Should all patients at high cardiovascular risk receive renin-angiotensin system blockers?

QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

Volumn 105, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 11-27

  Volpe, M ^a,b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b IRCCS NEUROMED   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALISKIREN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ENALAPRIL; EPROSARTAN; HYDRALAZINE; INDAPAMIDE; IRBESARTAN; ISOSORBIDE 5 NITRATE; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; MAGNESIUM; NITRENDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; TELMISARTAN; TRANDOLAPRIL; VALSARTAN;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ARTERIAL STIFFNESS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COUGHING; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SYNCOPE; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR DISEASE;

EID: 83755195472     PISSN: 14602725     EISSN: 14602393     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcr190     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e442.
2. Ezzati M, Hoorn SV, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJ. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 2003; 362:271-80.
3. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005; 365:217-23.
4. Leal J, Luengo-Fernández R, Gray A, Petersen S, Rayner M. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the enlarged European Union. Eur Heart J 2006; 27:1610-19.
5. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:1047-53.
6. http://www.diabetesatlas.org/book/export/html/44. Accessed 30 March 2011.
7. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyörälä K, Keil U. EUROASPIRE III: a survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009; 16:121-37.
8. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, D'Agostino RB. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:1104-9.
9. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:937-52.
10. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14(Suppl 2):E1-E40.
11. Whitworth JA, World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21:1983-92.
12. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, et al. Management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension, European society of cardiology. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European society of hypertension (ESH) and of the European society of cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25:1105-87.
13. Alderman MH, Furberg CD, Kostis JB, Laragh JH, Psaty BM, Ruilope LM, et al. Hypertension guidelines: criteria that might make them more clinically useful. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15:917-23.
14. Volpe M, Alderman MH, Furberg CD, Jackson R, Kostis JB, Laragh JH, et al. Beyond hypertension toward guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:1068-74.
15. Dzau V, Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease: a workshop consensus. Am Heart J 1991; 121:1244-63.
16. Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, Ambrosioni E, Burnier M, Caulfield MJ, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European society of hypertension task force document. J Hypertens 2009; 27:2121-58.
17. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu CY. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:1296-305.
18. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, D'Agostino R, Sr, Ohman EM, Röther J, et al. REACH Registry Investigators. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2007; 297:1197-206.
19. Capewell S, Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Frame S, Stewart S, Chalmers JW, et al. Short-term and long-term outcomes in 133,429 emergency patients admitted with angina or myocardial infarction in Scotland, 1990-2000: population-based cohort study. Heart 2006; 92:1563-70.
20. Dhamoon MS, Sciacca RR, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology 2006; 66:641-6.
21. Cea-Calvo L, Conthe P, Gómez-Fernández P, de Alvaro F, Fernández-Pérez C. Target organ damage and cardiovascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2006; 5:23.
22. Unger T. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89(Suppl 2A):3A-10A.
23. Schmieder RE, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BMW. Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk. Lancet 2007; 369:1208-19.
24. Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994; 74:1141-8.
25. Boring L, Gosling J, Cleary M, Charo IF. Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature 1998; 394:894-7.
26. Rabbani R, Topol EJ. Strategies to achieve coronary arterial plaque stabilization. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 41:402-17.
27. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1098-104.
28. Campbell DJ, Woodward M, Chalmers JP, Colman SA, Jenkins AJ, Kemp BE, et al. Prediction of myocardial infarction by N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and renin in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Circulation 2005; 112:110-6.
29. Ferrario CM, Strawn WB. Role of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:121-8.
30. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Mazzotta G, Gentile G, Reboldi G. The renin angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease: role of aliskiren in risk reduction. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2008; 4:971-81.
31. Hanon S, Vijayaraman P, Sonnenblick EH, Le Jemtel TH. Persistent formation of angiotensin II despite treatment with maximally recommended doses of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000; 1:147-50.
32. Linz W, Wiemer G, Gohlke P, Unger T, Schölkens BA. Contribution of kinins to the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 1995; 47:25-49.
33. Nussberger J, Cugno M, Cicardi M. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:621-2.
34. Steckelings UM, Kaschina E, Unger T. The AT2 receptor-a matter of love and hate. Peptides 2005; 26:1401-9.
35. Volpe M, Tocci G, Pagannone E. Fewer mega-trials and more clinically oriented studies in hypertension research? The case of blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:S36-43.
36. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 2003; 42:1206-52.
37. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1561-6.
38. Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MR, Friedrich A, Schobel HP, Gatzka CD, Weihprecht H. Angiotensin II related to sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. Circulation 1996; 94:1304-9.
39. Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003; 115:41-6.
40. Devereux RB, Dahlöf B, Gerdts E, Boman K, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, et al. Regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy by losartan compared with atenolol: the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) trial. Circulation 2004; 110:1456-62.
41. Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, et al. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:1174-83.
42. Verdecchia P, Sleight P, Mancia G, Fagard R, Trimarco B, Schmieder RE, et al. Effects of telmisartan, ramipril and their combination on left ventricular hypertrophy in individuals at high vascular risk in the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global end point trial and the telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2009; 120:1380-9.
43. Zanchetti A, Hennig M, Hollweck R, Bond G, Tang R, Cuspidi C, et al. Baseline values but not treatment-induced changes in carotid intima-media thickness predict incident cardiovascular events in treated hypertensive patients: findings in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). Circulation 2009; 120:1084-90.
44. Lacourcière Y, Béliveau R, Conter HS, Burgess ED, Lepage S, Pesant Y, et al. Canadian Hypertension Society. Effects of perindopril on elastic and structural properties of large arteries in essential hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2004; 20:795-9.
45. Ariff B, Zambanini A, Vamadeva S, Barratt D, Xu Y, Sever P, et al. Candesartan- and atenolol-based treatments induce different patterns of carotid artery and left ventricular remodeling in hypertension. Stroke 2006; 37:2381-4.
46. Petrovic I, Petrovic D, Vukovic N, Zivanovic B, Dragicevic J, Vasiljevic Z, et al. Ventricular and vascular remodelling effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan and/or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril in hypertensive patients. J Int Med Res 2005; 33(Suppl 1):39A-49A.
47. Baguet J-P, Ormezzano O, Barone-Rochette G. Impact of telmisartan in modifying vascular risk. Integr Blood Press Control 2010; 3:81-9.
48. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE, Zoungas S, Pillai A, Jardine M, et al. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1813-21.
49. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1456-62.
50. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensinreceptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:851-60.
51. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:861-9.
52. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:870-8.
53. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Rydén L, Wedel H. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 1992; 327:678-84.
54. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994; 343:1115-22.
55. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995; 345:669-85.
56. Chinese Cardiac Study Collaborative Group. Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet 1995; 345:686-7.
57. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, Basta L, Brown EJ, Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:669-77.
58. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993; 342:821-8.
59. Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, et al. A clinical trial of the angiotensinconverting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1670-6.
60. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:685-91.
61. The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:293-302.
62. Fox KM. EUROPEAN trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary artery disease investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362:782-8.
63. Pitt B, O'Neill B, Feldman R, Ferrari R, Schwartz L, Mudra H, et al. The QUinapril Ischemic Event Trial (QUIET): evaluation of chronic ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease and preserved left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:1058-63.
64. Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2058-68.
65. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358:1033-41.
66. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Effects of a perindoprilbased blood pressure lowering regimen on cardiac outcomes among patients with cerebrovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:475-84.
67. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Hammersen F, Plate K, Berger J, et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005; 36:1218-26.
68. Diener HC, Sacco RL, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Effects of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel and telmisartan on disability and cognitive function after recurrent stroke in patients with ischaemic stroke in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial: a double-blind, active and placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7:875-84.
69. Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359:995-1003.
70. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363:2022-31.
71. Mochizuki S, Dahlöf B, Shimizu M, Ikewaki K, Yoshikawa M, Taniguchi I, et al. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet 2007; 369:1431-9.
72. Sawada T, Yamada H, Dahlöf B, Matsubara H. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in uncontrolled hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: KYOTO HEART Study. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2461-69.
73. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Køber L, Maggioni AP, et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1893-906.
74. Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002; 360:752-60.
75. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1429-35.
76. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:303-10.
77. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Horowitz JD, Massie BM, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999; 100:2312-8.
78. Cohn JN, Tognoni G. Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1667-75.
79. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, Martinez FA, Dickstein K, Camm AJ, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355:1582-87.
80. Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Komajda M, Martinez FA, et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2009; 374:1840-8.
81. Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362:759-66.
82. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, Michelson EL, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 2003; 362:767-71.
83. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003; 362:772-6.
84. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003; 362:777-81.
85. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2456-67.
86. Cice G, Di Benedetto A, D'Isa S, D'Andrea A, Marcelli D, Gatti E, et al. Effects of telmisartan added to angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll of Cardiol 2010; 56:1701-8.
87. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:145-53.
88. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, Dyal L, Copland I, Schumacher H, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:1547-59.
89. ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Systematic overview of individual data from 100 000 patients in randomised trials. Circulation 1998; 97:2202-12.
90. Oldroyd KG, Pye MP, Ray SG, Christie J, Ford I, Cobbe SM, et al. Effects of early captopril administration on infarct expansion, left ventricular remodeling and exercise capacity after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68:713-8.
91. Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JM, Glynn RJ, LaMotte FS, Lee RT, et al. Early versus delayed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The healing and early afterload reducing therapy trial. Circulation 1997; 95:2643-51.
92. Maggioni AP. ACE inhibitor treatment after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1999; 1(Suppl Q):Q7-10.
93. Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, Simoons ML, Yusuf S. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet 2006; 368:581-8.
94. Skoog I, Lithell H, Hansson L, Elmfeldt D, Hofman A, Olofsson B, et al. Effect of baseline cognitive function and antihypertensive treatment on cognitive and cardiovascular outcomes: Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:1052-9.
95. Krum H, Carson P, Farsang C, Maggioni AP, Glazer RD, Aknay N, et al. Effect of valsartan added to background ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure: results from VAL-HeFT. Eur J Heart Failure 2004; 6:937-45.
96. Volpe M, Tocci G, Sciarretta S, Verdecchia P, Trimarco B, Mancia G. Angiotensin II receptor blockers and myocardial infarction: an updated analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Hypertens 2009; 27:941-6.
97. MacKinnon M, Shurraw S, Akbari A, Knoll GA, Jaffey J, Clark HD. Combination therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker and an ACE inhibitor in proteinuric renal disease: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety data. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48:8-20.
98. Sengul AM, Altuntas Y, Kürklü A, Aydin L. Beneficial effect of lisinopril plus telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, microalbuminuria and hypertension. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 71:210-19.
99. Menne J, Farsang C, Deak L, Klebs S, Meier M, Handrock R, et al. Valsartan in combination with lisinopril versus the respective high dose monotherapies in hypertensive patients with microalbuminuria: the VALERIA trial. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1860-7.
100. Lakhdar R, Al-Mallah MH, Lanfear DE. Safety and tolerability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Card Fail 2008; 14:181-8.
101. European Medicines Agency. Summary of Product Characteristics. [http://www.emea.europa.eu.] Accessed 12 August 2010.