Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 114, Issue 19, 2009, Pages

  McMeeking, Gavin R ^a,b   Kreidenweis, Sonia M ^a   Baker, Stephen ^c   Carrico, Christian M ^a   Chow, Judith C ^d   Collett Jr , Jeffrey L ^a   Hao, Wei Min ^c   Holden, Amanda S ^a   Kirchstetter, Thomas W ^e   Malm, William C ^f   Moosmüller, Hans ^d   Sullivan, Amy P ^a   Cyle E , Wold ^c  

^a Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^d DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^f Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; BIOMASS; BRIQUETTING; COMBUSTION; FIRES; FUELS; GAS EMISSIONS; HYDROCARBONS; LABORATORIES; LEAKAGE (FLUID); ORGANIC CARBON; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; SMOKE; SODIUM;

COMBUSTION CONDITION; COMBUSTION EFFICIENCIES; COMMON REED; CONTROLLED LABORATORIES; DOMESTIC FUELS; DRY FUELS; ELEMENTAL CARBON; EMISSION FACTORS; FINE PARTICULATE MATTER; FUEL TYPES; GASPHASE; INTEGRATED EMISSIONS; PER UNIT; PLANT SPECIES; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; TOTAL EMISSIONS; TRACE-GASES;

CARBON MONOXIDE;

AEROSOL; ANION; BIOMASS BURNING; CATION; CHAPARRAL; COMBUSTION; DATABASE; EMISSION INVENTORY; LABORATORY METHOD; TRACE GAS;

MISSOULA; MONTANA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ADENOSTOMA FASCICULATUM; ARCTOSTAPHYLOS; CARYA; CEANOTHUS; CYRILLA; JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS; MORELLA CERIFERA; PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS; PUERARIA MONTANA VAR. LOBATA; RHODODENDRON;

EID: 72049090959     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009JD011836     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Al-Saadi, J., et al. (2005), Improving national air quality forecasts with satellite aerosol observations. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86(9), 1249-1261, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1249. (Pubitemid 41398803)
2. Andreae, M. O. (1983), Soot carbon and excess fine potassium - Longrange transport of combustion-derived aerosols. Science. 220(4602), 1148-1151, doi: 10.1126/science.220.4602.1148.
3. Andreae, M. O., and P. Merlet (2001), Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(4), 955-966, doi: 10.1029/2000GB001382. (Pubitemid 34077846)
4. Andreae, M. O., et al. (1998), Airborne studies of aerosol emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa: 2. Aerosol chemical composition, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 32,119-32,128, doi:10.1029/98JD02280.
5. Bae, M. S., J. J. Schauer, J. T. DeMinter, J. R. Turner, D. Smith, and R. A. Cary (2004), Validation of a semi-continuous instrument for elemental carbon and organic carbon using a thermal-optical method, Atmos. Environ., 38(18), 2885-2893, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.027. (Pubitemid 38692316)
6. Battye, W., and R. Battye (2002), Development of Emissions Inventory Methods for Wildland Fire, 91 pp., U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Chapel Hill, N. C.
7. Bertschi, I., R. J. Yokelson, D. E. Ward, R. E. Babbitt, R. A. Susott, J. G. Goode, and W. M, Hao (2003), Trace gas and particle emissions from fires in large diameter and belowground biomass fuels, J. Geophys. Res., i08(D13), 8472, doi:10.1029/2002JD002100.
8. Birch, M, E, and R. A. Cary (1996), Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol, 25(3), 221-241, doi:10.1080/02786829608965393.
9. Brauer, M., P. Koutrakis, J. M. Wolfson, and J. D. Spengler (1989), Evaluation of the gas collection of an annular denuder system under simulated atmospheric conditions, Atmos. Environ., 23(9), 1981-1986, doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(89)90524-6. (Pubitemid 19259557)
10. Capes, G., B. Johnson, G. McFiggans, P. I. Williams, J. Haywood, and H. Coe (2008), Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, microphysical properties, and emission ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00C15, doi: 10.1029/2008JD009845.
11. Chakrabarty, R. K., H. Moosmüller, M. A. Garro, W. P. Arnott, J. Walker, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt. C. E. Wold, E. N. Lincoln, and W. M. Hao (2006), Emissions from the laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Particle morphology and size, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07204, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006659. (Pubitemid 43772028)
12. Chen, L. W. A., H. Moosmüller, W. P. Arnott, J. C. Chow, and J. G. Watson (2006), Particle emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: In situ optical and mass measurements. Geophvs. Res. Lett., 33, L04803. doi:10.1029/2005GL024838.
13. Chen, L. W. A., H. Moosmüller, W. P. Arnott, J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, C. E. Wold, E. N. Lincoln, and W. M. Hao (2007), Emissions from laboratory combustion of wildland fuels: Emission factors and source profiles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(12), 4317-4325, doi:10.1021/es062364i. (Pubitemid 46981722)
14. Chow, J. C. J. G. Watson. L. W. A. Chen. M. C. O. Chang, N. F. Robinson, D. Trimble, and S. Kohl (2007), The IMPROVE-A temperature protocol for thermal/optical carbon analysis: Maintaining consistency with a longterm database, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 57(9), 1014-1023.
15. Christian, T. J., B. Kleiss, R. J. Yokelson, R. Holzinger, P. J. Crutzen, W. M. Hao, B. H. Saharjo, and D. E. Ward (2003), Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass-burning emissions: J. Emissions from Indonesian, African, and other fuels, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4719, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003704.
16. Christian, T. J., B. Kleiss, R. J. Yokelson, R. Holzinger, P. J. Crutzen, W. M. Hao, T. Shirai, and D. R. Blake (2004), Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass-burning emissions: 2. First intercomparison of open-path FTIR, PTR-MS, and GC-MS/FID/ECD, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02311, doi:10.1029/2003JD003874.
17. Clinton, N. E., P. Gong, and K. Scott (2006), Quantification of pollutants emitted from very large wildland fires in southern California, USA, Atmos. Environ., 40(20), 3686-3695, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.016. (Pubitemid 43776808)
18. Cofer, W. R., J. S. Levine, P. J. Riggan, D. I. Sebacher, E. L. Winstead, E. F. Shaw, J. A. Brass, and V. G. Ambrosia (1988a), Trace gas emissions from a mid-latitude prescribed chaparral fire, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D2), 1653-1658, doi:10.1029/JD093iD02p01653.
19. Cofer, W. R., J. S. Levine, D. I. Sebacher, E. L. Winstead, P. J. Riggin, J. A. Brass, and V. G. Ambrosia (1988b), Particulate-emissions from a mid-latitude prescribed chaparral fire, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D5), 5207-5212, doi: 10.1029/JD093iD05p05207.
20. Crutzen, P. J., and M. O. Andreae (1990), Biomass burning in the tropics - Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250(4988), 1669-1678, doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1669.
21. DeCarlo, P. F., et al. (2008), Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027-4048.
22. De Gouw, J., and J. L. Jimenez (2009), Organic aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., in press.
23. DeMott, P. J., M. D. Petters, A. J. Prenni, C. M. Carrico, S. M. Kreidenweis, J. L. Collett Jr., and H. Moosmüller (2009), Ice nucleation behavior of biomass combustion particles at cirrus temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16205, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012036.
24. Elliot-Fisk, D. L. (1988), The boreal forest, in North American Terrestrial Vegetation, edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, pp. 33-62, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
25. Engling, G., P. Herckes, S. M. Kreidenweis, W. C. Malm, and J. L. Collett (2006), Composition of the fine organic aerosol in Yosemite National Park during the 2002 Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study, Atmos. Environ., 40(16). 2959-2972, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.041.
26. Ferek, R. J., J. S. Reid, P. V. Hobbs, D. R. Blake, and C. Liousse (1998), Emission factors of hydrocarbons, halocarbons, trace gases and particles from biomass burning in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24). 32,107-32,118. (Pubitemid 128665626)
27. Fine, P. M., G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit (2001), Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from fireplace combustion of woods grown in the northeastern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(13), 2665-2675, doi: 10.1021 /es00l466k.
28. Fine, P. M., G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit (2002a), Organic compounds in biomass smoke from residential wood combustion: Emissions characterization at a continental scale, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D21), 8349, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD000661. (Pubitemid 44793879)
29. Fine, P. M., G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit (2002b), Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of woods grown in the southern United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(5(7), 1442-1451, doi: 10.1021/esO 108988.
30. Fine, P. M., G. R. Cass, and B. R. T. Simoneit (2004), Chemical characterization of fine particle emissions from the fireplace combustion of wood types grown in the midwestern and western United States. Environ. Eng. Sci., 21(3), 387-409, doi:10.1089/109287504323067021. (Pubitemid 38579844)
31. Fites-Kaufman, J. A., P. Rundel, N. Stephenson, and D. A. Weixelman (2007), Montane and subalpine vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, in Terrestrial Vegetation of California, edited by M. G. Barbour et al., pp. 456-501, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley.
32. Franklin, J. F. (1988), Pacific northwest forests, in North American Terrestrial Vegetation, edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, pp. 103-130, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
33. Freeborn, P. FL, M. J. Wooster, W. M. Hao, C. A. Ryan, B. L. Nordgren, S. P. Baker, and C. Ichoku (2008), Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas and aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires, J. Geophvs. Res., 113, D01301, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008679.
34. French, N. H. I. E. S. Kasischke, and D. G. Williams (2002), Variability in the emission of carbon-based trace gases from wildfire in the Alaskanboreal forest, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8151, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000480,[printed 108(Dl), 2003].
35. Friedli, H. R., E. Atlas, V. R. Stroud, L. Giovanni, T. Campos, and L. F. Radke (2001), Volatile organic trace gases emitted from North American wildfires, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15(2), 435-452, doi:10.1029/ 2000GB001328.
36. Goode, J. G., R. J. Yokelson, R. A. Susott, and D. E. Ward (1999), Tracegas emissions from laboratory biomass fires measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: Fires in grass and surface fuels, J. Geophys. Res., 104(OM), 21,237-21.245, doi:10.1029/1999JD900360.
37. Goode, J. G., R. J. Yokelson, D. E. Ward, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, M. A. Davies, and W. M. Hao (2000). Measurements of excess O3, CO 2, CO, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, HCN, NO, NH3, HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCHO, and CH3OH in 1997 Alaskan biomass burning plumes by airborne fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., 105(011), 22,147-22,166, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900287.
38. Gorin, C. A., J. L. Collett, and P. Herckes (2006), Wood smoke contribution to winter aerosol in Fresno, CA, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56(11), 1584-1590.
39. Grieshop, A. P., J. M. Logue, N. M. Donahue, and A. L. Robinson (2009), Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: Measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263-1277.
40. Haines, T. K.. R. L. Busby, and D. A. Cleaves (2001), Prescribed burning in the south: Trends, purpose, and barriers, South. J. App. For., 25(4), 149-153.
41. Hardy, C. C, S. G. Conard, J. C. Regelbrugge, and D. R. Teesdale (1996), Smoke emissions from prescribed burning of southern California chaparral. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-486, 37 pp., Pac. Northwest Res. Stn., For. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric, Portland, Oreg.
42. Hays, M. D., C. D. Geron, K. J. Linna, N. D. Smith, and J. J. Schauer (2002), Speciation of gas-phase and fine particle emissions from burning of foliar fuels, Environ. Sci. Technol, 36(11), 2281-2295, doi:10.1021/es0111683. (Pubitemid 34595165)
43. Hegg, D. A., L. F. Radke, P. V. Hobbs, C. A. Brock, and P. J. Riggan (1987), Nitrogen and sulfur emissions from the burning of forest products near large urban areas, J. Geophys. Res., 92(D12), 14,701-14,709, doi: 10.1029/JD092iD12p14701.
44. Hopkins, R. J., K. Lewis, Y. Desyaterik, Z. Wang, A. V. Tivanski, W. P. Arnott, A. Laskin, and M. K. Gilles (2007), Correlations between optical, chemical and physical properties of biomass burn aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18806, doi:10.1029/2007GL030502. (Pubitemid 350186726)
45. Ichoku, C, J. V. Martins, Y. J. Kaufman, M. J. Wooster, P. H. Freeborn, W. M. Hao, S. Baker, C. A. Ryan, and B. L. Nordgren (2008), Laboratory investigation of fire radiative energy and smoke aerosol emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S09, doi:10.1029/2007JD009659.
46. Iinuma, Y., E. Bruggemann, T. Gnauk, K. Muller, M. O. Andreae, G. Helas, R. Parmar, and H. Herrmann (2007), Source characterization of biomass burning particles: The combustion of selected European conifers, African hardwood, savanna grass, and German and Indonesian peat, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08209, doi:10.1029/2006JD007120. (Pubitemid 46939400)
47. Jenkins, B. M., S. Q. Turn, R. B. Williams, D. P. Y. Chang, O. G. Raabe, J. Paskind, and S. Teague (1991), Quantitative assessment of gaseous and condensed phase emissions from open burning of biomass in a combustion wind-tunnel, in Global Biomass Burning, pp. 305-317, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
48. Jenkins, B. M., I. M. Kennedy, S. Q. Turn, R. B. Williams, S. G. Hall, S. V. Teague, D. P. Y. Chang, and O. G. Raabe (993), Wind-tunnel modeling of atmospheric emissions from agricultural burning-Influence of operating configuration on flame structure and particle-emission factor for a spreading-type fire, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27(9) 1763-1775 doi:10.1021/ es00046a002
49. Jenkins, B. M., A. D. Jones, S. Q. Turn, and R. B. Williams (1996), Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(8), 2462-2469, doi: 10.1021/es950699m. (Pubitemid 26266293)
50. Kasischke, E. S., N. L. Christensen, and B. J. Stocks (1995), Fire, global warming, and the carbon balance of boreal forests, Ecol. Appl., 5(2), 437-451, doi:10.2307/1942034.
51. Kasischke, E. S., E. J. Hyer, P. C. Novelli, L. P. Bruhwiler, N. H. F. French, A. I. Sukhinin, J. H. Hewson, and B. J. Stocks (2005), Influences of boreal fire emissions on Northern Hemisphere atmospheric carbon and carbon monoxide, Global Biogeochetn. Cycles, 19, GB1012, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002300. (Pubitemid 40801463)
52. Keeley, J. E., and F. W. Davis (2007), Chaparral, in Terrestrial Vegetation of California, edited by M. G. Barbour et al., pp. 339-366, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley.
53. Keene, W. C, R. M. Lobert, P. J. Crutzen, J. R. Maben, D. H. Scharffe, T. Landmann, C. Hely, and C. Brain (2006), Emissions of major gaseous and particulate species during experimental burns of southern African biomass, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D04301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006319.
54. Kirchstetter, T. W., C. E. Corrigan, and T. Novakov (2001), Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters, Atmos. Environ., 35(9), 1663-1671, doi:10.1016/'S1352-2310(00) 00448-9.
55. Kreidenweis, S. M., L. A. Remer, R. Bruintjes, and O. Dubovik (2001), Smoke aerosol from biomass burning in Mexico: Hygroscopic smoke optical model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D5), 4831-4844, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900488.
56. Kuhlbusch, T. A., J. M. Lobert, P. J. Crutzen, and P. Warneck (1991), Molecular nitrogen emissions from denitrification during biomass burning, Nature, 351(6322), 135-137, doi: 10.1038/351135a0.
57. Lee, T, S. M. Kreidenweis, and J. L. Collett (2004), Aerosol ion characteristics during the Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational Study, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 54(5), 585-592.
58. Lee, T., X. Y. Yu, B. Ayres, S. M. Kreidenweis, W. C. Malm, and J. L. Collett (2008), Observations of fine and coarse particle nitrate at several rural locations in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 42(11), 2720-2732, doi: 10.1016/j .atmosenv.2007.05.016.
59. Lewis, K.s W. P. Arnott, H. Moosmiiller, and C. E. Wold (2008), Strong spectral variation of biomass smoke light absorption and single scattering albedo observed with a novel dual wavelength photoacoustic instaunent, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16203, doi: 10.1029/2007JD009699.
60. Lipsky, E. M., and A. L. Robinson (2005), Design and evaluation of a portable dilution sampling system for measuring fine particle emissions from combustion systems, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39(6), 542-553.
61. Lipsky, E. M., and A. L. Robinson (2006), Effects of dilution on fine particle mass and partitioning of semivolatile organics in diesel exhaust and wood smoke, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(1), 155-162, doi:10.1021/es050319p. (Pubitemid 43069898)
62. Lobert, J. M., D. H. Scharffe, W. M. Hao, and P. J. Crutzen (1990), Importance of biomass burning in the atmospheric budgets of nitrogen-containing gases, Nature, 346(6284), 552-554, doi:10.1038/346552a0. (Pubitemid 20238803)
63. Lobert, J. M., D. H. Scharffe, W. M. Hao, T. A. Kuhlbusch, R. Seuwen, P. Warneck, and P. J. Crutzen (1991), Experimental evaluation of biomass burning emissions: Nitrogen and carbon containing compounds, in Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications, edited by J. S. Levine, pp. 289-304, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
64. Mader, B. T., and J. F. Pankow (2001), Gas/solid partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) to air filters. 3. An analysis of gas adsorption artifacts in measurements of atmospheric SOCs and organic carbon (OC) when using Teflon membrane filters and quartz fiber filters, Environ. Sci. Technol, 35(11), 3422-3432, doi:10.1021/es0015951. (Pubitemid 32848686)
65. Malm, W. C, B. A. Schichtel, M. L. Pitchford, L. L. Ashbaugh, and R. A. Eldred (2004), Spatial and monthly trends in speciated fine particle concentration in the United States, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03306, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003739.
66. McMeeking, G. R., et al. (2006), Smoke-impacted regional haze in California during the summer of 2002, Agric. For. Meteorol, 137(1-2), 25-42, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.01.011.
67. Muhle, J., T. J. Lueker, Y. Su, B. R. Miller, K. A. Prather, and R. F. Weiss (2007), Trace gas and particulate emissions from the 2003 southern California wildfires, .J. Geophvs. Res., 112, D03307, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007350. (Pubitemid 47248882)
68. Naeher, L. P., M. Brauer, M. Lipsett, J. T. Zelikoff, C. D. Simpson, J. Q. Koenig, and K. R. Smith (2007), Woodsmoke health effects: A review, Inhal. Toxicol., 19(1), 67-106, doi:10.1080/08958370600985875. (Pubitemid 44863605)
69. Obrist, D., H. Moosmiiller, R. Schurmann, L. W. A. Chen, and S. M. Kreidenweis (2008), Particulate-phase and gaseous elemental mercury emissions during biomass combustion: Controlling factors and correlation with particulate matter emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol, 42(3), 721-727, doi:10.1021/es071279n. (Pubitemid 351213939)
70. O'Neill, N. T., T F. Eck, B. N. Holben, A. Smirnov, A. Royer, and Z. Li (2002), Optical properties of boreal forest fire smoke derived from Sun photometry, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D11), 4125, doi:10.1029/2001JD000877.
71. Park, R. J., D. J. Jacob, N. Kumar, and R. M. Yantosca (2006), Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule, Atmos. Environ., 40(28), 5405-5423, doi:10.1016/j,atmosenv,2006.04.059.
72. Park, R. J., D. J. Jacob, and J. A. Logan (2007), Fire and biofuel contributions to annual mean aerosol mass concentrations in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 41(35), 7389-7400, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.061. (Pubitemid 350052651)
73. Peet, R. K. (1988), Forests of the Rocky Mountains, in North American Terrestrial Vegetation, edited by M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, pp. 63-101, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
74. Perrino, C, and M. Gherardi (1999), Optimization of the coating layer for the measurement of ammonia by diffusion denuders, Atmos. Environ., 33(28) 4579-4587, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00273-283
75. Perrino, C, F. Desantis, and A. Febo (1990), Criteria for the choice of a denuder sampling technique devoted to the measurement of atmospheric nitrous and nitric-acids, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 24(3), 617-626.
76. Petters, M. D., et al. (2009a), Ice nuclei emissions from biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07209, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011532.
77. Petters, M. D., C. M. Carrico, S. M. Kreidenweis, A. J. Prenni, P. J. DeMott, J. L. Collett, and H. Moosmüller (2009b), Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JD012353, in press.
78. Pfister, G. G., P. G. Hess, L. K. Emmons, P. J. Rasch, and F. M. Vitt (2008), Impact of the summer 2004 Alaska fires on top of the atmosphere clear-sky radiation fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D02204, doi:10.1029/ 2007JD008797.
79. Phuleria, H. C, P. M. Fine, Y. F. Zhu, and C. Sioutas (2005), Air quality impacts of the October 2003 southern California wildfires, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07S20, doi:10.1029/2004JD004626. (Pubitemid 43066318)
80. Reid, J. S., R. Koppmann, T. F. Eck, and D. P. Eleuterio (2005), A review of biomass burning emissions part II: Intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Client. Phys., 5, 799-825.
81. Robinson, A. L., R. Subramanian, N. M. Donahue, A. Bernardo-Bricker, and W. F. Rogge (2006), Source apportionment of molecular markers and organic aerosol. 2. Biomass smoke, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(24), 7811-7819, doi: 10.1021/es060782h. (Pubitemid 46012580)
82. Roden, C. A., T. C. Bond, S. Conway, A. Benjamin, and O. Pinel (2006), Emission factors and real-time optical properties of particles emitted from traditional wood burning cookstoves, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40(21), 6750-6757, doi:10.1021/es052080i. (Pubitemid 44721918)
83. Schultz, M. G., A. Heil, J. J. Hoelzemann, A. Spessa, K. Thonicke, J. G. Goldammer, A. C. Held, J. M. C. Pereira, and M. van het Bolscher (2008) . Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cvcles, 22, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2007GB003031.
84. Sinha, P., P. V. Hobbs, R. J. Yokelson, I. T. Bertschi, D. R. Blake, I. J. Simpson, S. Gao, T. W. Kirchstetter, and T. Novakov (2003), Emissions of trace gases and particles from savanna fires in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8487, doi:10.1029/2002JD002325.
85. Spracklen, D. V., J. A. Logan, L. J. Mickley, R. J. Park, R. Yevich, A. L. Westerling, and D. A. Jaffe (2007), Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer, Geophys. Res. Lett, 34, L16816, doi:10.1029/2007GL030037. (Pubitemid 350065370)
86. Stohl, A., et al. (2006), Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American boreal forest fires during summer 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D22214, doi:10.1029/2006JD007216. (Pubitemid 47386228)
87. Sullivan, A. P., and R. J. Weber (2006), Chemical characterization of the ambient organic aerosol soluble in water: 2. Isolation of acid, neutral, and basic fractions by modified size-exclusion chromatography, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05315, doi:10.1029/2005JD006486.
88. Sullivan, A. P., A. S. Holden, L. A. Patterson, G. R. McMeeking, S. M. Kreidenweis, W. C. Malm, W. M. Hao, C. E. Wold, and J. L. Collett Jr. (2008), A method for smoke marker measurements and its potential application for determining the contribution of biomass burning from wildfires and prescribed fires to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon, J. Geophvs. Res. 113 D22302 doi: 10.1029/2008JD010216.
89. Trentmann, J, G. Luderer, T. Winterrath, M. D. Fromm, R. Servranckx, C. Textor, M. Herzog, H. F. Graf, and M. O. Andreae (2006), Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part I): Reference simulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6. 5247-5260. (Pubitemid 44777170)
90. Turn, S. Q., B. M. Jenkins, J. C. Chow, L. C. Pritchett, D. Campbell, T. Cahill, and S. A. Whalen (1997), Elemental characterization of particulate matter emitted from biomass burning: Wind tunnel derived source profiles for herbaceous and wood fuels. J. Geophys. Res., /02(D3), 3683-3699, doi:10.1029/96JD02979.
91. Turpin, B. J., J. J. Huntzicker, and S. V. Hering (1994), Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los Angeles basin, Atmos. Environ., 28(19), 3061-3071, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)00133-6.
92. van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and A. F. Arellano (2006), Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,3423-3441. (Pubitemid 44272961)
93. Viana, M., et al. (2008), Tracers and impact of open burning of rice straw residues on PM in eastern Spain, Atmos. Environ.,42(8), 1941-1957, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.012.
94. Ward, D. E., and C. C. Hardy (1991), Smoke emissions from wildland fires, Environ. Int.,17(2-3), 117-134, doi: 10.1016/0160-4120(91)90095-8.
95. Ward, D. E., and L. F. Radke (1993), Emission measurements from vegetation fires: A comparative evaluation of methods and results, in Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric, and Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires, edited by P. J. Crutzen and J.-G. Goldammer, pp. 53-76, John Wiley, Chichester, U. K.
96. Watson, J. G. (2002), Visibility: Science and regulation, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 52(6), 628-713.
97. Watson, J. G., J. C. Chow, and L.-W. Antony Chen (2005), Summary of organic and elemental/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 5(1), 65-102.
98. West, N. E., and J. A. Young (2000), Intennountain valleys and lower mountain slopes, in North American Terrestrial Vegetation, edited by M. G. Barbour, pp. 255-284, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
99. Wiedinmyer, C, B. Quayle, C. Geron, A. Belote, D. McKenzie, X. Y. Zhang, S. O'Neill, and K. K. Wynne (2006), Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 40(19), 3419-3432, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010. (Pubitemid 43766469)
100. Yang, H. H., C. H. Tsai, M. R. Chao, Y. L. Su, and S. M. Chien (2006), Source identification and size distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during rice straw burning period, Atmos. Environ., 40(1), 1266-1274, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.032. (Pubitemid 43124023)
101. Yokelson, R. J., D. W. T. Griffith, and D. E. Ward (1996), Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D15), 21,067-21,080, doi:10.1029/96JD01800.
102. Yokelson, R. J., R. Susott, D. E. Ward, J. Reardon, and D. W. T. Griffith (1997), Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D15). 18,865-18,877, doi:10.1029/97JD00852.
103. Yokelson, R. J., J. G. Goode, D. E. Ward, R. A. Susott, R. E. Babbitt, D. D. Wade, I. Bertschi, D. W. T. Griffith, and W. M. Hao (1999), Emissions of formaldehyde, acetic acid, methanol, and other trace gases from biomass fires in North Carolina measured by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D23), 30,109-30,125, doi:10.1029/1999JD900817.
104. Yokelson, R. J., I. T. Bertschi, T. J. Christian, P. V. Hobbs, D. E. Ward, and W. M. Hao (2003), Trace gas measurements in nascent, aged, and cloud-processed smoke from African savanna fires by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR), J. Geophys. Res., I08(D13), 8478, doi:10.1029/2002JD002322.
105. Yokelson, R. J., T. Karl, P. Artaxo, D. R. Blake, T. J. Christian, D. W. T. Griffith, A. Guenther, and W. M. Hao (2007a), The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment: Overview and airborne fire emission factor measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5175-5196. (Pubitemid 47550162)
106. Yokelson, R. J., et al. (2007b), Emissions from forest fires near Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5569-5584.
107. Yokelson, R. J., T. J. Christian, T. G. Karl, and A. Guenther (2008), The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: Laboratory fire measurements and synthesis of campaign data, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 4221-4266.
108. Yu, X. Y, T. Lee, B. Ayres, S. M. Kreidenweis, W. Malm, and J. L. Collett (2006), Loss of fine particle ammonium from denuded nylon filters, Atmos. Environ., 40(25), 4797-4807, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2006.03.061.