Normalization 2.0: A longitudinal analysis of German online campaigns in the national elections 2002-9

European Journal of Communication

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 310-327

  Schweitzer, Eva Johanna ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

elections; Internet; normalization; online campaigning; party websites

Indexed keywords

EID: 84155187143     PISSN: 02673231     EISSN: 14603705     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0267323111423378     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Benoit WLCommunication in Political Campaigns. New York: Peter Lang; 2007:.
2. Blätte A. Reduzierter Parteienwettbewerb durch kalkulierte Demobilisierung. Bestimmungsgründe des Wahlkampfverhaltens im Bundestagswahlkampf 2009, In, Die Bundestagswahl 2009. Analysen der Wahl-, Parteien-, Kommunikations- und Regierungsforschung. Korte K-R, ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag; 2010:273-297.
3. Carlson T,Strandberg K. Plus ça change, plus c'est la mêsme chose? The evolution of Finnish web campaigning 1996-2004, In, Communicating Politics: Political Communication in the Nordic Countries. Strömbäck J, ed. Göteborg: Nordicom; 2008:161-179.
4. de Vreese C,Elenbaas M.Media in the game of politics: Effects of strategic metacoverage on political cynicism.International Journal of Press/Politics. 2008;13 (3): 285-309.
5. Druckman JN,Kifer M,Parkin M.Timeless strategy meets new medium: Going negative on congressional campaign web sites, 2002-2006.Political Communication. 2010;21 (1): 88-103.
6. Elmelund-Præstekær C.Beyond American negativity: Toward a general understanding of the determinants of negative campaigning.European Political Science Review. 2010;2 (1): 137-156.
7. Esser F,Hemmer K.,Characteristics and dynamics of election news coverage in Germany. In, The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World. Strömbäck JKaid LL, ed. New York: Routledge; 2008:289-307.
8. Foot KA,Xenos M,Schneider SM,Kluver R,Jankowski NW. Electoral web production practices in cross-national perspective: The relative influence of national development, political culture, and web genre, In, Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. Chadwick AHoward PN, ed. London: Routledge; 2009:40-55.
9. Gibson R,Ward S.A proposed methodology for studying the function and effectiveness of party and candidate web sites.Social Science Computer Review. 2000;18 (3): 301-319.
10. Gulati GJ,Williams CB.Closing the gap, raising the bar: Candidate web site communication in the 2006 campaigns for congress.Social Science Computer Review. 2007;25 (4): 443-465.
11. Gulati GJ,Williams CB.Congressional candidates' use of YouTube in 2008: Its frequency and rationale.Journal of Information Technology and Politics. 2010;7 (2/3): 93-109.
12. Hellweg SA,Dionisopoulos GN,Kugler DB, Political candidate image: A state-of-the-art review, in. Progress in Communication Sciences. Dervin BVoigt MJ, ed. Norwood, NJ: Ablex; 1989:43-78.
13. Holtz-Bacha CWahlwerbung als politische Kultur. Parteienspots im Fernsehen 1957-1998. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag; 2000:.
14. Die Massenmedien im Wahlkampf. Das Wahljahr 2009. Holtz-Bacha C, ed. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag; 2010:.
15. Jackson D.Strategic media, cynical public? Examining the contingent effects of strategic news frames on political cynicism in the United Kingdom.International Journal of Press/Politics. 2011;16 (1): 75-101.
16. Jackson NA,Lilleker DG.Building an architecture of participation? Political parties and Web 2.0 in Britain.Journal of Information Technology and Politics. 2009;6 (3/4): 232-250.
17. Kaid LL,Holtz-Bacha C. Television advertising and democratic systems around the world: A comparison of videostyle content and effects, In, The Sage Handbook of Political Advertising. Kaid LLHoltz-Bacha C, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2006:445-457.
18. Kaid LL,Strömbäck J. Election news coverage around the world: A comparative perspective, In, The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World. Strömbäck JKaid LL, ed. New York: Routledge; 2008:421-431.
19. Kalnes Ø.Norwegian parties and Web 2.0.Journal of Information Technology and Politics. 2009;6 (3/4): 251-266.
20. Kleinnijenhuis J,Van Hoof AMJ,Oegema D.Negative news and the sleeper effect of distrust.Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2006;11 (2): 56-104.
21. The Internet and National Elections: A Comparative Study of Web Campaigning. Kluver RJankowski NWFoot KASchneider SM, ed. New York: Routledge; 2007:.
22. O'ReillyT (2005) What is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software. Available at: http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html.
23. Procter DE,Schenck-Hamlin WJ.Form and variations in negative political advertising.Communication Research Reports. 1996;13 (2): 147-156.
24. Resnick D. Politics on the internet: The normalization of cyberspace,in, The Politics of Cyberspace. Toulouse CLuke TW, ed. New York: Routledge; 1998:48-68.
25. Römmele A.Political parties, party communication and new information and communication technologies.Party Politics. 2003;9 (1): 7-20.
26. Schenck-Hamlin WJ,Procter DE,Rumsey DJ.The influence of negative advertising frames on political cynicism and politician accountability.Human Communication Research. 2000;26 (1): 53-74.
27. Schweitzer EJ.Election campaigning online: German party websites in the 2002 national elections.European Journal of Communication. 2005;20 (3): 327-351.
28. Schweitzer EJ.Innovation or normalization in e-campaigning? A longitudinal content and structural analysis of German party websites in the 2002 and 2005 national elections.European Journal of Communication. 2008;23 (4): 449-470.
29. Schweitzer EJ.Global patterns of virtual mudslinging? Comparing the use of attacks on German party websites in state, national, and European parliamentary elections.German Politics. 2010;19 (2): 200-221.
30. Strandberg K.Online electoral competition in different settings: A comparative meta-analysis of the research on party websites and online electoral competition.Party Politics. 2008;14 (2): 223-244.
31. Strömbäck J.Political marketing and professionalized campaigning: A conceptual analysis.Journal of Political Marketing. 2007;6 (2/3): 49-67.
32. Ward S,Gibson R. European political organizations and the internet: Mobilization, participation, and change,in, Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. Chadwick AHoward PN, ed. London: Routledge; 2009:25-39.
33. Wicks RH,Souley B.Going negative: Candidate usage of internet web sites during the 2000 presidential campaign.Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 2003;80 (1): 128-144.
34. Valentino NA,Beckmann MN,Buhr TA.A spiral of cynicism for some: The contingent effects of campaign news frames on participation and confidence in government.Political Communication. 2001;18 (4): 347-367.
35. Zielmann S,Röttger U., Characteristics and developments of political party web campaigns in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States between 1997 and 2007, In, Political Campaigning on the Web. Baringhorst SKneip VNiesyto J, ed. Bielefeld: Transcript; 2009:69-92.