The renin angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease: Role of aliskiren in risk reduction

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 971-981

  Verdecchia, Paolo ^a   Angeli, Fabio ^a   Mazzotta, Giovanni ^a   Gentile, Giorgio ^b   Reboldi, Gianpaolo ^b  

^a SANTA MARIA DELLA MISERICORDIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PERUGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aliskiren; Angiotensinogen; Diabetes; Heart failure; Hypertension; Plasma renin activity; Renin; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALISKIREN; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; CELECOXIB; CIMETIDINE; DIGOXIN; ENALAPRIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LOSARTAN; METFORMIN; MEVINOLIN; PLACEBO; PRORENIN; RAMIPRIL; RENIN; VALSARTAN; WARFARIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LABORATORY TEST; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIDE EFFECT; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

AMIDES; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FUMARATES; HUMANS; PROTEIN PRECURSORS; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; RENIN; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACUOLAR PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES;

EID: 56849092058     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, et al. 1991. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med, 324:1098-104.
2. Alderman MH, Ooi WL, Cohen H, et al. 1997. Plasma renin activity: a risk factor for myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens, 10:1-9.
3. Andersen K, Weinberger MH, Egan B, et al. 2007. Aliskiren-based therapy lowers blood pressure more effectively than ramipril-based therapy in patients with hypertension: a 6-month, randomized, double-blind trial J Am Coll Cardiol, 49(Suppl A):A371.
4. Azizi M, Menard J, Bissery A, et al. 2004. Pharmacologic demonstration of the synergistic effects of a combination of the renin inhibitor aliskiren and the AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan on the angiotensin II-renin feedback interruption. J Am Soc Nephrol, 15:3126-33.
5. Bader M, Ganten D. 2008. Update on tissue renin-angiotensin systems. J Mol Med 86:615-21.
6. Brunner HR, Laragh JH, Baer L, et al. 1972. Essential hypertension: renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke. N Engl J Med, 286:441-9.
7. Campbell DJ, Woodward M, Chalmers JP, et al. 2005. Prediction of myocardial infarction by N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and renin in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Circulation, 112:110-6.
8. Clausmeyer S, Sturzebecher R, Peters J. 1999. An alternative transcript of the rat renin gene can result in a truncated prorenin that is transported into adrenal mitochondria. Circ Res, 84:337-44.
9. Dahlof B, Anderson DR, Arora V, et al. 2007. Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy and excellent tolerability independent of age or gender in patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens, 9(Suppl A):A157.
10. Danser AH, Batenburg WW, van Esch JH, et al. 2008. Prorenin anno 2008. J Mol Med, 86:655-8.
11. Danser AH, Derkx FH, Schalekamp MA, et al. 1998. Determinants of interindividual variation of renin and prorenin concentrations: evidence for a sexual dimorphism of (pro)renin levels in humans. J Hypertens, 16:853-62.
12. Danser AH, van den Dorpel MA, Deinum J, et al. 1989. Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin in vitreous fluid from eyes with and without diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 68:160-7.
13. Derkx FH, Alberda AT, de long FH, et al. 1997. Source of plasma prorenin in early and late pregnancy: observations in a patient with primary ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 65:349-54.
14. Derkx FH, Schalekamp MA. 1988. Human prorenin: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Hypertens A, 10:1213-25.
15. Dieterle W, Corynen S, Mann J. 2004. Effect of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 58:433-6.
16. Dieterle W, Corynen S, Vaidyanathan S, et al. 2005. Pharmacokinetic interactions of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren with lovastatin, atenolol, celecoxib and cimetidine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 43:527-35.
17. Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, et al. 2000. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res, 87:E1-9.
18. Doyle AE, Jerums G, Johnston CI, et al. 1973. Plasma renin levels and vascular complications in hypertension. Br Med J, 2(5860):206-7.
19. Fukamizu A, Sugimura K, Takimoto E, et al. 1993. Chimeric renin-angiotensin system demonstrates sustained increase in blood pressure of transgenic mice carrying both human renin and human angiotensinogen genes. J Biol Chem, 268:11617-21.
20. Ganten D, Wagner J, Zeh K et al. 1992. Species specificity of renin kinetics in transgenic rats harboring the human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 89:7806-10.
21. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, et al. 2005a. Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation, 111:1012-8.
22. Gradman AH, Schmieder RE, Lins RL, et al. 2005b. Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in hypertensive patients. Circulation, 111:1012-8.
23. Huang Y, Wongamorntham S, Kasting J, et al. 2006. Renin increases mesangial cell transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix proteins through receptor-mediated, angiotensin II-independent mechanisms. Kidney Int, 69:105-13.
24. Ichihara A, Suzuki F, Nakagawa T, et al. 2006. Prorenin receptor blockade inhibits development of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic angiotensin II type 1a receptor-deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol, 17:1950-61.
25. Itskovitz J, Rubattu S, Levron J, et al. 1992. Highest concentrations of prorenin and human chorionic gonadotropin in gestational sacs during early human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75:906-10.
26. Itskovitz J, Sealey JE, Glorioso, et al. 1987. Plasma prorenin response to human chorionic gonadotropin in ovarian-hyperstimulated women: correlation with the number of ovarian follicles and steroid hormone concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84:7285-9.
27. Jacoby DS, Rader DJ. 2003. Renin-angiotensin system and atherothrombotic disease: from genes to treatment. Arch Intern Med, 163:1155-64.
28. James MN, Sielecki AR. 1985. Stereochemical analysis of peptide bond hydrolysis catalyzed by the aspartic proteinase penicillopepsin. Biochemistry, 24:3701-13.
29. Jordan J, Engeli S, Boye SW, et al. 2007. Direct renin inhibition with aliskiren in obese patients with arterial hypertension. Hypertension, 49:1047-55.
30. Kushiro T, Itakura H, Abo Y, et al. 2006. Aliskiren, a novel oral renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent efficacy and placebo-like tolerability in Japanese patients with hypertension. Hypertens Res, 29:997-1005.
31. Luetscher JA, Kraemer FB, Wilson DM, et al. 1985. Increased plasma inactive renin in diabetes mellitus. A marker of microvascular complications. N Engl J Med, 312:1412-7.
32. McInnes GT. 2007. Renin inhibition: the holy grail of renin-angiotensin system blockade? J Hum Hypertens, 21:766-9.
33. McMurray JJV, Pitt B, Latini R, et al; for the Aliskiren Observation of Heart Failure Treatment, I. 2008. Effects of the oral direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail, 1:17-24.
34. Meade TW, Cooper JA, Peart WS. 1993. Plasma renin activity and ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med, 329:616-9.
35. Menard J, Guyene TT, Peyrard S, et al. 2006. Conformational changes in prorenin during renin inhibition in vitro and in vivo. J Hypertens, 24:529-34.
36. Mitchell J, Oh B, Herron J, et al. 2006. Once-daily aliskiren provides effective, smooth 24-h blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens, 8(Suppl A):A93.
37. Nabi AH, Kageshima A, Uddin MN, et al. 2006. Binding properties of rat prorenin and renin to the recombinant rat renin/prorenin receptor prepared by a baculovirus expression system. Int J Mol Med, 18:483-8.
38. Nguyen G. 2006. Renin/prorenin receptors. Kidney Int, 69:1503-6.
39. Nguyen G, Danser AH. 2006. The (pro)renin receptor: therapeutic consequences. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 15:1131-5.
40. Nguyen G, Delarue F, Burckle C, et al. 2002. Pivotal role of the renin/ prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. J Clin Invest, 109:1417-27.
41. Nussberger J, Wuerzner G, Jensen C, et al. 2002. Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Hypertension, 39:E1-8.
42. Oh BH, Mitchell J, Herron JR, et al. 2007. Aliskiren, an oral renin inhibitor, provides dose-dependent efficacy and sustained 24-hour blood pressure control in patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol, 49:1157-63.
43. Oliver JA. 2006. Receptor-mediated actions of renin and prorenin. Kidney Int, 69:13-5.
44. Oparil S, Yarows SA, Patel S, et al. 2007. Efficacy and safety of combined use of aliskiren and valsartan in patients with hypertension: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet, 370(9583):221-9.
45. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, et al. 2008. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med, 358:2433-46.
46. Pilz B, Shagdarsuren E, Wellner M, et al. 2005. Aliskiren, a human renin inhibitor, ameliorates cardiac and renal damage in double-transgenic rats. Hypertension, 46:569-76.
47. Pool JL, Schmieder RE, Azizi M, et al. 2007. Aliskiren, an orally effective renin inhibitor, provides antihypertensive efficacy alone and in combination with valsartan. Am J Hypertens, 20:11-20.
48. Price DA, Porter LE, Gordon M, et al. 1999. The paradox of the low-renin state in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 10:2382-91.
49. Rahuel J, Rasetti V, Maibaum J, et al. 2000. Structure-based drug design: the discovery of novel nonpeptide orally active inhibitors of human renin. Chem Biol, 7:493-504.
50. Reudelhuber TL, Ramla D, Chiu L, et al. 1994. Proteolytic processing of human prorenin in renal and non-renal tissues. Kidney Int, 46:1522-4.
51. Schmidt-Ott KM, Kagiyama S, et al. 2000. The multiple actions of angiotensin II in atherosclerosis. Regul Pept, 93:65-77.
52. Sealey JE, Goldstein M, Pitarresi T, et al. 1988. Prorenin secretion from human testis: no evidence for secretion of active renin or angiotensinogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 66:974-8.
53. Sielecki AR, Hayakawa K, Fujinaga M, et al. 1989. Structure of recombinant human renin, a target for cardiovascular-active drugs, at 2.5 A resolution. Science, 243(4896):1346-51.
54. Skeggs LT Jr, Kahn JR, Lentz K, et al. 1957. The preparation, purification, and amino acid sequence of a polypeptide renin substrate. J Exp Med, 106:439-53.
55. Solomon SD. 2008. Effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren, either alone or in combination with losartan, compared to losartan, on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The Aliskiren Left Ventricular Assessment of Hypertrophy (ALLAY) Trial. SCAI-A CC i2 Summit/American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session, Chicago, IL.
56. Stanton A, Jensen C, Nussberger J, et al. 2003. Blood pressure lowering in essential hypertension with an oral renin inhibitor, aliskiren. Hypertension, 42:1137-43.
57. Strasser RH, Puig JG, Farsang C, et al. 2007. A comparison of the tolerability of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and lisinopril in patients with severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens, 21780-7.
58. The OI. 2008. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med, 358:1547-59.
59. Turner AJ. 2003. Exploring the structure and function of zinc metallopeptidases: old enzymes and new discoveries. Biochem Soc Trans, 31:723-7.
60. Uresin Y, Taylor A, Kilo C, et al. 2006. Aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor, has greater BP lowering than ramipril and additional BP lowering when combined with ramipril in patients with diabetes and hypertension. J Hypertens, 24(Suppl 4):82.
61. van Kesteren CA, Danser AH, Derkx FH, et al. 1997. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated internalization and activation of prorenin by cardiac cells. Hypertension, 30:1389-96.
62. Villamil A, Chrysant SG, Calhoun D, et al. 2007. Renin inhibition with aliskiren provides additive antihypertensive efficacy when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. J Hypertens, 25:17-26.
63. Waldmeier F, Glaenzel U, Wirz B, et al. 2007. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos, 35:418-28.
64. Weir M, Bush C, Zhang J, et al. 2006. Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with hypertension: a pooled analysis. Eur Heart J, 27(Suppl):299.
65. Wilkinson-Berka JL. 2004. Diabetes and retinal vascular disorders: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Expert Rev Mol Med, 6:1-18.
66. Wood JM, Maibaum J, Rahuel J, et al. 2003. Structure-based design of aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 308:698-705.
67. Wood JM, Schnell CR, Cumin F, et al. 2005. Aliskiren, a novel, orally effective renin inhibitor, lowers blood pressure in marmosets and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens, 23:417-26.
68. Wood JM, Stanton JL, Hofbauer KG. 1987. Inhibitors of renin as potential therapeutic agents. J Enzyme Inhib, 1:169-85.