The evolution of vascular tissue engineering and current state of the art

Cells Tissues Organs

Volumn 195, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 144-158

  Peck, Marissa ^a   Gebhart, David ^a   Dusserre, Nathalie ^a   McAllister, Todd N ^a,b   L'Heureux, Nicolas ^a,b  

^a Cytograft Tissue Engineering Inc   (United States)

^b Saint Joseph's Translational Research Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioreactor; Blood vessel; Extracellular matrix; Hemodialysis access; Human; Mechanical strength; Review; Self assembly; Small diameter vascular graft; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; COLLAGEN GEL; DACRON; FIBRIN; POLITEF; POLYESTER; POLYMER; POLYURETHAN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOREACTOR; BLOOD VESSEL DIAMETER; BLOOD VESSEL GRAFT; BONE MARROW; BYPASS SURGERY; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CULTURE MEDIUM; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; KIDNEY FAILURE; MUSCLE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; PULMONARY ARTERY; PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE; QUALITY CONTROL; SKIN BIOPSY; STEM CELL; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VASCULAR ACCESS;

ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; MATERIALS TESTING; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TISSUE SCAFFOLDS;

EID: 84155171093     PISSN: 14226405     EISSN: 14226421     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000331406     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Asher, D.M. (1999a) Bovine sera used in the manufacture of biologicals: Current concerns and policies of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Dev Biol Stand 99: 41-44.
2. Asher, D.M. (1999b) The transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents: Concerns and responses of United States regulatory agencies in maintaining the safety of biologics. Dev Biol Stand 100: 103-118.
3. Barocas, V.H., T.S. Girton, R.T. Tranquillo (1998) Engineered alignment in media equivalents: Magnetic prealignment and mandrel compaction. J Biomech Eng 120: 660-666. (Pubitemid 28460803)
4. Becerra, J., J.A. Andrades, D.C. Ertl, N. Sorgente, M.E. Nimni (1996) Demineralized bone matrix mediates differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vitro: Effect of age of cell donor. J Bone Miner Res 11: 1703-1714. (Pubitemid 26367681)
5. Berglund, J.D., M.M. Mohseni, R.M. Nerem, A. Sambanis (2003) A biological hybrid model for collagen-based tissue engineered vascular constructs. Biomaterials 24: 1241-1254. (Pubitemid 36069132)
6. Campbell, J.H., J.L. Efendy, G.R. Campbell (1999) Novel vascular graft grown within recipient's own peritoneal cavity. Circ Res 85: 1173-1178. (Pubitemid 30430622)
7. Chapman, S.L., F.X. Sicot, E.C. Davis, J. Huang, T. Sasaki, M.L. Chu, H. Yanagisawa (2009) Fibulin-2 and fibulin-5 cooperatively function to form the internal elastic lamina and protect from vascular injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 68-74.
8. Chue, W.L., G.R. Campbell, N. Caplice, A. Muhammed, C.L. Berry, A.C. Thomas, M.B. Bennett, J.H. Campbell (2004) Dog peritoneal and pleural cavities as bioreactors to grow autologous vascular grafts. J Vasc Surg 39: 859-867. (Pubitemid 38405820)
9. Dahl, S.L., A.P. Kypson, J.H. Lawson, J.L. Blum, J.T. Strader, Y. Li, R.J. Manson, W.E. Tente, L. Dibernardo, M.T. Hensley, R. Carter, T.P. Williams, H.L. Prichard, M.S. Dey, K.G. Begelman, L.E. Niklason (2011) Readily available tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Sci Transl Med 3: 68-69.
10. de Clerck, Y.A., P.A. Jones (1980) The effect of ascorbic acid on the nature and production of collagen and elastin by rat smooth-muscle cells. Biochem J 186: 217-225. (Pubitemid 10152089)
11. Dember, L.M., G.J. Beck, M. Allon, J.A. Delmez, B.S. Dixon, A. Greenberg, J. Himmelfarb, M.A. Vazquez, J.J. Gassman, T. Greene, M.K. Radeva, G.L. Braden, T.A. Ikizler, M.V. Rocco, I.J. Davidson, J.S. Kaufman, C.M. Meyers, J.W. Kusek, H.I. Feldman (2008) Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299: 2164-2171. (Pubitemid 351679707)
12. Deutsch, M., J. Meinhart, P. Zilla, N. Howanietz, M. Gorlitzer, A. Froeschl, A. Stuempflen D. Bezuidenhout, M. Grabenwoeger (2009) Long-term experience in autologous in vitro endothelialization of infrainguinal ePTFE grafts. J Vasc Surg 49: 352-362, discussion 362.
13. FDA-CBER (2009) Guidance for industry: Current good tissue practice (CGTP) and additional requirements for manufacturers of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissuebased products (HCT/Ps) (draft). Rockville, FDA-CBER, p 59.
14. Fox, D., D.A. Vorp, H.P. Greisler (1999) Bioresorbable grafts: S counterintuitive approach; in Zilla, P., H.P. Greisler (eds): Tissue Engineering of Vascular Prosthetic Grafts. Austin, R.G. Landes, pp 489-503.
15. Garolla, A., R. D'Inca, D. Checchin, A. Biagioli, L. De Toni, V. Nicoletti, M. Scarpa, E. Bolzonello, G.C. Sturniolo, C. Foresta (2009) Reduced endothelial progenitor cell number and function in inflammatory bowel disease: A possible link to the pathogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 104: 2500-2507.
16. Garrido, S., T. McAllister, N. Dusserre, A. Marini, N. L'Heureux (2009) Haemodialysis access via tissue-engineered vascular graft. Lancet 374: 201.
17. Gibson, K.D., D.L. Gillen, M.T. Caps, T.R. Kohler, D.J. Sherrard, C.O. Stehman-Breen (2001) Vascular access survival and incidence of revisions: A comparison of prosthetic grafts, simple autogenous fistulas, and venous transposition fistulas from the United States Renal Data System Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study. J Vasc Surg 34: 694-700. (Pubitemid 33664921)
18. Girton, T.S., T.R. Oegema, E.D. Grassl, B.C. Isenberg, R.T. Tranquillo (2000) Mechanisms of stiffening and strengthening in media-equivalents fabricated using glycation. J Biomech Eng 122: 216-223. (Pubitemid 30483236)
19. Gong, Z., L.E. Niklason (2008) Small-diameter human vessel wall engineered from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). FASEB J 22: 1635-1648. (Pubitemid 351811442)
20. Gong, Z., L.E. Niklason (2011) Use of human mesenchymal stem cells as alternative source of smooth muscle cells in vessel engineering. Methods Mol Biol 698: 279-294.
21. Grassl, E.D., T.R. Oegema, R.T. Tranquillo (2003) A fibrin-based arterial media equivalent. J Biomed Mater Res A 66: 550-561. (Pubitemid 37517200)
22. Grinnell, F., H. Fukamizu, P. Pawelek, S. Nakagawa (1989) Collagen processing, crosslinking, and fibril bundle assembly in matrix produced by fibroblasts in long-term cultures supplemented with ascorbic acid. Exp Cell Res 181: 483-491. (Pubitemid 19096414)
23. Guidoin, R., A. Thevenet, H.P. Noel, H. Mary, M. Marois, C. Gosselin, M. King (1984) The Sparks-Mandril arterial prosthesis: An ingenious concept, a total failure. What can we learn from it? J Mal Vasc 9: 277-283. (Pubitemid 15171438)
24. Haisch, A., A. Loch, J. David, A. Pruss, R. Hansen, M. Sittinger (2000) Preparation of a pure autologous biodegradable fibrin matrix for tissue engineering. Med Biol Eng Comput 38: 686-689. (Pubitemid 32051155)
25. Hashi, C.K., Y. Zhu, G.Y. Yang, W.L. Young, B.S. Hsiao, K. Wang, B. Chu, S. Li (2007) Antithrombogenic property of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in nanofibrous vascular grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 11915-11920. (Pubitemid 47185605)
26. He, W., A. Nieponice, L. Soletti, Y. Hong, B. Gharaibeh, M. Crisan, A. Usas, B. Peault, J. Huard, W.R. Wagner, D.A. Vorp (2010) Pericyte-based human tissue engineered vascular grafts. Biomaterials 31: 8235-8244.
27. Heeschen, C., R. Lehmann, J. Honold, B. Assmus, A. Aicher, D.H. Walter, H. Martin, A.M. Zeiher, S. Dimmeler (2004) Profoundly reduced neovascularization capacity of bone marrow mononuclear cells derived from patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Circulation 109: 1615-1622. (Pubitemid 38451717)
28. Herring, M., A. Gardner, J. Glover (1978) A single-staged technique for seeding vascular grafts with autogenous endothelium. Surgery 84: 498-504. (Pubitemid 9033945)
29. Herring, M., A. Gardner, J. Glover (1984) Seeding human arterial prostheses with mechanically derived endothelium: The detrimental effect of smoking. J Vasc Surg 1: 279-289. (Pubitemid 15061409)
30. Hibino, N., E. McGillicuddy, G. Matsumura, Y. Ichihara, Y. Naito, C. Breuer, T. Shinoka (2010) Late-term results of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in humans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139: 431-436, 436.e1-2.
31. Hirai, J., K. Kanda, T. Oka, T. Matsuda (1994) Highly oriented, tubular hybrid vascular tissue for a low pressure circulatory system. ASAIO J 40: M383-388. (Pubitemid 24364231)
32. Hirai, J., T. Matsuda (1996) Venous reconstruction using hybrid vascular tissue composed of vascular cells and collagen -tissue regeneration process. Cell Transplant 5: 93-105. (Pubitemid 26075378)
33. Hsiang, Y., R.A. White, G.E. Kopchok, C.B. Guthrie, S.K. Peng (1990) The role of internal elastic laminae damage in the development of canine arteriosclerosis. J Invest Surg 3: 11-21. (Pubitemid 20128682)
34. Isenberg, B.C., C. Williams, R.T. Tranquillo (2006) Small-diameter artificial arteries engineered in vitro. Circ Res 98: 25-35. (Pubitemid 43970200)
35. Kadletz, M., R. Moser, P. Preiss, M. Deutsch, P. Zilla, R. Fasol (1987) In vitro lining of fibronectin coated PTFE grafts with cryopreserved saphenous vein endothelial cells. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 35 Spec No 2: 143-147. (Pubitemid 18006947)
36. Kanda, K., T. Matsuda, T. Oka (1993) In vitro reconstruction of hybrid vascular tissue: Hierarchic and oriented cell layers. ASAIO J 39: M561-565. (Pubitemid 23311760)
37. Koch, S., T.C. Flanagan, J.S. Sachweh, F. Tanios, H. Schnoering, T. Deichmann, V. Ella, M. Kellomaki, N. Gronloh, T. Gries, R. Tolba, T. Schmitz-Rode, S. Jockenhoevel (2010) Fibrin-polylactide-based tissue-engineered vascular graft in the arterial circulation. Biomaterials 31: 4731-4739.
38. Konig, G., T.N. McAllister, N. Dusserre, S.A. Garrido, C. Iyican, A. Marini, A. Fiorillo, H. Avila, W. Wystrychowski, K. Zagalski, M. Maruszewski, A.L. Jones, L. Cierpka, L.M. de la Fuente, N. L'Heureux (2009) Mechanical properties of completely autologous human tissue engineered blood vessels compared to human saphenous vein and mammary artery. Biomaterials 30: 1542-1550.
39. Krenning, G., P.Y. Dankers, J.W. Drouven, F. Waanders, C.F. Franssen, M.J. van Luyn, M.C. Harmsen, E.R. Popa (2009) Endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in patients with progressive chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F1314-1322.
40. Lamm, P., G. Juchem, S. Milz, M. Schuffenhauer, B. Reichart (2001) Autologous endothelialized vein allograft: A solution in the search for small-caliber grafts in coronary artery bypass graft operations. Circulation 104(suppl 1): I108-114. (Pubitemid 32884787)
41. L'Heureux, N., N. Dusserre, G. Konig, B. Victor, P. Keire, T.N. Wight, N.A. Chronos, A.E. Kyles, C.R. Gregory, G. Hoyt, R.C. Robbins, T.N. McAllister (2006) Human tissue-engineered blood vessels for adult arterial revascularization. Nat Med 12: 361-365. (Pubitemid 43355087)
42. L'Heureux, N., L. Germain, R. Labbe, F.A. Auger (1993) In vitro construction of a human blood vessel from cultured vascular cells: A morphologic study. J Vasc Surg 17: 499-509. (Pubitemid 23095525)
43. L'Heureux, N., L. Germain, R. Labbé, F.A. Auger (1996) A graftable blood vessel produced exclusively from human cells (poster). Keystone Conf on Tissue Eng and Wound Heal.
44. L'Heureux, N., S. Paquet, R. Labbe, L. Germain, F.A. Auger (1998) A completely biological tissue-engineered human blood vessel. FASEB J 12: 47-56. (Pubitemid 28060270)
45. L'Heureux, N., J.C. Stoclet, F.A. Auger, G.J. Lagaud, L. Germain, R. Andriantsitohaina (2001) A human tissue-engineered vascular media: A new model for pharmacological studies of contractile responses. FASEB J 15: 515-524. (Pubitemid 32141443)
46. Lloyd-Jones, D., R.J. Adams, T.M. Brown, M. Carnethon, S. Dai, G. De Simone, T.B. Ferguson, E. Ford, K. Furie, C. Gillespie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. Hailpern, P.M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, S. Kittner, D. Lackland, L. Lisabeth, A. Marelli, M.M. Mc-Dermott, J. Meigs, D. Mozaffarian, M. Mussolino, G. Nichol, V.L. Roger, W. Rosamond, R. Sacco, P. Sorlie, T. Thom, S. Wasserthiel-Smoller, N.D. Wong, J. Wylie-Rosett (2010) Heart disease and stroke statistics -2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121: E46-e215.
47. Ma, N., Z. Wang, H. Chen, Y. Sun, H. Hong, Q. Sun, M. Yin, J. Liu (2011) Development of the novel biotube inserting technique for acceleration of thick-walled autologous tissue-engineered vascular grafts fabrication. J Mater Sci Mater Med 22: 1037-1043.
48. Maciag, T., G. Hoover, M. Stemerman, R. Weinstein (1981) Serial propagation of human endothelial cells in vitro. J Cell Biol 91: 420-426. (Pubitemid 12215630)
49. Mansfield, P.B., A.R. Wechezak, L.R. Sauvage (1975) Preventing thrombus on artificial vascular surfaces: True endothelial cell linings. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 21: 264-272.
50. Matsuda, T., T. Kitamura, H. Iwata, H. Takano, T. Akutsu (1988) A hybrid artificial vascular graft based upon an organ reconstruction model: Significance and design criteria of an artificial basement membrane. ASAIO Trans 34: 640-643.
51. Matsuda, T., H. Miwa (1995) A hybrid vascular model biomimicking the hierarchic structure of arterial wall: Neointimal stability and neoarterial regeneration process under arterial circulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 110: 988-997.
52. McAllister, T.N., M. Maruszewski, S.A. Garrido, W. Wystrychowski, N. Dusserre, A. Marini, K. Zagalski, A. Fiorillo, H. Avila, X. Manglano, J. Antonelli, A. Kocher, M. Zembala, L. Cierpka, L.M. de la Fuente, N. L'Heureux (2009) Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: A multicentre cohort study. Lancet 373: 1440-1446.
53. McKee, J.A., S.S. Banik, M.J. Boyer, N.M. Hamad, J.H. Lawson, L.E. Niklason, C.M. Counter (2003) Human arteries engineered in vitro. EMBO Rep 4: 633-638. (Pubitemid 36939957)
54. Michel, M., N. Török, M.J. Godbout, M. Lussier, P. Gaudreau, A. Royal, L. Germain (1996) Keratin 19 as a biochemical marker of skin stem cells in vivo and in vitro: Keratin 19 expressing cells are differentially localized in function of anatomic sites, and their number varies with donor age and culture stage. J Cell Sci 109: 1017-1028.
55. Mirensky, T.L., G.N. Nelson, M.P. Brennan, J.D. Roh, N. Hibino, T. Yi, T. Shinoka, C.K. Breuer (2009) Tissue-engineered arterial grafts: Long-term results after implantation in a small animal model. J Pediatr Surg 44: 1127-1132; discussion 1132-1123.
56. Mogford, J.E., N. Tawil, A. Chen, D. Gies, Y. Xia, T.A. Mustoe (2002) Effect of age and hypoxia on TGFbeta1 receptor expression and signal transduction in human dermal fibroblasts: Impact on cell migration. J Cell Physiol 190: 259-265. (Pubitemid 34027828)
57. Mogues, T., J. Li, J. Coburn, D.J. Kuter (2005) IgG antibodies against bovine serum albumin in humans -their prevalence and response to exposure to bovine serum albumin. J Immunol Methods 300: 1-11. (Pubitemid 40805583)
58. Morimoto, N., Y. Saso, K. Tomihata, T. Taira, Y. Takahashi, M. Ohta, S. Suzuki (2005) Viability and function of autologous and allogeneic fibroblasts seeded in dermal substitutes after implantation. J Surg Res 125: 56-67. (Pubitemid 40523776)
59. Muller-Glauser, W., P. Zilla, M. Lachat, B. Bisang, F. Rieser, L. von Segesser, M. Turina (1993) Immediate shear stress resistance of endothelial cell monolayers seeded in vitro on fibrin glue-coated ePTFE prostheses. Eur J Vasc Surg 7: 324-328. (Pubitemid 23173529)
60. Murad, S., S. Tajima, G.R. Johnson, S. Sivarajah, S.R. Pinnell (1983) Collagen synthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts: Effect of ascorbic acid and its analogs. J Invest Dermatol 81: 158-162. (Pubitemid 13026323)
61. Nakayama, Y., H. Ishibashi-Ueda, K. Takamizawa (2004) In vivo tissue-engineered smallcaliber arterial graft prosthesis consisting of autologous tissue (biotube). Cell Transplant 13: 439-449. (Pubitemid 39163089)
62. Nieponice, A., L. Soletti, J. Guan, B.M. Deasy, J. Huard, W.R. Wagner, D.A. Vorp (2008) Development of a tissue-engineered vascular graft combining a biodegradable scaffold, muscle-derived stem cells and a rotational vacuum seeding technique. Biomaterials 29: 825-833. (Pubitemid 350266044)
63. Nieponice, A., L. Soletti, J. Guan, Y. Hong, B. Gharaibeh, T.M. Maul, J. Huard, W.R. Wagner, D.A. Vorp (2010) In vivo assessment of a tissue-engineered vascular graft combining a biodegradable elastomeric scaffold and muscle-derived stem cells in a rat model. Tissue Eng Part A 16: 1215-1223.
64. Niklason, L.E., J. Gao, W.M. Abbott, K.K. Hirschi, S. Houser, R. Marini, R. Langer (1999) Functional arteries grown in vitro. Science 284: 489-493. (Pubitemid 29289622)
65. O'Connor, N.E., J.B. Mulliken, B.S., Kehinde, H. Green (1981) Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet 1: 75-78. (Pubitemid 11199320)
66. Orban, J.M., L.B. Wilson, J.A. Kofroth, M.S. El-Kurdi, T.M. Maul, D.A. Vorp (2004) Crosslinking of collagen gels by transglutaminase. J Biomed Mater Res A 68A: 756-762. (Pubitemid 38263940)
67. Pauly, R.R., A. Passaniti, C. Bilato, R. Monticone, L. Cheng, N. Papadopoulos, Y.A. Gluzband, L. Smith, C. Weinstein, E.G. Lakatta, et al (1994) Migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through a basement membrane barrier requires type IV collagenase activity and is inhibited by cellular differentiation. Circ Res 75: 41-54. (Pubitemid 24187734)
68. Peng, H.F., J.Y. Liu, S.T. Andreadis, D.D. Swartz (2011) Hair follicle-derived smooth muscle cells and small intestinal submucosa for engineering mechanically robust and vasoreactive vascular media. Tissue Eng Part A 17: 981-990.
69. Perera, G.B., M.P. Mueller, S.M. Kubaska, S.E. Wilson, P.F. Lawrence, R.M. Fujitani (2004) Superiority of autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis access: Maintenance of function with fewer secondary interventions. Ann Vasc Surg 18: 66-73. (Pubitemid 38298248)
70. Phillips, C.L., S.B. Combs, S.R. Pinnell (1994) Effects of ascorbic acid on proliferation and collagen synthesis in relation to the donor age of human dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 103: 228-232. (Pubitemid 24234613)
71. Poh, M., M. Boyer, A. Solan, S.L. Dahl, D. Pedrotty, S.S. Banik, J.A. McKee, R.Y. Klinger, C.M. Counter, L.E. Niklason (2005) Blood vessels engineered from human cells. Lancet 365: 2122-2124. (Pubitemid 40826970)
72. Rheinwald, J.G., H. Green (1974) Growth of cultured mammalian cells on secondary glucose sources. Cell 2: 287-293.
73. Rosas, S.E., M. Joffe, J.E. Burns, J. Knauss, K. Brayman, H.I. Feldman (2003) Determinants of successful synthetic hemodialysis vascular access graft placement. J Vasc Surg 37: 1036-1042. (Pubitemid 36538928)
74. Schilling, J.A., H.M. Shurley, W. Joel, K.M. Richter, B.N. White (1961) Fibrocollagenous tubes structured in vivo: Morphology and biological characteristics. Arch Pathol 71: 548-553.
75. Schilling, J.A., H.M. Shurley, W. Joel, B.N. White, R.H. Bradford (1964) Abdominal Aortic Grafts: Use of in Vivo Structured Autologous and Homologous Fibrocollagenous Tubes. Ann Surg 159: 819-828.
76. Selvaggi, T.A., R.E. Walker, T.A. Fleisher (1997) Development of antibodies to fetal calf serum with arthus-like reactions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients given syngeneic lymphocyte infusions. Blood 89: 776-779. (Pubitemid 27121269)
77. Shin'oka, T., Y. Imai, Y. Ikada (2001) Transplantation of a tissue-engineered pulmonary artery. N Engl J Med 344: 532-533.
78. Shin'oka, T., G. Matsumura, N. Hibino, Y. Naito, M. Watanabe, T. Konuma, T. Sakamoto, M. Nagatsu, H. Kurosawa (2005) Midterm clinical result of tissue-engineered vascular autografts seeded with autologous bone marrow cells. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129: 1330-1338.
79. Sparks, C.H. (1969) Autogenous grafts made to order. Ann Thorac Surg 8: 104-113.
80. Sparks, C.H. (1973) Silicone mandril method for growing reinforced autogenous femoropopliteal artery grafts in situ. Ann Surg 177: 293-300.
81. Stickler, P., G. De Visscher, L. Mesure, N. Famaey, D. Martin, J.H. Campbell, H. Van Oosterwyck, B. Meuris, W. Flameng (2010) Cyclically stretching developing tissue in vivo enhances mechanical strength and organization of vascular grafts. Acta Biomater 6: 2448-2456.
82. Stoclet, J.C., R. Andriantsitohaina, N. L'Heureux, C. Martinez, L. Germain, F. Auger (1996) Use of human vessels and human vascular smooth muscle cells in pharmacology. Cell Biol Toxicol 12: 223-225. (Pubitemid 26371710)
83. Swartz, D.D., J.A. Russell, S.T. Andreadis (2005) Engineering of fibrin-based functional and implantable small-diameter blood vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H1451-1460. (Pubitemid 40270057)
84. Syedain, Z.H., L.A. Meier, J.W. Bjork, A. Lee, R.T. Tranquillo (2011) Implantable arterial grafts from human fibroblasts and fibrin using a multi-graft pulsed flow-stretch bioreactor with noninvasive strength monitoring. Biomaterials 32: 714-722.
85. Thornton, S.C., S.N. Mueller, E.M. Levine (1983) Human endothelial cells: Use of heparin in cloning and long-term serial cultivation. Science 222: 623-625. (Pubitemid 13022412)
86. Torikai, K., H. Ichikawa, K. Hirakawa, G. Matsumiya, T. Kuratani, S. Iwai, A. Saito, N. Kawaguchi, N. Matsuura, Y. Sawa (2008) A self-renewing, tissue-engineered vascular graft for arterial reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136: 37-45, 45 e31.
87. Tschoeke, B., T.C. Flanagan, S. Koch, M.S. Harwoko, T. Deichmann, V. Ella, J.S. Sachweh, M. Kellomaki, T. Gries, T. Schmitz-Rode, S. Jockenhoevel (2009) Tissue-engineered small-caliber vascular graft based on a novel biodegradable composite fibrin-polylactide scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A 15: 1909-1918.
88. Tuschong, L., S.L. Soenen, R.M. Blaese, F. Candotti, L.M. Muul (2002) Immune response to fetal calf serum by two adenosine deaminase-deficient patients after T cell gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 13: 1605-1610. (Pubitemid 35034680)
89. von Rheinbaben, F., A. Schmidt (2004) Regulatory aspects of BSE and CJD with special emphasis on Germany. Contrib Microbiol 11: 193-207.
90. Watanabe, T., K. Kanda, H. Ishibashi-Ueda, H. Yaku, Y. Nakayama (2010) Autologous small-caliber 'biotube' vascular grafts with argatroban loading: A histomorphological examination after implantation to rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 92: 236-242.
91. Weinberg, C.B., E. Bell (1986) A blood vessel model constructed from collagen and cultured vascular cells. Science 231: 397-400. (Pubitemid 16108649)
92. Westerweel, P.E., M.C. Verhaar (2009) Endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in rheumatic disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 5: 332-340.
93. Wight, T.N. (1996) The vascular extracellular matrix; in Fuster, V., R. Ross, E. Topol (eds): Artherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease. New York, Raven Press, pp 421-440.
94. Wystrychowski, W., L. Cierpka, K. Zagalski, S. Garrido, N. Dusserre, S. Radochonski, T.N. McAllister, N. L'Heureux (2011) Case study: First implantation of a frozen, devitalized tissue-engineered vascular graft for urgent hemodialysis access. J Vasc Access 12: 67-70.
95. Yao, L., J. Liu, S.T. Andreadis (2008) Composite fibrin scaffolds increase mechanical strength and preserve contractility of tissue engineered blood vessels. Pharm Res 25: 1212-1221.
96. Yokota, T., H. Ichikawa, G. Matsumiya, T. Kuratani, T. Sakaguchi, S. Iwai, Y. Shirakawa, K. Torikai, A. Saito, E. Uchimura, N. Kawaguchi, N. Matsuura, Y. Sawa (2008) In situ tissue regeneration using a novel tissue-engineered, small-caliber vascular graft without cell seeding. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136: 900-907.
97. Zavan, B., V. Vindigni, S. Lepidi, I. Iacopetti, G. Avruscio, G. Abatangelo, R. Cortivo (2008) Neoarteries grown in vivo using a tissue-engineered hyaluronan-based scaffold. FASEB J 22: 2853-2861.
98. Zhang, H., S. Fazel, H. Tian, D.A. Mickle, R.D. Weisel, T. Fujii, R.K. Li (2005) Increasing donor age adversely impacts beneficial effects of bone marrow but not smooth muscle myocardial cell therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H2089-2096. (Pubitemid 41507361)
99. Zilla, P., R. Fasol, M. Deutsch, T. Fischlein, E. Minar, A. Hammerle, O. Krupicka, M. Kadletz (1987) Endothelial cell seeding of polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts in humans: A preliminary report. J Vasc Surg 6: 535-541. (Pubitemid 18017990)
100. Zilla, P., R. Fasol, P. Preiss, M. Kadletz, M. Deutsch, H. Schima, S. Tsangaris, P. Groscurth (1989) Use of fibrin glue as a substrate for in vitro endothelialization of PTFE vascular grafts. Surg 105: 515-522. (Pubitemid 19105061)