Changing families, changing workplaces

Future of Children

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 15-36

  Bianchi, Suzanne M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; DIVORCE; FAMILY; FAMILY LEAVE; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INCOME; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SINGLE PARENT; SOCIAL CHANGE; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNITED STATES; WORK SCHEDULE; WORKPLACE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIVORCE; FAMILY; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; INCOME; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PARENTAL LEAVE; PARENTING; PREGNANCY; SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY; SOCIAL CHANGE; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNITED STATES; WOMEN, WORKING; WORK SCHEDULE TOLERANCE; WORKPLACE;

EID: 84855528693     PISSN: 10548289     EISSN: 15501558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/foc.2011.0013     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. In 2009, in two-parent families with children under age eighteen, 96 percent had at least one parent employed and 59 percent had both parents employed. In families headed by women, 68 percent had the mother employed. In families headed by a man, 77 percent had the father employed.
2. See the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Economic News Release-Table 4: Families with Own Children: Employment Status of Parents by Age of Youngest Child and Family Type, 2008-09 Annual Averages" (www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t04.htm).
3. David A. Cotter, Joan A. Hermsen, and Reeve Vanneman, "Gender Inequality at Work," in The American People Census 2000 Series (New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Population Reference Bureau, 2004)
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8. Pamela Stone, Opting Out (University of California Press, 2007).
9. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Economic News Release-Table 5: Employment Status of the Population by Sex, Marital Status and Presence and Age of Own Children under 18, 2008-09 Annual Averages" (www.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t05.htm).
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14. Andrew Cherlin, The Marriage-Go-Round (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), p. 19.
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16. More than three decades ago, Claire Vickery pointed out this problem and coined the term "time poor" See Claire Vickery, "The Time-Poor: A New Look at Poverty," Journal of Human Resources 12, no. 1 (1977): 27-48.
17. Data come from the March Current Population Survey, detailed tables, "America's Families and Living Arrangements" on the Census Bureau website. "Table F2: Family Households by Type, Age of Own Children, and Educational Attainment of Householder: 2010" (www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html).
18. For a discussion of the time diary methodology and a review of its advantages for estimating time in unpaid activities like family work and leisure, see chapter 2 in Suzanne M. Bianchi, John P. Robinson, and Melissa A. Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).
19. See also John P. Robinson and Geoffrey Godbey, Time for Life (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999)
20. And Thomas F. Juster and Frank P. Stafford, Time, Goods, and Well-Being (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1985). For an analysis of nonresponse in the ATUS
21. see Katharine G. Abraham, Aaron Maitland, and Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Non-Response in the American Time Use Survey: Who Is Missing from the Data and How Much Does It Matter?" Public Opinion Quarterly 70, no. 5 (2006): 676-703.
22. Author's calculations from the 2003-08 ATUS and earlier time diary data collections; Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Maternal Employment and Time with Children: Dramatic Change or Surprising Continuity?" Demography 37, no. 4 (2000): 139-54
23. Bianchi, Robinson, and Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life (see note 13).
24. Estimates are of the time mothers are doing direct child-care activities, not the overall time mothers spend with their children, which is much higher. Suzanne Bianchi, "Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families," paper prepared for the Focus on Workplace Flexibility Conference, Washington, D.C., November 29-30, 2010, table 1.
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27. Bianchi, Robinson, and Milkie, Changing Rhythms of American Family Life (see note 13).
28. Time spent in direct child care. The total time fathers spend with children is much greater. Bianchi, "Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families" (see note 15).
29. Suzanne M. Bianchi and Sara Raley, "Time Allocation in Working Families," in Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being, edited by Suzanne M. Bianchi, Lynne M. Casper, and Rosalind B. King (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, 2005).
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63. Wight, Raley, and Bianchi, "Time for Children, Spouse and Self among Parents Who Work Nonstandard Hours" (see note 39).
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65. Ibid., table 2.
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79. Bianchi and Raley, "Time Allocation in Working Families" (see note 19)
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106. Theresa Ciabattari, "Single Mothers, Social Capital, and Work-Family Conflict," Journal of Family Issues 28 (2007): 34-60
107. Lisa Gennetian and others, "Can Child Care Assistance in Welfare and Employment Programs Support the Employment of Low-Income Families?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 23 (2004): 723-43
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110. Interestingly, when negative effects of maternal employment are found, it is more often in higher-income families. See Christopher J. Ruhm, "Maternal Employment and Child Development," in Handbook of Families and Work, edited by D. R. Crane and E. J. Hill (University Press of America, 2009), pp. 331-54.
111. Lisa A. Gennetian and others, "How Welfare Policies Affect Adolescents' School Outcomes: A Synthesis of Evidence from Experimental Studies," Journal of Research on Adolescence 14 (2004): 399-423.
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113. Marcia K. Meyers, T. Heintze, and Douglas A. Wolf, "Child Care Subsidies and the Employment of Welfare Recipients," Demography 39 (2002): 165-79.
114. Rachel A. Gordon, Robert Kaestner, and Sanders Korenman, "Child Care and Work Absences: Tradeoffs by Type of Care," Journal of Marriage and Family 70 (2008): 239-56
115. T. W. Morrissey, "Familial Factors Associated with the Use of Multiple Child-Care Arrangements," Journal of Marriage and Family 70 (2008): 549-63
116. E. K. Scott, A. S. London, and A. Hurst, "Instability in Patchworks of Child Care When Moving from Welfare to Work," Journal of Marriage and Family 67 (2005): 370-86.
117. Lynne M. Casper and Kristin E. Smith, "Dispelling the Myths: Self-Care, Class, and Race," Journal of Family Issues 23 (2002): 716-27.
118. Williams and Boushey, The Three Faces of Work-Family Conflict (see note 49)
119. Perry-Jenkins and others, "Shift Work, Role Overload, and the Transition to Parenthood" (see note 42).
120. Joan C. Williams, Reshaping the Work-Family Debate: Why Men and Class Matter (Harvard University Press, 2010).