Climatic Influences on Autochthonous and Allochthonous Phytoplankton Blooms in a Subtropical Estuary, St. Lucie Estuary, Florida, USA

Estuaries and Coasts

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 335-352

  Phlips, Edward J ^a   Badylak, Susan ^a   Hart, Jane ^a   Haunert, Daniel ^b   Lockwood, Jean ^a   O'Donnell, Kathyrn ^a   Sun, Detong ^b   Viveros, Paula ^a   Yilmaz, Mete ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT   (United States)

Author keywords

Akashiwo sanguinea; Harmful algal blooms; Microcystis aeruginosa; Rainfall; Skeletonema costatum; Waster residence time

Indexed keywords

ALGAL BLOOM; ALLOCHTHON; AUTOCHTHON; BIOMASS; CLIMATE EFFECT; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; DROUGHT; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; FLOODING; FLUSHING; FRESHWATER INPUT; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRECIPITATION INTENSITY; RESIDENCE TIME; SALINITY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUBTROPICAL REGION; WATER EXCHANGE; WATERSHED;

FLORIDA [UNITED STATES]; SAINT LUCIE ESTUARY; UNITED STATES;

AKASHIWO SANGUINEA; ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA; SKELETONEMA COSTATUM;

EID: 84855227788     PISSN: 15592723     EISSN: 15592731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12237-011-9442-2     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Abreu, P. C., M. Bergesch, L. A. Proença, C. A. E. Garcia and C. Odebrecht. 2010. Short- and long-term chlorophyll a variability in the shallow microtidal Patos Lagoon estuary, Southern Brazil. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 554-569.
2. Aldridge, F. J., E. J. Phlips, and C. L. Schelske. 1995. The use of nutrient enrichment bioassays to test for spatial and temporal distribution of limiting factors affecting phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, USA. Ergebnisse der Limnologie 45: 177-190.
3. Anderson, D. M., J. M. Burkholder, W. P. Cochlan, P. M. Glibert, C. J. Gobler, C. A. Heil, R. M. Kudela, M. L. Parsons, J. E. J. Rensel, D. W. Townsend, V. L. Trainer, and G. A. Vargo. 2008. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States. Harmful Algae 8: 39-53.
4. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, D. C.: American Public Health Association.
5. Arnold, W., M. L. Parker, and S. P. Stephenson. 2008. Oyster monitoring in the northern estuaries, 156. St. Petersburg: Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute.
6. Atkins, R., T. Rose, R. S. Brown, and M. Robb. 2001. The Microcystis cyanobacterial bloom in the Swan River - February 2000. Water Science and Technology 43: 107-114.
7. Badylak, S., and E. J. Phlips. 2004. Phytoplankton communities of a restricted subtropical lagoon, the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Journal of Plankton Research 26: 1-22.
8. Badylak, S., E. J. Phlips, P. Baker and J. Fajans and R. Boler. 2007. Distributions of phytoplankton in Tampa Bay, USA. Bulletin of Marine Science 80: 295-317.
9. Black, K., M. Yilmaz, and E. J. Phlips. 2011. Growth and toxin production by Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (Kutzing) Lemmerman at elevated salt concentrations. Journal of Environmental Protection 2: 669-674.
10. Bledsoe, E., E. J. Phlips, C. E. Jett, and K. A. Donnelly. 2004. The relationships among phytoplankton biomass, nutrient loading and hydrodynamics in an inner-shelf estuary, the Suwannee River estuary, Florida, USA. Ophelia 58: 29-47.
11. Borja, A., and B. G. Tunberg. 2010. Assessing benthic health in stressed subtropical estuaries, eastern Florida, USA using AMBI and M-AMBI. Ecological Indicators 11: 295-303.
12. Boynton, W. R., W. M. Kemp, and C. W. Keefe. 1982. A comparative analysis of nutrients and other factors influencing estuarine phytoplankton production. In Estuarine Comparisons, ed. V. S. Kennedy, 69-90. New York: Academic.
13. Brinceño, H. O., and J. N. Boyer. 2010. Climatic controls on phytoplankton biomass in a sub-tropical estuary, Florida Bay, USA. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 541-553.
14. Caffrey, J. M., T. P. Chapin, H. W. Jannasch, and J. C. Haskins. 2007. High nutrient pulses, nutrient mixing and biological response in a small California estuary: Variability in nutrient concentrations from decadal to hourly time scales. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71: 368-380.
15. Calbet, A. 2001. Mesozooplankton grazing impact on primary production: A global comparative analysis in marine ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography 46: 1824-1830.
16. Calbet, A., and M. Landrey. 2004. Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing and carbon cycling in marine systems. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 51-57.
17. Carmichael, W. A. 2008. A world overview one hundred twenty seven years of research on toxic cyanobacteria: Where do we go from here. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 619: 105-127.
18. Chamberlain, R., and D. Hayward. 1996. Evaluation of water quality and monitoring in the St. Lucie Estuary, Florida. Water Resources Bulletin 32: 681-696.
19. Chorus, I., and J. Bartram. 1999. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring, management, 416. London: E & FN Spon.
20. Cloern, J. E. 1982. Does the benthos control phytoplankton biomass in South San Francisco Bay? Marine Ecology Progress Series 9: 191-202.
21. Cloern, J. E. 2001. Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 210: 223-253.
22. Cloern, J. E., and A. D. Jassby. 2010. Patterns and scales of phytoplankton variability in eastuarine-coastal ecosystems. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 230-241.
23. Dai, M., X. Guo, W. Zhai, L. Yuan, B. Wang, L. Wang, P. Cai, T. Tang, and W. Cai. 2006. Oxygen depletion in the upper reach of the Pearl River estuary during a winter drought. Marine Chemistry 102: 159-169.
24. Doering, P. H. 1996. Temporal variability of water quality in the St. Lucie Estuary, South Florida. Water Resources Bulletin 32: 1293-1306.
25. Eyre, B. D. 2000. Regional evaluation of nutrient transformation and phytoplankton growth in nine river-dominated subtropical east Australian estuaries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 205: 61-83.
26. Eyre, B., and C. Twigg. 1997. Nutrient behaviour during post-flood recovery of the Richmond River estuary Northern NSW, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44: 311-326.
27. Glibert, P. M., and J. M. Burkholder. 2006. The complex relationships between increases in fertilization of the earth, coastal eutrophication and proliferation of harmful algal blooms. In Ecology of Harmful Algae, ed. E. Granéli and J. T. Turner, 341-354. Berlin: Springer.
28. Hallegraeff, G. M. 2010. Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses and harmful algal blooms: A formidable predictive challenge. Journal of Phycology 46: 220-235.
29. Haunert, D. E., and R. J. Startzman. 1985. Some short-term effects of a freshwater discharge on biota of the St. Lucie Estuary, Florida. West Palm Beach: South Florida Water Management.
30. Havens, K. E., N. G. Aumen, R. T. James, and V. H. Smith. 1996. Rapid ecological changes in a large subtropical lake undergoing cultural eutrophication. Ambio 25: 150-155.
31. Havens, K. E., J. R. Beaver, D. A. Casamatta, T. L. East, R. T. James, P. McCormick, E. J. Phlips, and A. J. Roduskey. 2011. Hurricane effects on the planktonic food web of a large subtropical lake. Journal of Plankton Research 33: 1091-1094.
32. Heil, C. A., P. M. Glibert, and C. Fan. 2005. Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller: A review of a harmful algal bloom species of growing worldwide importance. Harmful Algae 4: 449-470.
33. Heisler, J., P. M. Glibert, J. M. Burkholder, D. M. Anderson, W. Cochlan, W. C. Dennison, Q. Dortch, C. J. Gobler, C. A. Heil, E. Humphries, A. Lewitus, R. Magnien, H. G. Marshall, K. Sellner, D. A. Stockwell, D. K. Stoecker, and M. Suddleson. 2008. Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus. Harmful Algae 8: 3-14.
34. Horner, R. A., D. L. Garrison, and F. G. Plumley. 1997. Harmful algal blooms and red tide problems on the U. S. west coast. Limnology and Ocenaography 42: 1076-1088.
35. Hubertz, E. D. and L. B. Cahoon. 1999. Short-term variability of water quality parameters in two shallow estuaries of North Carolina. Estuaries 22: 814-823.
36. Ibelings, B. W., and I. Chorus. 2007. Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater "seafood" and its consequences for public health: A review. Environmental Pollution 150: 177-192.
37. Ibelings, B. W., and K. E. Havens. 2008. Cyanobacterial toxins, a qualitative meta-analysis of concentrations, dosage and effects in freshwater, estuarine and marine biota. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 619: 675-732.
38. Ji, Z., G. Hu, J. Shen, and Y. Wan. 2007. Three-dimensional modeling of hydrodynamic processes in the St. Lucie Estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 73: 188-200.
39. Kardinaal, W. E. A., and P. M. Visser. 2005. Dynamics of cyanobacterial toxins: Sources of variability in microcystin concentrations. In Harmful cyanobacteria, ed. J. Huisman, 41-57. Dordrecht: Springer.
40. Kennish, M. J. 1990. Ecology of estuaries, Volume II, Biological Aspects. Boca Raton: CRC.
41. Kirst, G. O. 1989. Salinity tolerance of eukaryotic marine algae. Annual Reviews of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40: 21-53.
42. Knoppers, B., B. Kjerfve, and J. P. Carmouze. 1991. Trophic state and water turn-over time in six choked coastal lagoons in Brazil. Biogeochemistry 14: 147-166.
43. Landsberg, J. H. 2002. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10: 113-390.
44. Lehman, P. W., G. Boyer, C. Hall, S. Waller, and K. Gehrts. 2005. Distribution and toxicity of a new colonial Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in the San Francisco Bay esuary, California. Hydrobiologia 541: 87-99.
45. Lehrter, J. C. 2008. Regulation of eutrophication susceptibility in oligohaline regions of a northern Gulf of Mexico estuary, Mobile Bay, Alabama. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 1446-1460.
46. Lemaire, E., G. Abril, R. De Wit, and H. Etcheber. 2002. Distribution of phytoplankton pigments in nine European estuaries and implications for an estuarine typology. Biogeochemistry 59: 5-23.
47. Lewitus, A. J., L. M. Brock, M. K. Burke, K. A. DeMattio, and S. B. Wilde. 2008. Lagoonal stormwater detention ponds as promoters of harmful algal blooms and eutrophication along the South Carolina coast. Harmful Algae 8: 60-65.
48. Lin, Y., Z. He, Y. Yang, P. J. Stoffella, E. J. Phlips, and C. A. Powell. 2008. Nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth in Ten Mile Creek, Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia 605: 247-258.
49. Liu, H., M. Dagg, L. Campbell, and J. Urban-Rich. 2004. Picoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Mississippi River plume and its adjacent waters. Estuaries 27: 147-158.
50. Livingston, R. J. 2007. Phytoplankton bloom effects on a Gulf estuary: Water quality changes and biological response. Ecological Applications 17: S110-S128.
51. Magalhães, V. F., R. M. Soares, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo. 2001. Microcystin contamination in fish from the Jacarepaguá Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): ecological implication and human health risk. Toxicon 39: 1077-1085.
52. Magalhães, V. F., M. M. Marinho, P. Domingos, A. C. Oliveira, S. M. Costa, L. O. Azevedo, and S. M. F. O. Azevedo. 2003. Microcystins (cyanobacteria hepatotoxins) bioaccumulation in fish and crustaceans from Sepetiba Bay (Brazil, RJ). Toxicon 42: 289-295.
53. Malone, T. C., L. H. Crocker, S. E. Pike, and B. W. Wendler. 1988. Influences of river flow on the dynamics of phytoplankton production in a partially stratified estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 48: 235-249.
54. Matsubara, T., S. Nagasoe, Y. Yamasaki, T. Shikata, Y. Shimasaki, Y. Oshima, and T. Honjo. 2007. Effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342: 226-230.
55. Metcalf, J. S., and G. A. Codd. 2000. Microwave oven and boiling waterbath extraction of hepatotoxins from cyanobacterial cells. FEMS Microbiology Letters 184: 241-246.
56. Millie, D. F., H. J. Carrick, P. H. Doering, and K. A. Steidinger. 2004. Intra-annual variability of water quality and phytoplankton in the North Fork of the St. Lucie Estuary, Florida (USA): a quantitative assessment. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 61: 137-149.
57. Monbet, Y. 1992. Control of phytoplankton biomass in estuaries: A comparative analysis of microtidal and macrotidal estuaries. Estuaries 15: 563-571.
58. Mortazawi, B., R. L. Iverson, W. M. Landing, F. G. Lewis, and W. Huang. 2000. Control of phytoplankton production and biomass in ariver-dominated estuary: Apalachicola Bay, Florida, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 198: 19-31.
59. Murrell, M. C., and E. M. Lores. 2004. Phytoplankton and zooplankton seasonal dynamics in a subtropical estuary: Importance of cyanobacteria. Journal of Plankton Research 26: 372-382.
60. Murrell, M. C., J. D. Hagey III, E. M. Lores, and R. M. Greene. 2007. Phytoplankton production and nutrient distributions in a subtropical estuary: Importance of freshwater flow. Estuaries and Coasts 30: 390-402.
61. Nagasoe, S., D. Kim, Y. Shimasaki, Y. Oshima, M. Yamaguchi, and T. Honjo. 2006. Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee. Harmful Algae 5: 20-25.
62. Nikulina, V. N. 2003. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary in the 1980's and 1990's. Oceanologia 45: 25-39.
63. Nixon, S. W. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social consequences and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199-220.
64. Oczlowski, A. J., S. W. Nixon, S. L. Granger, A. M. El-Sayed, and R. A. McKinney. 2009. Anthropogenic enhancement of Egypt's Mediterranean fishery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 106: 1364-1367.
65. Officer, C. B., T. J. Smayda, and R. Mann. 1982. Benthic filter feeding: A natural eutrophication control. Marine Ecology Progress Series 9: 203-210.
66. Oliviera, A. M., and B. Kjerfve. 1993. Environmental responses of a tropical coastal lagoon system to hydrological variability: Mundau-Manguaba, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 37: 575-591.
67. Orr, P. T., G. J. Jones, and G. B. Douglas. 2004. Response of cultured Microcystis aeruginosa from The Swan River, Australia, to elevated salt concentration and consequences for bloom and toxin management in estuaries. Marine and Freshwater Research 55: 277-283.
68. Paerl, H. W. 1988. Nuisance phytoplankton blooms in coastal, estuarine and inland waters. Limnology and Oceanography 33: 823-847.
69. Paerl, H. W., K. L. Rossignol, S. N. Hall, B. L. Peierls, and M. S. Wetz. 2010. Phytoplankton community indicators of short- and long-term ecological change in the anthropogenically and climatically impacted Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 485-497.
70. Parker, M. L., and S. P. Geiger. 2009. Oyster monitoring in the northern estuaries on the Southeast coast of Florida, 68. St. Petersburg: Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute.
71. Parmer, K., K. Laskis, R. McTear, and R. Peets. 2008. TMDL Report: Nutrient and dissolved oxygen TMDL for the St. Lucie Basin. Tallahassee: Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
72. Parsons, T. R., Y. Maita, and C. M. Lalli. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. New York: Pergamon.
73. Phlips, E. J., M. Cichra, K. Havens, C. Hanlon, S. Badylak, B. Rueter, M. Randall, and P. Hansen. 1997. The control of phytoplankton abundance and structure by nutrient and light availability in a shallow subtropical lake. Journal of Plankton Research 19: 319-342.
74. Phlips, E. J., S. Badylak, and T. L. Lynch. 1999. Blooms of the picoplanktoni cyanobacterium Synechococcus in Florida Bay. Limnology and Oceanography 44: 1166-1175.
75. Phlips, E. J., N. Love, S. Badylak, P. Hansen, C. V. John, and R. Gleeson. 2004. A comparison of water quality and hydrodynamic characteristics of the Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve and the Indian River Lagoon in Florida. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue 45: 93-109.
76. Phlips, E. J., J. Hendrickson, E. L. Bledsoe, and M. Cichra. 2007. Meteorological influences on algal bloom potential in a nutrient-rich blackwater river. Journal of Freshwater Biology 52: 2141-2155.
77. Phlips, E. J., S. Badylak, M. Christman, and M. Lasi. 2010. Climatic trends and temporal patterns of phytoplankton composition, abundance and succession in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 498-513.
78. Phlips, E. J., S. Badylak, M. Christman, J. Wolny, J. Garland, L. Hall, J. Hart, J. Landsberg, M. Lasi, J. Lockwood, R. Paperno, D. Scheidt, A. Staples, and K. Steidinger. 2011. Scales of variability of harmful algae blooms in the Indian River, Florida, USA. Harmful Algae 10: 277-290.
79. Pinckney, J. L., D. F. Millie, B. T. Vinyard, and H. W. Paerl. 1997. Environmental controls of phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 2491-2501.
80. Quinlan, E. L., and E. J. Phlips. 2007. Phytoplankton assemblages across the marine to low-salinity zone in a blackwater dominated estuary. Journal of Plankton Research 29: 410-416.
81. Quinlan, E. L., C. H. Jett, and E. J. Phlips. 2009. Microzooplankton grazing and the control of phytoplankton biomass in the Suwannee River and estuary, USA. Hydrobiologia 632: 127-137.
82. Rabalais, N. N., N. Atilla, C. Normandeau, and R. E. Turner. 2004. Ecosystem history of Mississippi River-influenced continental shelf revealed through preserved phytoplankton pigments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49: 537-547.
83. Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards. 1963. The influence of organisms on the composition of seawater. In The Sea, ed. M. N. Hill, 26-77. New York: Wiley.
84. Reynolds, C. S. 2006. Ecology of phytoplankton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Rijstenbil, J. W. 1988. Selection of phytoplankton species in culture by gradual salinity changes. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 22: 291-300.
86. Robson, B. J., and D. P. Hamilton. 2003. Summer flow event induces a cyanobacterial bloom in a seasonal Western Australian estuary. Marine and Freshwater Research 54: 139-151.
87. Rocha, C., H. Galvao, and A. Barbosa. 2002. Role of transient silicon limitation in the development of cyanobacteria blooms in the Guadiana estuary, south-western Iberia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 228: 35-45.
88. Santos, M. L. S., K. Muniz, B. Barros-Neto, and M. Aruajo. 2008. Nutrient and phytoplankton biomass in the Amazon River shelf waters. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 80: 703-717.
89. Sartory, D. P., and J. U. Grobbelaar. 1984. Extraction of chlorophyll a from freshwater phytoplankton for spectrophotometric analysis. Hydrobiologia 114: 177-187.
90. Sellner, K. G., R. V. Lacouture, and C. R. Parrish. 1988. Effects of increasing salinity on a Cyanobacterial bloom in the Potomac River estuary. Journal of Plankton Research 10: 49-61.
91. Sime, P. 2005. St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon conceptual ecological model. Wetlands 25: 898-907.
92. Smayda, T. J. 1978. From phytoplankters to biomass. In Phytoplankton Manual, ed. A. Sournia, 273-279. Paris: UNESCO.
93. Smayda, T. J. 2008. Complexity in the eutrophication-harmful algal bloom relationship, with comment on the importance of grazing. Harmful Algae 8: 140-151.
94. Smetacek, V., and J. Cloern. 2008. On phytoplankton trends. Science 319: 1346-1348.
95. Smith Jr., W. O., and D. J. DeMaster. 1996. Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Amazon River plume: correlation with seasonal river discharge. Continental Shelf Research 16: 291-319.
96. Sun, D. 2009. Development of CH3D hydrodynamic/salinity model for the St. Lucie Estuary: Appendix D in Technical Document to Support a Water Reservation Rule for the North Fork of the St. Lucie River. West Palm Beach: South Florida Water Management.
97. Sun, D. 2011. Estimate of residence time using a box model approach. West Palm Beach: South Florida Water Management. Technical Memorandum.
98. Theichberg, M., S. E. Fox, Y. S. Olsen, I. Valiela, P. Martinettos, O. Iribarnes, E. Y. Muto, M. A. V. Petti, T. N. Corbisier, M. Soto-Jiménez, F. Páez-Osuna, P. Castro, H. Freitas, A. Zitelli, M. Cardinaletti, and D. Tagliapietrass. 2010. Eutrophication and macroalgal blooms in temperate and tropical coastal waters: nutrient enrichment experiments with Ulva spp. Global Change Biology 16: 2624-2637.
99. Thessen, A. E., Q. Dortch, M. L. Parsons, and W. Morrison. 2005. Effect of salinity on Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) growth and distribution. Journal of Phycology 41: 21-29.
100. Tonk, L., K. Bosch, P. M. Visser, and J. Huisman. 2007. Salt tolerance of the harmfu cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 46: 117-123.
101. Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, and Z. Z. Nan. 1990. Phytoplankton biomass, production and growth limitations on the Huanghe (Yellow River) continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 10: 545-571.
102. Utermohl, H. 1958. Zur vervollkommnung der quantitativen phytoplankton-methodik. Mitteilingen-Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 9: 1-38.
103. Valiela, I., J. McClelland, J. Hauxwell, P. J. Behr, D. Hersh, and K. Foreman. 1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: Controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnology and Oceanography 42: 1105-1118.
104. Verspagen, J. M. H., J. Passarge, K. D. Johnk, P. M. Visser, L. Peperzak, P. Boers, H. J. Laanbroek, and J. Huisman. 2006. Water management strategies against toxic Microcystis blooms in the Dutch Delta. Ecological Applications 16: 313-327.
105. Williams, D. E., S. C. Dawe, M. L. Kent, R. J. Andersen, M. Craig, and C. F. B. Holmes. 1997. Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystin from saltwater mussels, Mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins and mussel tissues. Toxicon 35: 1617-1625.
106. Winder, M., and J. E. Cloern. 2010. The annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass. Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365: 3215-3226.
107. Yang, Y., Z. He, Y. Lin, C. A. Powell, E. J. Phlips, J. Yang, G. Chen, and P. J. Stofella. 2008. Temporal and spatial variations of nutrients in Ten Mile Creek of South Florida, USA and effects on phytoplankton biomass. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 10: 508-516.
108. Yunes, J. S., P. S. Salomon, A. Matthiensen, K. A. Beattie, S. L. Raggett, and G. A. Codd. 1996. Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, Southern Brazil. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5: 223-229.
109. Zingone, A., E. J. Phlips, and P. Harrison. 2010. Multiscale variability of twenty-two coastal phytoplankton time series: A global comparison. Estuaries and Coasts 33: 224-229.