Complex factors in the etiology of Gulf War illness: Wartime exposures and risk factors in veteran subgroups

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 112-118

  Steele, Lea ^a   Sastre, Antonio ^b   Gerkovich, Mary M ^c   Cook, Mary R ^b  

^a BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI KANSAS CITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Confounding; Etiology; Gulf War illness; Pesticides; Pyridostigmine bromide

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE; PYRIDOSTIGMINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLOTHING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG USE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPERIENCE; EXPLOSION; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FIRE; HUMAN; IRAQ; KUWAIT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MILITARY DEPLOYMENT; OIL FIELD; OIL WELL FIRE; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME; POPULATION BASED CASE CONTROL STUDY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCUD MISSILE; SLEEP; SMOKE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VETERAN; WAR; WEAPON; WEARING UNIFORM TREATED WITH PESTICIDE;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GULF WAR; HUMANS; IRAQ; KUWAIT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME; PESTICIDES; PREVALENCE; PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE; RISK FACTORS; VETERANS;

EID: 84855219138     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003399     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Abou-Donia MB, Dechkovskaia AM, Goldstein LB, Abdel-Rahman A, Bullman SL, Khan WA. 2004. Co-exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and/or permethrin causes sensorimotor deficit and alterations in brain acetylcholinesterase activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77:253-262.
2. Barrett DH, Gray GC, Doebbeling BN, Clauw DJ, Reeves WC. 2002. Prevalence of symptoms and symptom-based conditions among Gulf War veterans: current status of research findings. Epidemiol Rev 24:218-227.
3. Baynes RE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. 2002. Pyridostigmine bromide modulates the dermal disposition of [14C] permethrin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 181:164-173.
4. Chao LL, Rothlind JC, Cardenas VA, Meyerhoff DJ, Weiner MW. 2010. Effects of low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin during the 1991 Gulf War on brain function and brain structure in US veterans. Neurotoxicology 31:493-501.
5. Cherry N, Creed F, Silman A, Dunn G, Baxter D, Smedley J, et al. 2001. Health and exposures of United Kingdom Gulf War veterans. Part II: the relation of health to exposure. Occup Environ Med 58:299-306.
6. DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2000. Information Paper: Vaccine Use During the Gulf War. Washington, DC:Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses. Available: http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/va/ [accessed 1 September 2011].
7. DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2002. Case Narrative: U.S. Demolition Operations at Khamasiyah, Final Report. Washington, DC:Office of the Special Assistant to the Undersecretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness, and Military Deployments. Available: http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/khamisiyah_iii/ [accessed 1 September 2011].
8. DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2003. Environmental Exposure Report: Pesticides, Final Report. Washington, DC:Office of the Special Assistant to the Undersecretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses, Medical Readiness, and Military Deployments. Available: http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/pest_final/index.html [accessed 1 September 2011].
9. Fricker RD, Reardon E, Spektor DM, Cotton SK, Hawes-Dawson J, Pace JE, et al. 2000. Pesticide Use During the Gulf War: A Survey of Gulf War Veterans. Arlington, VA:National Defense Research Institute (RAND).
10. Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, Thompson WW, Robin L, Washko RM, et al. 1998. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA 280:981-988.
11. Goss Gilroy Inc. 1998. Health Study of Canadian Forces Personnel Involved in the 1991 Conflict in the Persian Gulf. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada:Gulf War Illness Advisory Committee, Canadian Department of National Defence.
12. Haley RW, Kurt TL. 1997. Self-reported exposure to neurotoxic chemical combinations in the Gulf War. A cross-sectional epidemiologic study. JAMA 277:231-237.
13. Heaton KJ, Palumbo CL, Proctor SP, Killiany RJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, White RF. 2007. Quantitative magnetic resonance brain imaging in U.S. Army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War potentially exposed to sarin and cyclosarin. Neurotoxicology 28:761-769.
14. Hotopf M, Wessely S. 2005. Can epidemiology clear the fog of war? Lessons from the 1990-91 Gulf War. Int J Epidemiol 34:791-800.
15. Institute of Medicine. 2010. Gulf War and Health: Volume 8-Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War. Washington, DC:National Academy Press.
16. Iowa Persian Gulf Study Group. 1997. Self-reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans. A population-based study. JAMA 277:238-245.
17. Ismail K, Kent K, Brugha T, Hotopf M, Hull L, Seed P, et al. 2002. The mental health of UK Gulf war veterans: phase 2 of a two phase cohort study. BMJ 325:576; doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7364.576 [Online 14 September 2002].
18. Kang HK, Li B, Mahan CM, Eisen SA, Engel CC. 2009. Health of US veterans of 1991 Gulf War: a follow-up survey in 10 years. J Occup Environ Med 51:401-410.
19. Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Magee CA, Murphy FM. 2000. Illnesses among United States veterans of the Gulf War: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. J Occup Environ Med 42:491-501.
20. Nisenbaum R, Barrett DH, Reyes M, Reeves WC. 2000. Deployment stressors and a chronic multisymptom illness among Gulf War veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis 188:259-266.
21. Ozakinci G, Hallman WK, Kipen HM. 2006. Persistence of symptoms in veterans of the first Gulf War: 5-year follow-up. Environ Health Perspect 114:1553-1557.
22. RAC-GWVI (Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses). 2008. Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office.
23. Steele L. 2000. Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service. Am J Epidemiol 152:992-1002.
24. Unwin C, Blatchley N, Coker W, Ferry S, Hotopf M, Hull L, et al. 1999. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet 353:169-178.
25. Wolfe J, Proctor SP, Erickson DJ, Hu H. 2002. Risk factors for multisymptom illness in US Army veterans of the Gulf War. J Occup Environ Med 44:271-281.