Variations in cloud cover and cloud types over the Ocean from surface observations, 1954-2008

Journal of Climate

Volumn 24, Issue 22, 2011, Pages 5914-5934

  Eastman, Ryan ^a   Warren, Stephen G ^a   Hahn, Carole J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cloud cover; Cumulus clouds; Interannual variability; Sea surface temperature; Stratiform clouds; Surface observations

Indexed keywords

CLOUD COVER; CUMULUS CLOUD; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; SURFACE OBSERVATIONS;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATOLOGY; CORRELATION METHODS; IIR FILTERS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TIME SERIES; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

CLOUDS;

ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CLOUD COVER; CORRELATION; CUMULUS; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; STRATUS; SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

EID: 83755182932     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI3972.1     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Bajuk, L. J., and C. B. Leovy, 1998: Are there real interdecadal variations in marine low clouds? J. Climate, 11, 2910-2921.
2. Bengtsson, L., S. Hagemann, and K. I. Hodges, 2004: Can climate trends be calculated from reanalysis data? J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11111, doi:10.1029/2004JD004536.
3. Bony, S., and J.-L. Dufresne, 2005: Marine boundary clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023851.
4. Bromwich, D. H., and R. L. Fogt, 2004: Strong trends in the skill of the ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalyses in the high and midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, 1958-2001. J. Climate, 17, 4603-4619.
5. Cermak, J., M. Wild, R. Knutti, M. I. Mishchenko, and A. K. Heidinger, 2010: Consistency of global satellite-derived aerosol and cloud data sets with recent brightening observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L21704, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL044632.
6. Clement, A. C., R. Burgman, and J. R. Norris, 2009: Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback. Science, 325, 460-464, doi:10.1126/science.1171255.
7. Dee, D. P., E. Kallen, A. J. Simmons, and L. Haimberger, 2011: Comments on "Reanalysis suitable for characterizing longterm trends." Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 65-70.
8. Deser, C., A. S. Phillips, and M. A. Alexander, 2010: Twentieth century tropical sea surface temperature trends revisited. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10701, doi:10.1029/2010GL043321.
9. Eastman, R., and S. G. Warren, 2010a: Arctic cloud changes from surface and satellite observations. J. Climate, 23, 4233-4242.
10. Eastman, R., and S. G. Warren, 2010b: Interannual variations of Arctic cloud types in relation to sea ice. J. Climate, 23, 4216-4232.
11. George, R. C., and R. Wood, 2010: Subseasonal variability of low cloud radiative properties over the southeast Pacific Ocean. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4047-4063, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4047-2010.
12. Hahn, C. J., and S. G. Warren, 2009a: A gridded climatology of clouds over land (1971-96) and ocean (1954-97) from surface observations worldwide (2009 update). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Rep. NDP-026E, 71 pp. [Available online at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp026e/.]
13. Hahn, C. J., and S. G. Warren, 2009b: Extended edited cloud reports from ships and land stations over the globe, 1952-1996 (2009 update). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Numerical Data Package NDP-026C, 79 pp.
14. Hahn, C. J., S. G. Warren, and J. London, 1995: The effect of moonlight on observation of cloud cover at night, and application to cloud climatology. J. Climate, 8, 1429-1446.
15. Hamming, R. W., 1989: Digital Filters. Prentice Hall, 284 pp.
16. Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, doi:10.1029/ 2010RG000345.
17. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
18. Kato, S., 2009: Interannual variability of the global radiation budget. J. Climate, 22, 4893-4907.
19. Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
20. Lanzante, J. R., 1996: Resistant, robust and non-parametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: Theory and examples, including applications to historical radiosonde station data. Int. J. Climatol., 16, 1197-1226.
21. Marshall, J. G., and S. A. Harangozo, 2000: An appraisal of NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis MSLP data viability for climate studies in the South Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3057-3060, doi:10.1029/ 2000GL011363.
22. Meyers, S. D., J. J. O'Brien, and E. Thelin, 1999: Reconstruction of monthly SST in the tropical Pacific Ocean during 1868-1993 using adaptive climate basis functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 1599-1612.
23. Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, 1992: The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 5, 1140-1156.
24. Norris, J. R., 1999: On trends and possible artifacts in global ocean cloud cover between 1952 and 1995. J. Climate, 12, 1864-1870.
25. Norris, J. R., 2000: What can cloud observations tell us about climate variability? Space Sci. Rev., 94, 375-380.
26. Norris, J. R., 2002: Evidence for globally decreasing subtropical stratocumulus since 1952. Proc. 2002 Fall AGU Meeting, San Franciso, CA, Amer. Geophys. Union, A21D-10. [Available online at http://meteora.ucsd.edu/;jnorris/presentations/AGU2002.pdf.]
27. Norris, J. R., 2005: Trends in upper-level cloud cover and surface divergence over the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean between 1952 and 1997. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21110, doi:10.1029/ 2005JD006183.
28. Norris, J. R., and C. B. Leovy, 1994: Interannual variability in stratiform cloudiness and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 7, 1915-1925.
29. Park, S., and C. B. Leovy, 2004: Marine low-cloud anomalies associated with ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 3448-3469.
30. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, 2002: Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 994 pp.
31. Randall, D. A., J. A. Coakley, Jr., C. W. Fairall, A. Kropfli, and D. H. Lenschow, 1984: Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 65, 1290-1301.
32. Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002670.
33. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, M. Marquis, K. Averyt, M. M. B. Tignor, H. L. Miller Jr., and Z. Chen, Eds., 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, 996 pp.
34. Thorne, P. W., and R. S. Vose, 2010: Reanalysis suitable for longterm trends: Are they really achievable? Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 353-361.
35. Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo, 2009: Global warming due to increasing absorbed solar radiation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07706, doi:10.1029/2009GL037527.
36. Warren, S. G., and C. J. Hahn, 2002: Cloud climatology. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Oxford University Press, 476-483.
37. Warren, S. G.,C. J. Hahn, and J. London, 1985: Simultaneous occurrence of different cloud types. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 24, 658-667.
38. Warren, S. G.,C. J. Hahn,J. London, R. M. Chervin, and R. L. Jenne, 1988: Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the ocean. NCAR Tech. Note TN-3171STR, 212 pp.
39. Warren, S. G., R.M. Eastman, and C. J. Hahn, 2007: A survey of changes in cloud cover and cloud types over land from surface observations, 1971-96. J. Climate, 20, 717-738.
40. WMO, 1956: International Cloud Atlas. World Meteorological Organization, 72 plates, 62 pp.
41. WMO, 1974: Manual on codes. Vol. 1. World Meteorological Organization Publication 306, 348 pp.
42. Wood, R., and D. L. Hartmann, 2006: Spatial variability of liquid water path in marine low clouds: The importance of mesoscale cellular convection. J. Climate, 19, 1748-1764.
43. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987:A comprehensive ocean atmosphere data set. Bull. Amer.Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
44. Woodruff, S. D., H. F. Diaz, J. D. Elms, and S. J. Worley, 1998: COADS release 2 data and metadata enhancements for improvements of marine surface flux fields. Phys. Chem. Earth, 23, 517-526.
45. Worley, S. J., S. D. Woodruff, R. W. Reynolds, S. J. Lubker, and N. Lott, 2005: ICOADS Release 2.1 data and products. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 823-842.
46. Wyant, M. C., C. S. Bretherton, H. A. Rand, and D. E. Stevens, 1997: Numerical simulations and a conceptual model of the stratocumulus to trade cumulus transition. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 169-192.
47. Wylie, D., D. L. Jackson, W. P. Menzel, and J. J. Bates, 2005: Trends in global cloud cover in two decades of HIRS observations. J. Climate, 18, 3021-3031.