Physical activity for obese individuals: A systematic review of effects on chronic disease risk factors

Obesity Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 95-105

  Katzmarzyk, P T ^a   Lear, S A ^b  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Diet; Exercise; Intervention; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; LIPID;

BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS; CHRONIC DISEASE; HEALTH; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDLINE; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS INDEX; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIET, REDUCING; EXERCISE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; OBESITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84855470537     PISSN: 14677881     EISSN: 1467789X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00933.x     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can Med Assoc J 2006; 174: 801-809.
2. US Department of Heath and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Atlanta, GA, 1996.
3. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Washington, DC, 2008.
4. Health Canada, Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living. Health Canada: Ottawa, ON (Cat. No. H39-429/1998-1E, URL) (accessed September 2011), 1998.
5. Tjepkema M. Adult obesity. Health Rep 2006; 17: 9-25.
6. American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management. J Am Diet Assoc 2009; 109: 330-346.
7. Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 459-471.
8. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52: 377-384.
9. Lau DC, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, Hramiak IM, Sharma AM, Ur E etal. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children [summary]. CMAJ 2007; 176: S1-13.
10. Ades PA, Savage PD, Toth MJ, Harvey-Berino J, Schneider DJ, Bunn JY etal. High-calorie-expenditure exercise: a new approach to cardiac rehabilitation for overweight coronary patients. Circulation 2009; 119: 2671-2678.
11. Andersen RE, Wadden TA, Bartlett SJ, Zemel B, Verde TJ, Franckowiak SC. Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999; 281: 335-340.
12. Balkestein EJ, van Aggel-Leijssen DP, van Baak MA, Struijker-Boudier HA, Van Bortel LM. The effect of weight loss with or without exercise training on large artery compliance in healthy obese men. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1831-1835.
13. Blumenthal JA, Sherwood A, Gullette EC, Babyak M, Waugh R, Georgiades A etal. Exercise and weight loss reduce blood pressure in men and women with mild hypertension: effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, and hemodynamic functioning. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1947-1958.
14. Bond Brill J, Perry AC, Parker L, Robinson A, Burnett K. Dose-response effect of walking exercise on weight loss. How much is enough? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1484-1493.
15. Brandon LJ, Elliott-Lloyd MB. Walking, body composition, and blood pressure dose-response in African American and white women. Ethn Dis 2006; 16: 675-681.
16. Brochu M, Malita MF, Messier V, Doucet E, Strychar I, Lavoie JM etal. Resistance training does not contribute to improving the metabolic profile after a 6-month weight loss program in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 3226-3233.
17. Campbell PT, Campbell KL, Wener MH, Wood BL, Potter JD, McTiernan A etal. A yearlong exercise intervention decreases CRP among obese postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1533-1539.
18. Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Overgaard K, Ringgaard S, Pedersen SB etal. Comparable reduction of the visceral adipose tissue depot after a diet-induced weight loss with or without aerobic exercise in obese subjects: a 12-week randomized intervention study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 759-767.
19. Coker RH, Williams RH, Yeo SE, Kortebein PM, Bodenner DL, Kern PA etal. The impact of exercise training compared to caloric restriction on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 4258-4266.
20. Cox KL, Burke V, Morton AR, Beilin LJ, Puddey IB. Independent and additive effects of energy restriction and exercise on glucose and insulin concentrations in sedentary overweight men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 308-316.
21. Cox KL, Puddey IB, Morton AR, Burke V, Beilin LJ, McAleer M. Exercise and weight control in sedentary overweight men: effects on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 779-790.
22. Daly RM, Dunstan DW, Owen N, Jolley D, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes? Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 1703-1712.
23. Donnelly JE, Jacobsen DJ, Heelan KS, Seip R, Smith S. The effects of 18 months of intermittent vs. continuous exercise on aerobic capacity, body weight and composition, and metabolic fitness in previously sedentary, moderately obese females. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 566-572.
24. Hays NP, Starling RD, Sullivan DH, Fluckey JD, Coker RH, Williams RH etal. Effects of an ad libitum, high carbohydrate diet and aerobic exercise training on insulin action and muscle metabolism in older men and women. J Gerontol 2006; 61: 299-304.
25. Hill AM, Buckley JD, Murphy KJ, Howe PR. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1267-1274.
26. Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ etal. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 1863-1872.
27. Jakicic JM, Wing RR, Butler BA, Robertson RJ. Prescribing exercise in multiple short bouts versus one continuous bout: effects on adherence, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight loss in overweight women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995; 19: 893-901.
28. Janssen I, Fortier A, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of an energy-restrictive diet with or without exercise on abdominal fat, intermuscular fat, and metabolic risk factors in obese women. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 431-438.
29. Katzel LI, Bleecker ER, Colman EG, Rogus EM, Sorkin JD, Goldberg AP. Effects of weight loss vs aerobic exercise training on risk factors for coronary disease in healthy, obese, middle-aged and older men. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1995; 274: 1915-1921.
30. Kirkwood L, Aldujaili E, Drummond S. Effects of advice on dietary intake and/or physical activity on body composition, blood lipids and insulin resistance following a low-fat, sucrose-containing, high-carbohydrate, energy-restricted diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2007; 58: 383-397.
31. Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Clark KL, Gordon SE, Puhl SM, Koziris LP etal. Influence of exercise training on physiological and performance changes with weight loss in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1320-1329.
32. Lambert CP, Wright NR, Finck BN, Villareal DT. Exercise but not diet-induced weight loss decreases skeletal muscle inflammatory gene expression in frail obese elderly persons. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105: 473-478.
33. Layman DK, Evans E, Baum JI, Seyler J, Erickson DJ, Boileau RA. Dietary protein and exercise have additive effects on body composition during weight loss in adult women. J Nutr 2005; 135: 1903-1910.
34. Mohanka M, Irwin M, Heckbert SR, Yasui Y, Sorensen B, Chubak J etal. Serum lipoproteins in overweight/obese postmenopausal women: a one-year exercise trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 231-239.
35. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF etal. Diet-induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 544-551.
36. Nicklas BJ, Wang X, You T, Lyles MF, Demons J, Easter L etal. Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 1043-1052.
37. Nieman DC, Brock DW, Butterworth D, Utter AC, Nieman CC. Reducing diet and/or exercise training decreases the lipid and lipoprotein risk factors of moderately obese women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 344-350.
38. Reid CM, Dart AM, Dewar EM, Jennings GL. Interactions between the effects of exercise and weight loss on risk factors, cardiovascular haemodynamics and left ventricular structure in overweight subjects. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 291-301.
39. Rice B, Janssen I, Hudson R, Ross R. Effects of aerobic or resistance exercise and/or diet on glucose tolerance and plasma insulin levels in obese men. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 684-691.
40. Ross R, Janssen I, Dawson J, Kungl AM, Kuk JL, Wong SL etal. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res 2004; 12: 789-798.
41. Ryan AS, Nicklas BJ, Berman DM. Aerobic exercise is necessary to improve glucose utilization with moderate weight loss in women. Obesity 2006; 14: 1064-1072.
42. Tonacio AC, Trombetta IC, Rondon MUPB, Batalha LT, Kuniyoshi FHS, Laterza MC etal. Effects of diet and exercise training on neurovascular control during mental stress in obese women. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 53-62.
43. van Aggel-Leijssen DP, Saris WH, Hul GB, van Baak MA. Short-term effects of weight loss with or without low-intensity exercise training on fat metabolism in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 523-531.
44. Watkins LL, Sherwood A, Feinglos M, Hinderliter A, Babyak M, Gullette E etal. Effects of exercise and weight loss on cardiac risk factors associated with syndrome X. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1889-1895.
45. Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2477-2483.
46. Williams PT, Krauss RM, Stefanick ML, Vranizan KM, Wood PD. Effects of low-fat diet, calorie restriction, and running on lipoprotein subfraction concentrations in moderately overweight men. Metabolism 1994; 43: 655-663.
47. Wing RR, Epstein LH, Paternostro-Bayles M, Kriska A, Nowalk MP, Gooding W. Exercise in a behavioural weight control programme for obese patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 902-909.
48. Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, Polley BA, Lang W. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 350-359.
49. Church TS, Earnest CP, Skinner JS, Blair SN. Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007; 297: 2081-2091.
50. Church TS, Earnest CP, Thompson AM, Priest EL, Rodarte RQ, Saunders T etal. Exercise without weight loss does not reduce C-reactive protein: the INFLAME Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 708-716.
51. Giannopoulou I, Fernhall B, Carhart R, Weinstock RS, Baynard T, Figueroa A etal. Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2005; 54: 866-875.
52. Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJ, Smith H, Paddags A, Hudson R etal. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 92-103.
53. Stewart LK, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effects of different doses of physical activity on C-reactive protein among women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 701-707.
54. Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Owen N, Jolley D, De Courten M, Shaw J etal. High-intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1729-1736.
55. Fogelholm M, Stallknecht B, Van Baak M. ECSS position statement: exercise and obesity. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 15-24.
56. Prud'homme D, Doucet E, Dionne I, Ross R. Physical activity and exercise therapy - adults. Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children. Can Med Assoc J 2006; 176(Suppl. 8): Online-64-66.
57. Saris WHM, Blair SN, van Baak MA, Eaton SB, Davies PSW, Di Pietro L etal. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes Rev 2003; 4: 101-114.
58. Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (Published online 21 January 2009): CD003817.
59. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2008.
60. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. US Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2005.
61. Chockalingam A. Healthy weight - healthy blood pressure. Can J Cardiol 2010; 26: 259-260.
62. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 12-17.
63. Fagard RH. Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in the obese. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (Suppl. 11): S624-S630.
64. Franssen R, Monajemi H, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37: 623-633.
65. Thompson PD, Buchner D, Pina IL, Balady GJ, Williams MA, Marcus BH etal. Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity). Circulation 2003; 107: 3109-3116.
66. Carroll S, Dudfield M. What is the relationship between exercise and metabolic abnormalities? A review of the metabolic syndrome. Sports Med 2004; 34: 371-418.
67. Leon AS, Sanchez OA. Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (Suppl. 6): S502-S515.
68. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Vu Tran Z. Aerobic exercise, lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29: 881-893.
69. Katzmarzyk PT, Leon AS, Rankinen T, Gagnon J, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH etal. Changes in blood lipids consequent to aerobic exercise training related to changes in body fatness and aerobic fitness. Metabolism 2001; 50: 841-848.
70. Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance - a mini-review. Gerontology 2009; 55: 379-386.
71. Lenz M, Richter T, Muhlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106: 641-648.
72. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA etal. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
73. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P etal. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
74. Kelley DE, Goodpaster BH. Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (Suppl. 6): S495-S501.
75. Gill JM. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin resistance: a short update. Curr Opin Lipidol 2007; 18: 47-52.
76. Hawley JA. Exercise as a therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20: 383-393.
77. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.
78. Robbie L, Libby P. Inflammation and atherothrombosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 947: 167-179. discussion 79-80.
79. Albert CM, Ma J, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM. Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death. Circulation 2002; 105: 2595-2599.
80. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557-1565.
81. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, Pepys MB, Thompson SG, Collins R etal. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 2010; 375: 132-140.
82. Mora S, Lee IM, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA 2006; 295: 1412-1419.
83. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 2131-2135.
84. Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 31-39.
85. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-1569.
86. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1500-1507.
87. AGREE Collaboration. Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. URL (accessed September 2011). 2001.
88. AGREE Collaboration. Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project. Qual Saf Health Care 2003; 12: 18-23.
89. AGREE Collaboration. Internet: URL (accessed September 2011).
90. Jamnik VJ, Warburton DER, Makarski J, McKenzie DC, Shephard RJ, Stone J etal. Enhancing the effectiveness of clearance for physical activity participation; background and overall process. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36: s3-s13.
91. Warburton DER, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK, Bredin SSD, McKenzie DC, Stone J etal. Evidence-based risk assessment and recommendations for physical activity: consensus document 2011. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 36: S266-S298.