264.php viewed 31 March 2010.
75. See, however, the government's continued commitment to the full range of targets from 5% to 25%: Department of Climate Change, National Targets (Australian Government, 2010), http://www.climatechanee.gov. au/en/government/national-tareets.aspx viewed 12 April 2010.
76. Australia's caps will be set progressively, calculated as the difference between the national indicative trajectory and projected emissions from uncovered sectors: Department of Climate Change, Tracking to Kyoto and 2020: Australia's Greenhouse Emissions Trends 1990 to 2008-12 and 2020 (Australian Government, 2009) p 7.
77. See also Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth), cl 14 (2) - (3).
78. 2e. See Department of Climate Change, n 63, pp 7, 22-23.
79. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 31.
80. The Australian CPRS requires corporations or groups that exceed statutory emissions thresholds to register and record their emissions, and surrender permits proportionate to their annual emissions: National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth), s 13; Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth), cll 17, 125, 132.
81. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 34.
82. Eitham B, "Will Billions for Big Carbon Be Enough?" New Matilda (24 November 2009), http://www.newmatilda.com/2009/11/24/emissions-trading-deal viewed 31 March 2010.
83. For more information on the Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee Process, see California Climate Change Portal, Economic and Allocation Advisory Committee, http://www.climatechange.ca, gov/eaac/index.html viewed 31 March 2010.
84. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 34.
85. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 35-36.
86. Department of Climate Change, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: Australia's Low Pollution Future (White Paper) (Australian Government, 2008) p xxxv.
87. Hodgkinson D and Garner R, Global Climate Change: Australian Law and Policy (Lexisnexis Butterworths, 2008) p 260;
88. EUROPA, Emissions Trading System: Auctioning (2010), http://www.ec, europa.eu/environment/climat/emission/auctioningen. htm viewed 31 March 2010.
89. Air Resources Board, n 34, Appendix C, p 20.
90. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 34.
91. Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth), cl 103A (2) (m).
92. Department of Climate Change, n 75, p xxxi; Prime Minister, Treasurer and Minister for Climate Change for Water, Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: Support in Managing the Impact of the Global Recession (media release, Australian Government, 4 May 2009).
93. Wong P (Minister for Climate Change and Water), Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: Support in Managing the Impact of the Global Recession (media release, Australian Government, 4 May 2009).
94. California Cap on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Market-Based Compliance Mechanisms, n 53, p 7.
95. To which end Governor Schwarzenegger has already signed a Memorandum of Understanding with six Mexican border States: Office of the Governor, Gov Schwarzenegger Joins Mexican Border States to Fight Climate Change and Increase Green Investment through Public Private Partnerships (media release, Californian Government, 15 August 2008).
96. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 37-38.
97. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 37.
98. See Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth), Pt 10.
99. Bogoshian M and Alex K, "The Essential Role of State Enforcement in the Brave New World of Greenhouse Gas Emission Limits" (2009) 27 UCLAJELP 337.
100. Air Resources Board, n 34, Appendix C, pp 18-19.
101. Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009 (Cth), s 133;
102. Hodgkinson and Garner, n 76, p 286;
103. Climate Cliange Response Act (NZ), s 123.
104. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 70-71.
105. Air Resources Board, n 36, subarticle 8.
106. Western Climate Initiative, n 46, p 7.
107. Cal. Health and Safety Code § 38562 (b) (2).
108. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 18-19.
109. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 19.
110. There is some concern that emissions trading leads to allowances concentrated in highly industrial areas which often colocated with poor/disadvantaged communities. This creates both potential environmental problems (toxic hotspots) and unequal distributional impacts that give rise to environmental justice concerns: Drury R, Belliveau ME, Kuhn JS and Bansal S, "Pollution Trading and Environmental Injustice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Quality Policy" (1999) 9 Duke Envtl L & Pol'y F 231; Kirk, n 47 at 559.
111. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 46.
112. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 51.
113. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 38, 53.
114. Wiser R, Namovicz C, Gielecki M and Smith R, "The Experience with Renewable Portfolio Standards in the United States" (2007) 20 Electricity Journal 8.
115. Hurlbut D, "A Look Behind the Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard: A Case Study" (2008) 48 Natural Resources Journal 129 at 130.
116. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division, States with Renewable Portfolio Standards (US Government), http://www.appsl. eere.energy.eov/states/maps/renewableportfoliostates.cfm viewed 31 March 2010.
117. Sovacool B, "Congress Got it Wrong, The Case for a National Renewable Portfolio Standard and Implications for Policy" (2008) 3 Environmental and Energy Law and Policy Journal 85.
118. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (a) (Deer. 2008).
119. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (b) (1) (Deer. 2008).
120. D 03-06-071, 50 (CPUC Directive).
121. Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Charge) Act 2000 (Cth), s 6.
122. Thompson A and Campbell-Watt R, "Australia and an Emissions Trading Market - Opportunities, Costs and Legal Frameworks" (2005) 24 (2) Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal 151 at 163-165.
123. Cal. Pub. Ulil. Code § 399. 15 (b) (1) (Deer. 2008).
124. Cal. Exec. Order No S-14-08 § 1. That increased target was given further salience by Executive Order S-21-09, which ordered ARB to adopt regulations implementing that target.
125. Weissman S, California's Proposition 7: An Analysis (Berkeley CA, 2008).
126. Renewable Energy (Electricity) Amendment Act 2009 (Cth);
127. Renewable Energy (Electricity) (Charge) Amendment Act 2009 (Cth).
128. Prest J, "A Dangerous Obsession with Least Cost? Climate Change, Renewable Energy Law and Emissions Trading" in Gumley W and Daya-Winterbottom T (eds), Climate Change Law: Comparative, Contractual and Regulatory Considerations (Lawbook Co, 2009) pp 179-206, 195.
129. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 16 (Deer. 2008).
130. Californian Public Utility Commission, Decision on Definition and Attributes of Renewable Energy Credits for Compliance with the California Renewables Portfolio Standard, R 06-02-012 (12 August 2008);
131. Californian Public Utility Commission, Proposed Decision Authorizing Use of Renewable Energy Credits for Compliance with the California Renewables Portfolio Standard, R 06-02-012 (26 March 2009);
132. Californian Public Utility Commission, Revised Proposed Decision Use of Renewable Energy Credits for Compliance with the California Renewables Portfolio Standard, R-06-02-012 (23 December 2009).
133. See, eg Union of Concerned Scientists, Comments of the Union of Concerned Scientists on Proposed Decision Authorizing Use of Renewable Energy Credits for Compliance With the Californian Renewable Portfolio Standard, R 06-02-12 (16 February 2006), http://www.cpuc.ca.eov/PUC/energy/Renewables/TRECsPDComments.htm viewed 31 March 2010.
134. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 14 (a) (1) (Deer. 2008).
135. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 14 (a) (4) (Deer. 2008).
136. Cal. Pub. Utit. Code § 387 (a) (Deer. 2008).
137. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 387 (b) (Deer. 2008).
138. Cal. Pub. Util. Code §§ 398.3(a), 387 (b).
139. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (b) (4) (Deer. 2008).
140. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (d) (Deer. 2008).
141. Cal. Pub. Util. Code § 399. 15 (d) (3) (Deer. 2008).
142. California Public Utilities Commission, RPS Procurement Status Report: First Quarter 2009 (2009) p 4.
143. Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), s 13.
144. see Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Proserpine/Whitsunday Branch Inc v Minister for the Environment and Heritage (2006) 93 ALD 84.
145. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), s 527E defines "impact" to include both direct and indirect impacts. There are administrative guidelines under the Act explaining the concept of "significant impact" but they are non-binding.
146. See, eg Environmental Protection Act 1986 (WA), s 38;
147. Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979(NSW), 112.
148. Peel J, "Climate Change Law: The Emergence of a New Legal Discipline" (2008) 32 MULR 37 at 39;
149. see, eg Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland Proserpine/Whitsunday Branch Inc v Minister for the Environment and Heritage (2006) 93 ALD 84.
150. Hawke A, The Australian Environment Act: Report of the Independent Review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (October 2009) p 113, http://www.environment.gov. au/epbc/review/index.html viewed 31 March 2010.
151. See Garrett P (Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts), Release of the Hawke Report (media release, Australian Government, 21 December 2009), http://www.environment.gov. au/minister/garrett/2009/mr20091221.html viewed 31 March 2010, in which the government rejected the review's recommendation of an interim greenhouse trigger given its intention to reintroduce the CPRS Bill into Parliament.
152. McAllister LK, "Litigating Climate Change at the Coal Mine" in Burns WCG and Osofsky HM (eds), Adjudicating Climate Change: State, National, and International Approaches (Cambridge University Press, 2009) pp 48, 68.
153. In successful cases, such as the case of Gray v Minister for Planning (2006) 152 LGERA 258, judges have assessed the significance of impacts in light of the effects for local/regional environments.
154. Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 21000-21177 (Deer. 2008).
155. 42 U. S. C. §§ 4321-4370 (2000).
156. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21080 (a), (c) - (d) (Deer. 2008);
157. Owen D, "Climate Change and Environmental Assessment Law" (2008) 33 Colum J Envtl L 57 at 76.
158. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21080 (d) (Deer. 2008).
159. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21083 (b) (2) (Deer. 2008).
160. Save Our Peninsula Comm v Monterey County Bd of Supervisors 104 Cal Rptr 2d 326 (2001) at 355
161. citing Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 21100, 21002.1, 21061.
162. Cal. Pub. Res Code § 21081 (a) (Deer. 2008).
163. Cal. Pub. Res Code § 21081 (b) (Deer. 2008).
164. Sullivan, n 38.
165. O'Brien, n 5 at 239.
166. Letter from Julie Teel, Staff Attorney, Centre for Biological Diversity, to Mr Oscar Orci, Cmty. Dev. Dir., City of Banning, Cal. (8 September 2006) cited in Vespa M, "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Local Government in Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New Development" (2008) 44 Idaho L Rev 589 at 616.
167. Center for Biological Diversity, California Environmental Quality Act, http://www.biologicaldiversitv.ore/campaigns/ceqa viewed 10 April 2010.
168. San Bernardino Complaint, n 167 at [2].
169. San Bernardino Complaint, n 167 at [5].
170. San Bernardino Complaint, n 167 at [4].
171. Office of the Attorney-General, California Environmental Quality Act (Califomian Government), http://www.ag.ca.eov/globalwarming/ceqa.php viewed 31 March 2010.
172. Coalition for Environmental Integrity v Town of Yucca Valley, No CIVBS 810232, order entered (Cal. Super. Ct., San Bernardino County, 14 May 2009).
173. Cal. Pub. Res. Code §§ 21083.05, 21097 (Deer. 2008); O'Brien, n 5 at 264.
174. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21097 (Deer. 2008); O'Brien, n 5 at 264.
175. Cal. Pub. Res. Code § 21083.05 (Deer. 2008).
176. The Governor's Office of Planning and Research, CEQA Guidelines and Greenhouse Gases (Califomian Government), http://www, opr.ca.gov/index, php?a=ceqa/index.html viewed 31 March 2010 (CEQA Guidelines).
177. CEQA Guidelines, n 179 at § 15064.4.
178. See particularly, Booth v Bosworth (2001) 114 FCR 39;
179. LGERA 168;
180. Minister for the Environment and Heritage v Greentree (2004) 138 FCR 198.
181. Ewing R, Bartholomew K, Winkelman S, Walters J and Chen D, Crowing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change (Urban Land Institute, 2007) pp 11-12, quoted in Vespa, n 164 at 599.
182. San Bernardino Complaint, n 167 at [16].
183. San Bernardino Complaint, n 167 at [15]-[16].
184. See also Profeta T and Daniels B, Design Principles of a Cap and Trade Scheme for Greenhouse Gases (Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, 2005) p 5;
185. Godden L and Peel J, Environmental Law: Scientific, Policy and Regulatory Dimensions (Oxford University Press, 2010) Ch 7.
186. Air Resources Board, n 34, p 32.
187. Air Resources Board, n 34, pp 38, 46.
188. Godden L, Keenan R, Rallies A and Peel J, "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD): Implementation Issues" (2010) Monash Law Review (forthcoming).
189. See Prest, n 123, pp 187-188, citing the Prime Minister's Task Group on Emissions Trading (Report of the Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007, p 137)
190. the Australian Industry Group (Submission to the National Renewable Energy Target Scheme, 18 August 2008, p 1)
191. the Institute of Public Affairs, the Productivity Commission (What Role for Policies to Supplement an Emissions Trading Scheme? Productivity Commission Submission to the Garnaut Climate Change Review, 2008) and Ross Garnaut.
192. See, eg Christoff P, "Can the Invisible Hand Adjust the Thermostat? Carbon Emissions Trading and Australia" in Bonyhady T and Christoff P (eds), Climate Law in Australia (Federation Press, 2007);
193. Prest, n 123; Weston D, "Carbon Trading: Much Ado About Nothing" (2009) 99 Arena 19;
194. Baldwin R, "Regulation Lite: Emissions Trading" (2008) 2 (2) Reg & Gov 193;
195. Lyster R", (De) regulating the Rural Environment" (2002) 19 (1) EPLJ 34;
196. Godden L, "Governing Common Resources: Environmental Markets and Property in Water" in McHarg A, Barton B, Bradbrook A and Godden L (eds), Property and the Law in Energy and Natural Resources (Oxford University Press, 2010);
197. Fisher DE, "Markets, Water Rights and Sustainable Development" (2006) 23 EPLJ 100.
198. See further, Sorrell S and Sijm J, "Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix" in Helm D (ed), Climate Change Policy (Oxford University Press, 2005) p 196;
199. Christoff, n 197, pp 97-98;
200. Prest, n 123, p 186;
201. Bonyhady T, "The New Australian Climate Law" in Bonyhady and Christoff, n 197, p 24.
202. Garnaut R, The Garnaut Climate Change Review (Cambridge University Press, 2008) p xviii;
203. Garnaut R, Climate Change as an Equity Issue (Sampbell Oration, speech at the Brotherhood of St Lawrence, 13 November 2008) p 7, http://www.bsl.org.au/ pdfs/SambellOration2008Garnaut.pdf viewed 31 March 2010.
204. Hawke, n 147, p 113; Power M, "Emissions Trading in Australia: Markets, Law and Justice under the CPRS" (2010) 27 EPLJ 131.
205. McDonald J, "The Adaptation Imperative: Managing the Legal Risks of Climate Change Impacts" in Bonyhady and Christoff, n 197, p 124.
206. Kerr C, "Australia out of Step on Emission Scheme", The Australian (6-7 February 2010) p 5;
207. Norington B, "Democratic Party Support for Barack Obama ETS Drops", The Australian online (5 February 2010), http://www.theaustralian. com.au/news/nation/democratic-partv-support-for-barack-obama-ets-drops/ storv-e6fre6nf-1225826913033 viewed 31 March 2010.
208. Clarke S, "UN Says Copenhagen Failed to Deliver", ABC Online (21 January 2010), http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2010/s2797520.htm viewed 31 March 2010.