Flight-based chemical characterization of biomass burning aerosols within two prescribed burn smoke plumes

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 11, Issue 24, 2011, Pages 12549-12565

  Pratt, K A ^a,b,i   Murphy, S M ^c,d   Subramanian, R ^e   Demott, P J ^f   Kok, G L ^e   Campos, T ^g   Rogers, D C ^g   Prenni, A J ^f   Heymsfield, A J ^g   Seinfeld, J H ^c   Prather, K A ^a,h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c California Institute of Technology   (United States)

^d EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^e Droplet Measurement Technologies Inc   (United States)

^f Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

^g NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

ⁱ PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERIAL SURVEY; AEROSOL COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC PLUME; BIOMASS BURNING; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; RADIATIVE FORCING; SMOKE;

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA;

EID: 83755182879     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-12549-2011     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prévôt, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478-4485, 2008. (Pubitemid 351842394)
2. Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Sandradewi, J., Weimer, S., Lanz, V. A., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 5770-5777, 2007. (Pubitemid 47292007)
3. Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13-41, 2008.
4. Bahreini, R., Dunlea, E. J., Matthew, B. M., Simons, C., Docherty, K. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Jimenez, J. L., Brock, C. A., and Middle-brook, A. M.: Design and operation of a pressure-controlled inlet for airborne sampling with an aerodynamic aerosol lens, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 465-471, 2008. (Pubitemid 351878769)
5. Baumgardner, D., Kok, G. L., and Raga, G. B.: On the diurnal variability of particle properties related to light absorbing carbon in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2517-2526, 2007, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/7/2517/2007/. (Pubitemid 46753011)
6. Baumgardner, D., Subramanian, R., Twohy, C., Stith, J., and Kok, G.: Scavenging of black carbon by ice crystals over the northern Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22815, doi:10.1029/2008GL035764, 2008.
7. Bhave, P. V., Allen, J. O., Morrical, B. D., Fergenson, D. P., Cass, G. R., and Prather, K. A.: A field-based approach for determining ATOFMS instrument sensitivities to ammonium and nitrate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4868-4879, 2002. (Pubitemid 35364962)
8. Cahill, C. F., Cahill, T. A., and Perry, K. D.: The size-and time-resolved composition of aerosols from a sub-Arctic boreal forest prescribed burn, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7553-7559, 2008.
9. Capes, G., Johnson, B., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Haywood, J., and Coe, H.: Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, micro-physical properties, and emission ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C15, doi:10.1029/2008JD009845, 2008.
10. Carrico, C. M., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Sullivan, A. P., McMeeking, G. R., Levin, E. J. T., Engling, G., Malm, W. C., and Collett, J. L.: Water uptake and chemical composition of fresh aerosols generated in open burning of biomass, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5165-5178, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5165- 2010, 2010.
11. Chand, D., Wood, R., Anderson, T. L., Satheesh, S. K., and Charl-son, R. J.: Satellite-derived direct radiative effect of aerosols dependent on cloud cover, Nature Geosci., 2, 181-184, 2009.
12. Chen, L.-W. A., Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W. P., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Wold, C. E., Lincoln, E. N., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Emission factors and source profiles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4317-4325, 2007. (Pubitemid 46981722)
13. Clarke, A., McNaughton, C., Kapustin, V., Shinozuka, Y., Howell, S., Dibb, J., Zhou, J., Anderson, B., Brekhovskikh, V., Turner, H., and Pinkerton, M.: Biomass burning and pollution aerosol over North America: Organic components and their influence on spectral optical properties and humidification response, J. Geo-phys. Res., 112, D12S18, doi:10.1029/2006JD007777, 2007. (Pubitemid 47241672)
14. Crutzen, P. J., Lawrence, M. G., and Pöschl, U.: On the background photochemistry of tropospheric ozone, Tellus, 51A-B, 123-146, 1999. (Pubitemid 29241368)
15. DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027-4048, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4027-2008, 2008.
16. DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S. M., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H., Richardson, M. S., Eidhammer, T., and Rogers, D. C.: Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 11217-11222, 2010.
17. Denkenberger, K. A., Moffet, R. C., Holecek, J. C., Rebotier, T. P., and Prather, K. A.: Real-time, single-particle measurements of oligomers in aged ambient aerosol particles, Environ. Sci. Tech-nol., 41, 5439-5446, 2007. (Pubitemid 47221767)
18. Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635-2643, 2006.
19. Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P., Jayne, J. T., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Weimer, S., Jimenez, J. L., Demerjian, K. L., Bor-rmann, S., and Worsnop, D. R.: A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS)-Instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 637-658, 2005. (Pubitemid 41318222)
20. Eagan, R. C., Hobbs, P. V., and Radke, L. F.: Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet size distributions in the vicinity of forest fires, J. Appl. Meteorol., 13, 553-557, 1974.
21. Eidhammer, T., DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H., Rogers, D. C., Stith, J., Heymsfield, A., Wang, Z., Pratt, K. A., Prather, K. A., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Subramanian, R., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Ice initiation by aerosol particles: Measured and predicted ice nuclei concentrations versus measured ice crystal concentrations in an orographic wave cloud, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2417-2436, 2010.
22. Field, P. R., Mohler, O., Connolly, P., Kramer, M., Cotton, R., Heymsfield, A. J., Saathoff, H., and Schnaiter, M.: Some ice nucleation characteristics of Asian and Saharan desert dust, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2991-3006, doi:10.5194/acp-6-2991-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44100536)
23. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fa-hey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Av-eryt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 129-234, 2007.
24. Gao, S., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Kirchstetter, T. W., Magi, B. I., and Sadilek, M.: Water-soluble organic components in aerosols associated with savanna fires in southern Africa: Identification, evolution, and distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8491, doi:10.1029/2002JD002324, 2003.
25. Gaudichet, A., Echalar, F., Chatenet, B., Quisefit, J. P., Malingre, G., Cachier, H., Buat-Menard, P., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Trace elements in tropical African savanna biomass burning aerosols, J. Atmos. Chem., 22, 19-39, 1995. (Pubitemid 26443488)
26. Goode, J. G., Yokelson, R. J., Ward, D. E., Susott, R. A., Babbitt, R. E., Davies, M. A., and Hao, W. M.: Measurements of excess O3, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22147-22166, 2000.
27. Grieshop, A. P., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2227-2240, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2227-2009, 2009.
28. Guyon, P., Frank, G. P., Welling, M., Chand, D., Artaxo, P., Rizzo, L., Nishioka, G., Kolle, O., Fritsch, H., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Gatti, L. V., Cordova, A. M., and Andreae, M. O.: Airborne measurements of trace gas and aerosol particle emissions from biomass burning in Amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2989-3002, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2989-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43065728)
29. Hawkins, L. N. and Russell, L. M.: Oxidation of ketone groups in transported biomass burning aerosol from the 2008 Northern California Lightning Series fires, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4142-4154, 2010.
30. Heald, C. L., Kroll, J. H., Jimenez, J. L., Docherty, K. S., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Chen, Q., Martin, S. T., Farmer, D. K., and Artaxo, P.: A simplified description of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08803, doi:10.1029/2010GL042737, 2010.
31. Hennigan, C. J., Sullivan, A. P., Collett, J. L., and Robinson, A. L.: Levoglucosan stability in biomass burning particles exposed to hydroxyl radicals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09806, doi:10.1029/2010GL043088, 2010.
32. Hennigan, C. J., Miracolo, M. A., Engelhart, G. J., May, A. A., Presto, A. A., Lee, T., Sullivan, A. P., McMeeking, G. R., Coe, H., Wold, C. E., Hao, W.-M., Gilman, J. B., Kuster, W. C., de Gouw, J., Schichtel, B. A., Collett, J. L., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Chemical and physical transformations of organic aerosol from the photo-oxidation of open biomass burning emissions in an environmental chamber, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7669-7686, doi:10.5194/acp-11-7669-2011, 2011.
33. Hobbs, P. V. and Locatelli, J. D.: Ice nuclei from a natural forest fire, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 833-834, 1969.
34. Hobbs, P. V. and Radke, L. F.: Cloud condensation nuclei from a simulated forest fire, Science, 163, 279-280, 1969.
35. Hobbs, P. V., Sinha, P., Yokelson, R. J., Christian, T. J., Blake, D. R., Gao, S., Kirchstetter, T. W., Novakov, T., and Pilewskie, P.: Evolution of gases and particles from a savanna fire in South Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8485, doi:10.1029/2002JD002352, 2003.
36. Hudson, P. K., Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Thomson, D. S., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Holloway, J., Jost, J. R., and Hubler, G.: Biomass-burning particle measurements: Characteristic composition and chemical processing, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S27, doi:10.1029/2003JD004398, 2004. (Pubitemid 40318596)
37. Huffman, J. A., Jayne, J. T., Drewnick, F., Aiken, A. C., Onasch, T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Design, modeling, optimization, and experimental tests of a particle beam width probe for the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 1143-1163, 2005. (Pubitemid 41780089)
38. Kessler, S. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Worsnop, D. R., Wilson, K. R., and Kroll, J. H.: Chemical sinks of organic aerosol: Kinetics and products of the heterogeneous oxidation of erythritol and levoglucosan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7005-7010, 2010.
39. Knudsen, J. N., Jensen, P. A., and Dam-Johansen, K.: Transformation and release to the gas phase of Cl, K, and S during combustion of annual biomass, Energy Fuels, 18, 1385-1399, 2004.
40. Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R.: Measurement of fragmentation and function-alization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 8005-8014, 2009.
41. Li, J., Posfai, M., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.: Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2. Compositions and aging of inorganic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8484, doi:10.1029/2002JD002310, 2003.
42. Liu, X., Van Espen, P., Adams, F., Cafmeyer, J., and Maenhaut, W.: Biomass burning in Southern Africa: Individual particle characterization of atmospheric aerosols and Savanna fire samples, J. Atmos. Chem., 36, 135-155, 2000. (Pubitemid 30216154)
43. Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., and Onasch, T. B.: Collection efficiencies in an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer as a function of particle phase for laboratory generated aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 884-898, 2008.
44. McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Baker, S., Carrico, C. M., Chow, J. C., Collett, J. L., Hao, W. M., Holden, A. S., Kirch-stetter, T. W., Malm, W. C., Moosmüller, H., Sullivan, A. P., and Wold, C. E.: Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19210, doi:10.1029/2009JD011836, 2009.
45. Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059-1071, doi:10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 350211419)
46. Moteki, N. and Kondo, Y.: Effects of mixing state on black carbon measurements by laser-induced incandescence, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 398-417, 2007. (Pubitemid 46393086)
47. Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Komazaki, Y., Kurata, G., Shirai, T., Blake, D. R., Miyakawa, T., and Koike, M.: Evolution of mixing state of black carbon particles: Aircraft measurements over the western Pacific in March 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11803, doi:10.1029/2006GL028943, 2007. (Pubitemid 47272415)
48. Murphy, S. M., Agrawal, H., Sorooshian, A., Padró, L. T., Gates, H., Hersey, S., Welch, W. A., Jung, H., Miller, J. W., Cocker, D. R., Nenes, A., Jonsson, H. H., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Comprehensive simultaneous shipboard and airborne characterization of exhuast from a modern container ship at sea, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4626-4640, 2009.
49. Park, R. J., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Fire and biofuel contributions to annual mean aerosol mass concentrations in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7389-7400, 2007. (Pubitemid 350052651)
50. Petters, M. D., Carrico, C. M., Kreidenweis, S. M., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Collett, J. L., and Moosmüller, H.: Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geo-phys. Res., 114, D22205, doi:10.1029/2009JD012353, 2009a.
51. Petters, M. D., Parsons, M. T., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Kreiden-weis, S. M., Carrico, C. M., Sullivan, A. P., McMeeking, G. R., Levin, E., Wold, C. E., Collett, J. L., and Moosmuller, H.: Ice nuclei emissions from biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07209, doi:10.1029/2008JD011532, 2009b.
52. Pósfai, M., Simonics, R., Li, J., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.: Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8483, doi:10.1029/2002JD002291, 2003.
53. Pratt, K. A., Mayer, J. E., Holecek, J. C., Moffet, R. C., Sanchez, R. O., Rebotier, T. P., Furutani, H., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Su, Y., Guazzotti, S., and Prather, K. A.: Development and characterization of an aircraft aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 81, 1792-1800, 2009.
54. Pratt, K. A. and Prather, K. A.: Aircraft measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol mixing states, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D11305, doi:10.1029/2009JD013150, 2010.
55. Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Heald, C. L., Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Garland, R. M., Wollny, A. G., and Pöschl, U.: Relative roles of biogenic emissions and Saharan dust as ice nuclei in the Amazon basin, Nature Geosci., 2, 402-405, 2009.
56. Pueschel, R. F. and Langer, G.: Sugar cane fires as a source of ice nuclei in Hawaii, J. Appl. Meteorol., 12, 549-551, 1973.
57. Reid, J. S., Eck, T. F., Christopher, S. A., Koppmann, R., Dubovik, O., Eleuterio, D. P., Holben, B. N., Reid, E. A., and Zhang, J.: A review of biomass burning emissions part III: intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 827-849, doi:10.5194/acp-5-827-2005, 2005a. (Pubitemid 40479143)
58. Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F., and Eleuterio, D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: Intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799-825, doi:10.5194/acp-5-799-2005, 2005b. (Pubitemid 40479142)
59. Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206-221, 2005. (Pubitemid 40655448)
60. Rogers, D. C., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., and Chen, Y.: A continuous-flow diffusion chamber for airborne measurements of ice nuclei, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 18, 725-741, 2001. (Pubitemid 32546296)
61. Schneider, J., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Helas, G., Gwaze, P., Schmid, O., Andreae, M. O., and Kirchner, U.: Mass spectrometric analysis and aerodynamic properties of various types of combustion-related aerosol particles, Int. J. Mass Spec-trom., 258, 37-49, 2006.
62. Schwarz, J. P., Gao, R. S., Fahey, D. W., Thomson, D. S., Watts, L. A., Wilson, J. C., Reeves, J. M., Darbeheshti, M., Baum-gardner, D. G., Kok, G. L., Chung, S. H., Schulz, M., Hen-dricks, J., Lauer, A., Kärcher, B., Slowik, J. G., Rosenlof, K. H., Thompson, T. L., Langford, A. O., Loewenstein, M., and Aikin, K. C.: Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16207, doi:10.1029/2006JD007076, 2006. (Pubitemid 46290736)
63. Silva, P. J., Liu, D. Y., Noble, C. A., and Prather, K. A.: Size and chemical characterization of individual particles resulting from biomass burning of local Southern California species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3068-3076, 1999. (Pubitemid 29441585)
64. Simoneit, B. R. T., Schauer, J. J., Nolte, C. G., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O., Fraser, M. P., Rogge, W. F., and Cass, G. R.: Levoglucosan, a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles, Atmos. Environ., 33, 173-182, 1999. (Pubitemid 28561853)
65. Spencer, M. T., and Prather, K. A.: Using ATOFMS to determine OC/EC mass fractions in particles, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 585-594, 2006.
66. Spracklen, D. V., Mickley, L. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., Yevich, R., Flannigan, M. D., and Westerling, A. L.: Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D20301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010966, 2009.
67. Stith, J. L., Radke, L. F., and Hobbs, P. V.: Particle emissions and the production of ozone and nitrogen oxides from the burning of forest slash, Atmos. Environ., 15, 73-82, 1981.
68. Stith, J. L., Twohy, C. H., DeMott, P. J., Baumgardner, D., Campos, T., Gao, R., and Anderson, J.: Observations of ice nuclei and heterogeneous freezing in a Western Pacific extratropical storm, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6229-6243, doi:10.5194/acp-11-6229-2011, 2011.
69. Subramanian, R., Roden, C. A., Boparai, P., and Bond, T. C.: Yellow beads and missing particles: Trouble ahead for filter-based absorption measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 630-637, 2007.
70. Subramanian, R., Kok, G. L., Baumgardner, D., Clarke, A., Shi-nozuka, Y., Campos, T. L., Heizer, C. G., Stephens, B. B., de Foy, B., Voss, P. B., and Zaveri, R. A.: Black carbon over Mexico: the effect of atmospheric transport on mixing state, mass absorption cross-section, and BC/CO ratios, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 219-237, doi:10.5194/acp-10-219-2010, 2010.
71. Sullivan, A. P., Holden, A. S., Patterson, L. A., McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Malm, W. C., Hao, W. M., Wold, C. E., and Collett, J. L.: A method for smoke marker measurements and its potential application for determining the contribution of biomass burning from wildfires and prescribed fires to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22302, doi:10.1029/2008JD010216, 2008.
72. Sullivan, R. C. and Prather, K. A.: Investigations of the diurnal cycle and mixing state of oxalic acid in individual particles in Asian aerosol outflow, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8062-8069, 2007. (Pubitemid 350224413)
73. Twohy, C. H., DeMott, P. J., Pratt, K. A., Subramanian, R., Kok, G. L., Murphy, S. M., Lersch, T., Prather, K. A., Seinfeld, J. H., Heymsfield, A. J., and Wang, Z.: Relationships of biomass burning aerosols to ice in orographic wave clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2437-2450, 2010.
74. Weimer, S., Alfarra, M. R., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Baltensperger, U.: Organic aerosol mass spectral signatures from wood-burning emissions: Influence of burning conditions and wood type, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10304, doi:10.1029/2007JD009309, 2008.
75. Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R., and Swetnam, T. W.: Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity, Science, 313, 940-943, 2006. (Pubitemid 44274884)
76. Wiedinmyer, C. and Hurteau, M. D.: Prescribed fire as a means of reducing forest carbon emissions in the western United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1926-1932, 2010.
77. Yao, X., Rehbein, P. J. G., Lee, C. J., Evans, G. J., Corbin, J., and Jeong, C.-H.: A study on the extent of neutralization of sulphate aerosol through laboratory and field experiments using an ATOFMS and a GPIC, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6251-6256, 2011.
78. Yokelson, R. J., Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Karl, T., Urbanski, S., Atlas, E., Campos, T., Shinozuka, Y., Kapustin, V., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Holloway, J., Weibring, P., Flocke, F., Zheng, W., Toohey, D., Wennberg, P. O., Wiedinmyer, C., Mauldin, L., Fried, A., Richter, D., Walega, J., Jimenez, J. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., Hall, S. R., and Shetter, R.: Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan, At-mos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785-5812, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5785-2009, 2009.
79. Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Canagaratna, M.: A case study of urban particle acidity and its influence on secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3213-3219, 2007. (Pubitemid 46713382)