Going negative: Candidate usage of internet web sites during the 2000 presidential campaign

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 128-144

  Wicks, Robert H ^a   Souley, Boubacar ^b  

^a Department of Communication ^*  (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTION; INTERNET;

EID: 0038006742     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900308000109     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Rita Kirk Whillock, "Cyber-politics," The American Behavioral Scientist 40 (August 1997): 1208-1222.
2. Richard Davis, The Web of Politics: The Internet's Impact on the American Political System (NY: Oxford University Press, 1999), 225.
3. Lynda Lee Kaid, "Political Advertising and Information Seeking: Comparing Exposure Via Traditional and Internet Channels," Journal of Advertising 30 (spring 2002): 27-34.
4. http://www.people.press.org/content.html.
5. "Campaign 2000: Careful Campaigns Fail to Inspire: Bush and Gore Seem to Lack Defining Views," The Boston Globe, 15 October 2000, sec. A, p. 1.
6. "Many Seem Skeptical of Gore's Future," New York Times, 17 December 2000, sec. A, p. 1.
7. "Campaign 2000: Tales from the Tongue-tied," Houston Chronicle, 30 October 2000, sec. A, p. 1.
8. Larry Bartels and John Zaller, "Al Gore and George Bush's Not-So-Excellent Adventure," Political Science & Politics 34 (March 2001): 9.
9. William L. Benoit and Heather Currie, "Inaccuracies in Media Coverage of the 1996 and 2000 Presidential Debates," Argumentation and Advocacy 38 (summer 2001): 28-39.
10. Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate (NY: Free Press, 1995), 243;
11. Audrey A. Haynes and Staci L. Rhine, "Attack Politics in Presidential Nomination Campaigns: An Examination of the Frequency and Determinants of Intermediated Negative Messages Against Opponents," Political Research Quarterly 51 (September 1998): 691-721;
12. Michael Pfau and Henry C. Kenski, Attack Politics: Strategy and Defense (NY: Praeger, 1990), 194.
13. Martin P. Wattenberg and Craig Leonard Brians, "Negative Campaign Advertising: Demobilizer or Mobilizer," The American Political Science Review 93 (December 1999): 891-99.
14. "Mudslinging A Lot Easier When It's Anonymous," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 18 March 2001, sec. J, p.4.
15. Lynda Lee Kaid and Anne Johnston, "Negative Versus Positive Television Advertising in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960-1988," Journal of Communication 41 (summer 1991): 53-64.
16. Arthur H. Miller and Bruce E. Gronbeck, "Negative Political Ads and American Self Images," in Presidential Campaigns and American Self-Images (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994).
17. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction and Democracy (NY: Oxford University Press, 1992), 335;
18. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 3d ed. (NY: Oxford University Press, 1996), 578.
19. Robert H. Wicks and Montague Kern, "Factors Influencing Decisions by Local Television News Directors to Develop New Reporting Strategies During the 1992 Political Campaign," Communication Research 22 (April 1995): 237-55.
20. Robert Klotz, "Virtual criticism: Negative Advertising on the Internet in the 1996 Senate Races," Political Communication 15 (July 1998): 347-65.
21. Wilcomb E. Washburn, "Campaign Banners," American Heritage 23 (October 1972): 8-13.
22. John H. Aldrich and R. Michael Alvarez, "Issues and the Presidential Primary Voter," Political Behavior 16 (September 1994): 289-317.
23. Thomas Marshall, "Evaluating Presidential Nominees: Opinions, Polls, Issues and Personalities," Western Political Quarterly 36 (December 1983): 650-59;
24. Barbara Norrander, "Correlates of Vote Choice in the 1980 Presidential Primaries," Journal of Politics 48 (February 1986): 156-66.
25. Kim Fridkin Kahn and Patrick J. Kenney, "Do Negative Campaigns Mobilize or Suppress Turnout? Clarifying the Relationship Between Negativity and Participation," The American Political Science Review 93 (December 1999): 877-89.
26. Adam Goodman, "Producing TV: A Survival Guide," Campaigns and Elections 16 (July 1995): 22-24.
27. Darrell M. West, Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952-1996 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1997), 224;
28. Montague Kern, 30-Second Politics: Political Advertising in the Eighties (NY: Praeger, 1989), 237.
29. Ken Goldstein and Paul Freedman, "Lessons Learned: Campaign Advertising in the 2000 Elections," Political Communications 19 (spring 2002):5-28.
30. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/poll/ frameset.exclude.html
31. Sally J. McMillan, "The Microscope and the Moving Target: The Challenge of Applying Content Analysis to the World Wide Web," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 77 (spring 2000): 80-98.
32. Daniel Riffe, Stephen Lacy, and Frederic G. Fico, Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates, 1998), 208;
33. Linda Lee Kaid and Anne Johnston Wadsworth, "Content Analysis," in Measurement of Communication Behavior, ed. P. Emmert and L. L. Barker (NY: Longman, 1989), 197-217.
34. Roger D. Wimmer and Joseph R. Dominick, Mass Media Research: An Introduction, 4th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994), 179.
35. Frank Newport, "Tax Cuts Have a Generic Appeal, But Are Not Voters' Highest Priority," The Gallup Poll Monthly 405 (June 1999): 47-48.
36. Chris Chambers, "Election 2000: Where the Public Stands on Social Security," The Gallup Poll Monthly 420 (September 2000):