The diagnosis of endemic mycoses

Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 291-354

  Graybill, John R ^a   Anstead, Gregory M ^b   Queiroz Telles, Flavio ^c  

^a Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 83655204741     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (193)

1. Wheat LJ. Histoplasmosis. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 1988; 2:841-59.
2. Chandler F, Ajello L. Histoplasmosis duboisii. In: Connor D, Chandler F, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997:1017-22.
3. Bradsher RW. Blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14(Suppl. 1):S82-90.
4. Pappas PG, Pottage JC, Powderly WG, et al. Blastomycosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:847-53.
5. Assaly RA, Hammersley JR, Olson DE, et al. Disseminated blastomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48:123-7.
6. Crampton TL, Light RB, Berg GM, et al. Epidemiology and clinical spectrum of blastomycosis diagnosed at Manitoba hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:1310-6.
7. Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D. Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:629-35.
8. Londero AT, Severo LC. The gamut of progressive pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 1981; 75:65-74.
9. Greer DL, Restrepo A. La epidemiologia de la paracoccidioidomicosis. Bol Sanit Panama 1977; 83:428-45.
10. Golgani LZ, Sugar AM. Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1275-81.
11. Galgiani JN. Coccidioidomycosis: a regional disease of national importance— rethinking approaches for control. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:293-300.
12. Fish DG, Ampel NM, Galgiani JN, et al. Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990; 69:394-8.
13. Ampel NM, Dols CL, Galgiani JN. Coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of a prospective study in a coccidioidal endemic area. Am J Med 1993; 94:235-40.
14. Woods CW, McRill C, Plikaytis BD, et al. Coccidioidomycosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Arizona, 1994-1997: incidence, risk factors, and prevention. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1428-34.
15. Pappagianis D. Epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis. In: Stevens DA, ed. Coccidioidomycosis: A Text. New York: Plenum, 1980:63-85.
16. Borelli D. Prevalence of systemic mycoses in Latin America. In: Pan American Health Organization, editor. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Mycoses. Publication No. 205. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1970:28-38.
17. Posadas A. Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con psorospermias. An Circ Med Argent 1892; 15:585-97.
18. Bialek R, Kern J, Herrmann T, et al. PCR assays for identification of Coccidioides posadasii based on the nucleotide sequence of the antigen 2/proline-rich antigen. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:778-83.
19. Supparatpinyo K, Khamwan C, Baosoung V, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in Southeast Asia. Lancet 1994; 344:110-3.
20. Duong TA. Infection due to Penicillium marneffei, an emerging pathogen: review of 155 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23:125-30.
21. Deng Z, Ribas J, Gibson DW, Connor DH. Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei in China and Southeast Asia. Review of 18 published cases and report of four more cases. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10:640-52.
22. Goodwin RA, Nickell JA, Dez Prez RM. Mediastinal fibrosis complicating healed histoplasmosis and tuberculosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972; 51:227-32.
23. Goodwin RA, Owens F T, Snell JD, et al. Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55:413-52.
24. Goodwin RA, Shapiro JL, Thurman GH, Thurman SS, Des Prez RM. Disseminated histoplasmosis: clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine (Baltimore) 1980; 59:1-33.
25. Edwards LB, Acquaviva FA, Livesay VT, Cross F W, Palmer CE. An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99(Suppl.):1-132.
26. Silverman FN, Schwarts J, Lahey ME, Carson RP. Histoplasmosis. Am J Med 1955; 19:410-59.
27. McKinsey DS, Spiegel RA, Hutwagner L, et al. Prospective study of histoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1195-203.
28. Sigrest ML, Lummus FL, Campbell GD, Busey JF, Allison FJ. Effect of diagnostic skin testing on antibody levels for histoplasmosis. N Engl J Med 1963; 269:390-4.
29. Hajjeh RA. Disseminated histoplasmosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(Suppl. 1):S108-10.
30. Ashford DA, Hajjeh RA, Kelley MF, Kaufman L, Hutwagner L, McNeil MM. Outbreak of histoplasmosis among cavers attending the National Speleological Society Annual Convention, Texas, 1994. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 60:899-903.
31. Wheat LJ. Histoplasmosis in Indianapolis. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:591-9.
32. Wheat LJ, Slama TG, Eitzen HE, Kohler RB, French MLV, Biesecker JL. A large urban outbreak of histoplasmosis: clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:331-7.
33. Wheat J. Histoplasmosis: recognition and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19(Suppl. 1):S19-27.
34. Goodwin RA, Snell JD, Jr. The enlarging histoplasmoma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100:1-12.
35. Feigin DS, Eggleston JC, Siegelman SS. The multiple roentgen manifestations of sclerosing mediastinitis. Johns Hopkins Med J 1979; 144:1-8.
36. Loyd JE, Tillman BF, Atkinson JB, Des Prez RM. Mediastinal fibrosis complicating histoplasmosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 297:295-310.
37. Rubin H, Furculow ML, Yates JL, Bradsher CA. The course and prognosis of histoplasmosis. Am J Med 1959; 27:278-88.
38. Ongkosuwito JV, Kortbeek LM, Van der Lelij A, et al. Aetiological study of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome in the Netherlands. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83:535-9.
39. Wheat LJ, Chetchotisakd P, Williams B, Connolly P, Shutt K, Hajjeh R. Factors associated with severe manifestations of histoplasmosis in AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:877-81.
40. Warnock D, Morrison C. Serodiagnosis: antibody and antigen detection. In: Maertens J, Marr K, eds. Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2007:65-120.
41. Warnock DW. Amphotericin B: an introduction. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28:27-38.
42. Wheat LJ. Current diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Trends Microbiol 2003; 11:488-94.
43. Wheat LJ, French MLV, Kohler RB. The diagnostic laboratory tests for histoplasmosis: analysis of experience in a large urban outbreak. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:680-5.
44. Waite RT, Woods GL. Evaluation of BACTEC MYCO/F Lytic Medium for recovery of mycobacteria and fungi from blood. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1176-9.
45. Klatt EC, Cosgrove M, Meyer PR. Rapid diagnosis in disseminated histoplasmosis in tissues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110:1173-5.
46. Patino MM, Graybill JR, Hansen JT. Immunocytochemical staining of Histoplasma capsulatum at the electron microscopic level. Mycopathologia 1986; 94:157-61.
47. Graybill JR, Patino MM, Ahrens J. In situ localization of antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum using colloidal gold immune electron microscopy. Mycopathologia 1988; 104:181-8.
48. Bauman DS, Smith CD. Comparison of immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2:77-80.
49. Bullock WE. Histoplasma capsulatum. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York: Churchill-Livingston, 1994:2340-53.
50. Pine L, Bradley G, Gross M, Gray SB. Evaluation of purified H and M antigens of Histoplasmin as reagents in the complement fixation test. Sabouraudia 1978; 16:257-69.
51. Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, French MLV, et al. Immunoglobulin M and G histoplasmal antibody response in histoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:65-70.
52. Williams B, Fojtasek M, Connolly-Stringfield P, Wheat J. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection during an outbreak in Indianapolis, Ind. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118:1205-8.
53. Kaufman L, Kovacs JA, Reiss E. Clinical immunomycology. In: Rose NR, deMacario EC, Folds JD, Lane HC, Nakamura RM, eds. Manual of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology, 1997:559-76.
54. Guimaraes AJ, Pizzini CV, Guedes HLM, et al. ELISA for early diagnosis of histoplasmosis. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:509-14.
55. Pizzini CV, Zancope-Oliviera RM, Reiss E, Hajjeh R, Kauffman L, Peralta JM. Evaluation of a Western blot test in an outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6:20-3.
56. Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, Tewari R. Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:83-8.
57. Durkin MM, Connolly PA, Wheat LJ. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2252-5.
58. Wheat LJ, Garringer T, Brizendine E, Connolly P. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antrigen detection based on experience at the histoplasmosis reference laboratory. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 43:29-37.
59. Wheat LJ, Wheat H, Connolly P, et al. Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1169-71.
60. Wheart LJ, Kohler RB, Tewari RP, Garten M, French MLV. Significance of Histoplasma antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:302-4.
61. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Blair R, et al. Effect of successful treatment with amphotericin B on Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum polysaccharide antigen levels in patients with AIDS and histoplasmosis. Am J Med 1992; 92:153-60.
62. Wheat LJ, Cloud G, Johnson PC, et al. Clearance of fungal burden during treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis with liposomal amphotericin B versus itraconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2354-7.
63. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Kohler RB, Frame P T, Gupta MR. Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen detection in diagnosis and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Amer J Med 1989; 87:396-400.
64. Gomez BL, Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, et al. Detection of the 70-kilodalton Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum of histoplasmosis patients: correlation between antigenemia and therapy during followup. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:675-80.
65. Bialek R, Ernst F, Dietz K, et al. Comparison of staining methods and a nested PCR assay to detect Histoplasma capsulatum in tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117:597-603.
66. Bialek R, Feucht A, Aepinus C, et al. Evaluation of two nested PCR assays for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum DNA in human tissue. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1644-7.
67. Corcoran GR, Al-Abdely H, Flaners CD, Geimer J, Patterson TF. Markedly elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels are a clue to the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:942-7.
68. Gugnani HC, Muotoe-Okafor FA, Kaufman L, Dupont B. A natural focus of Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii is a bat cave. Mycopathologia 2004; 127:151-7.
69. Carme B, Ngaporo AI, Ngolet A, Ibara JR, Ebikili B. Disseminated African histoplasmosis in a Congolese patient with AIDS. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30:245-8.
70. Arendt V, Coremans-Pelseneer J, Bril T, Bujan-Boza W, Fondu P. African histoplasmosis in a Belgian AIDS patient. Mycoses 1991; 34:59-61.
71. Onwuasoigwe O, Gugnani HC. African histoplasmosis: osteomyelitis of the radius. Mycoses 1998; 41:105-7.
72. Arlet JB, Furco-Mazzantini A, Huerre M, Neuville S, Molina JM. African histoplasmosis infection with peritoneal involvement. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:342-4.
73. Sanguino JC, Rodrigues B, Baptista A, Quina M. Focal lesion of African histoplasmosis presenting as a malignant gastric ulcer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996; 43:771-5.
74. Olasoji HO, Pindiga UH, Adeosun OO. African oral histoplasmosis mimicking lip carcinoma: case report. East Afr Med J 1999; 76:475-6.
75. Musoke F. Spinal African histoplasmosis simulating tuberculous spondylitis. Afr Health Sci 2001; 1:28-9.
76. Ajello L. Histoplasmosis. A dual entity: histoplasmosis capsulati and histoplasmosis duboisii. Ig Mod 1983; 79:3-30.
77. Anstead GM, Graybill JR. Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical Infectious Diseases. Principles, Pathogens, and Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2006:903-17.
78. De Groote MA, Bjerke R, Smith H, Rhodes LV, III. Expanding epidemiology of blastomycosis: clinical features and investigation of 2 cases in Colorado. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:582-4.
79. Keon AF, Blumberg LH. North American blastomycosis in South Africa simulating tuberculosis. Clin Radiol 1999; 54:260-2.
80. Baily GG, Robertson VJ, Neill P, Garrido P, Levy LF. Blastomycosis in Africa: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:1005-8.
81. Klein BS, Vergeront JM, DiSalvo AF, Kaufman L, David JP. Two outbreaks of blastomycosis along rivers in Wisconsin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:1333-8.
82. Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Weeks RJ. Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in soil asociated with a large outbreak of blastomycosis in Wisconsin. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:529-34.
83. Baumgardner DJ, Burdick JS. An outbreak of human and canine blastomycosis. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:898-905.
84. Armstrong CW, Jenkins SR, Kaufman L, Kerkering TM, Rouse BS, Miller GB. Common source outbreak of blastomycosis in hunters and their dogs. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:568-9.
85. Bradsher RW. Water and blastomycosis: don’t blame beaver. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:1324-6.
86. Ahkee S, Huang A, Raff MJ, Ramirez JA. Acute miliary blastomycosis in an AIDS patient. J Ky Med Assoc 1994; 92:450-2.
87. Tan G, Kaufman L, Peterson EM, De la Maza LM. Disseminated atypical blastomycosis in two patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16:107-11.
88. Herd AM, Greenfield SB, Thompson GW. Miliary blastomycosis and HIV infection. Can Med Assoc J 1990; 143:1329-30.
89. Meyer KC, McManus EJ, Maki DG. Overwhelming pulmonary blastomycosis associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1231-6.
90. Sriram PS, Knox KS, Busk MF, Sarosi GA, Mastronarde JG. A 19-year-old man with nonresolving pneumonia—pulmonary blastomycosis. Chest 2004; 125:330-3.
91. Sarosi GA, Davies SF. Blastomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120:911-38.
92. Lemos LB, Baliaga M, Guo M. Blastomycosis: the great pretender can also be an opportunist. Initial clinical diagnosis and underlying diseases in 123 patients. Ann Diagn Pathol 2002; 6:194-203.
93. Bradsher RW. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22(Suppl. 2): S102-11.
94. Wallace J. Pulmonary blastomycosis—A great masquerader. Chest 2002; 121: 677-9.
95. Martynowicz MA, Prakash UBS. Pulmonary blastomycosis—an appraisal of diagnostic techniques. Chest 2002; 121:768-73.
96. Alkrinawi S, Reed MH, Pasterkamp H. Pulmonary blastomycosis in children: findings on chest radiographs. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:651-4.
97. Smith JR, Harris JS, Conant NF, Smith JT. An epidemic of North American blastomycosis. JAMA 1951; 158:641-5.
98. Woofter MJ, Cripps DJ, Warner TF. Verrucous plaques on the face—North American blastomycosis. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136:547-50.
99. Blackledge FA, Newlands SD. Blastomycosis of the petrous apex. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 124:347-9.
100. Veligandla SR, Hinrichs SH, Rupp ME, Lien EA, Neff JR, Iwen PC. Delayed diagnosis of osseous blastomycosis in two patients following environmental exposure in nonendemic areas. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:536-41.
101. Hardjasudarma M, Willis B, Black-Payne C, Edwards R. Pediatric spinal blastomycosis: case report. Neurosurgery 1995; 37:534-6.
102. Chowfin A, Tight R, Mitchell S. Recurrent blastomycosis of the central nervous system: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:969-71.
103. Bradsher RW, Pappas PG. Detection of specific antibodies in human blastomycosis by enzyme immunoassay. South Med J 1995; 88:1256-9.
104. Klein BS, Kuritsky HN, Chappell WA. Comparison of the enzyme immunoassay, immunodiffusion, and complement fixation tests in determining antibody in human sera to the A antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:144-8.
105. Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Kaufman L, et al. Serological tests for blastomycosis: assessments during a large point-source outbreak in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:262-8.
106. Garner JA, Kernodle D. False-positive Histoplasma antigen test in a patient with pulmonary blastomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1054.
107. Durkin M, Witt J, LeMonte A, Wheat B, Connolly P. Antigen assay with the potential to aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4873-5.
108. Stevens DA. Current concepts: coccidioidomycosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1077-82.
109. Fisher FS, Bultman MW, Pappagianis D. Operational guidelines for geological fieldwork in areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever). Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 2000 (open-file report 00-348).
110. Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Dismukes W, Pappas P, Sobel J, eds. Clinical Mycology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003:311-27.
111. Perera P, Stone S. Coccidioidomycosis in workers at an archeologic site—Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, June-July 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 39(5):566-9.
112. Ampel NM. Coccidioidomycosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Sem Respir Infect 2001; 16:257-62.
113. Wright PW, Pappagianis D, Wilson M, et al. Donor-related coccidioidomycosis in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1265-9.
114. Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, et al. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-a antagonists. Arthrit Rheum 2004; 50:1959-66.
115. Panackal AA, Dahlman A, Keil KT, et al. Outbreak of invasive aspergillosis among renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 2003; 75:1050-3.
116. Panackal A, Hajjeh R, Cetron M, Warnock D. Fungal infections among returning travelers. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1088-95.
117. Collins C, Kennedy DA. Laboratory-Acquired Infections. Boston, MA: Butterworth- Heinemann, 1999.
118. Flynn N, Hoeprich P, Kawachi M, et al. An unusual outbreak of windborne coccidioidomycosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:358-61.
119. Schneider E, Hajjeh R, Spiegel R, et al. A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following Northridge, Calif, earthquake. JAMA 1997; 277:904-8.
120. Drutz D. Coccidioidal pneumonia. In: Pennington J, ed. Respiratory Infections: Diagnosis and Management. New York: Raven Press, 1983:353-73.
121. Hyde L. Coccidioidal pulmonary cavitation. Dis Chest 1968; 54(Suppl. 1):273-6.
122. Rosenstein N, Emery K, Werner S, et al. Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidoidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:708-15.
123. Huntington RW, Jr. Coccidioidomycosis—a great imitator disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110:182.
124. Peterson CM, Schuppert K, Kelly PC, Pappagianis D. Coccidioidomycosis and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecolog Surv 1993; 48:149-56.
125. Gallant J, Ko A. Cavitary pulmonary lesions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:671-82.
126. Kelly PC. Coccidioidal meningitis. In: Stevens DA, ed. Coccidioidomycosis: a text. New York: Plenum, 1980:163-93.
127. Ragland AS, ARSURA E, Ismail Y, Johnson R. Eosinophilic pleocytosis in coccidioidal meningitis: frequency and significance. Am J Med 1993; 95:254-7.
128. Mischel PS, Vinters HV. Coccidioidomycosis of the central nervous system: neuropathological and vasculopathic manifestations and clinical correlates. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:400-5.
129. Williams PL, Johnson R, Pappagianis D, et al. Vasculitic and encephalitic complications associated with Coccidioides immitis infection of the central nervous system in humans: report of 10 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:673-82.
130. Vincent T, Galgiani JN, Huppert M, Salkin D. The natural history of coccidioidal meningitis: VA-armed forces cooperative studies, 1955-1958. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16:247-54.
131. Banuelos AE, Williams PL, Johnson RH, et al. Central nervous system abscesses due to Coccidioides species. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 22:240-50.
132. Kushwaha V, Shaw B, Gerardi J, Oppenheim WL. Musculoskeletal coccidioidomycosis. A review of 25 cases. Clinical Orthopedics 1996; 332:190-9.
133. Walsh T, Larone D, Schell W. Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and other dimorphic fungi causing systemic mycoses. In: Murray P, Baron E, Pfaller M, Jorgensen J, Yolken R, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003.
134. Wallace J, Catanzaro A, Moser K, Ashburn W. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosing pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123:286-90.
135. Forseth J, Rohwedder B, Levine B, Sarbolle M. Experience with needle biopsy for coccidioidal lung nodules. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:319-20.
136. McGinnis M. Detection of fungi in cerebrospinal fluid. Am J Med 2004; 75:129-38.
137. Pappagianis D, Chandler F. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Connor DH, Chandler W, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997:977-87.
138. Watts J, Chandler FW. Rhinosporidosis. In: Connor D, Chandler F, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997:1085-8.
139. Watts J, Chandler F. Adiaspiromycosis. In: Connor D, Chandler F, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997:929-32.
140. Ramsay E, Chandler F, Connor D. Protothecosis. In: Connor D, Chandler F, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997:1067-72.
141. Johnson S, Simmons K, Pappagianis D. Amplification of coccidioidal DNA in clinical specimens by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1982-5.
142. Ranjana K, Singh T, Priyokamar K. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection among HIV-infected patients in Manipur State, India. J Infect 2002; 45:268-71.
143. Singh PN, Ranjana K, Singh YI, et al. Indigenous disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in the state of Manipur, India: Report of four autochthonous cases. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2699-702.
144. Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Suppuratpinyo K. A case control study of risk factors for Penicillium marneffei infections in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients in Northern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1080-6.
145. Chariyalertsak S, Supparatpinyo K, Sirisanthana T, Nelson KE. A controlled trial of itraconazole as primary prophylaxis for systemic fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 34:277-84.
146. Hilmarsdottir I, Meynard J, Rogeaux O. Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus: a report of two cases and review of 35 published cases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6:466-71.
147. Chariyalertsak S, Suppuratpinyo K, Sirisanthana T, Nelson KE. Seasonal variation of disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in northern Thailand: a clue to the reservoir. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:1490-3.
148. Chariyalertsak S, Vanittanakom P, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T, Vanittanakom N. Rhizomys sumatrensis and Cannomys badius, new natural animal hosts of Penicillium marneffei. J Med Vet Mycology 1996; 34:105-10.
149. Perea S, Patterson T. Endemic mycoses. In: Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M, eds. Clinical Mycology. New York: Churchill Livingston, 2003.
150. Louthrenoo W, Thamprasert K, Sirisanthana T. Osteoarticular penicilliosis marneffei: a report of eight cases and review of the literature. Br J Rheumatol 2004; 33:1145-994.
151. Borradori L, Schmit JC, Stetzhowski M, Dussoix P, Surat JH, Filthuth I. Penicilliosis marneffei in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:843-6.
152. McGinnis M, Chandler F. Penicillosis marneffei. In: Connor D, Chandler F, Manz H, Schwartz D, Lack E, eds. Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1997.
153. Kaufman L, Standard P, Anderson S, Jalbert M, Swisher B. Development of specific fluorescent-antibody test for tissue form of Penicillium marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2136-8.
154. Sekhon A, Li J, Grag A. Penicilliosis marneffei: serological and exoantigens studies. Mycopathologia 1982; 77:51.
155. Yuen K, Wong SS, Tsang DN, Chau P. Serodiagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection. Lancet 1994; 344:444-5.
156. Chaiyaroj SC, Chawengkirttikul R, Sirisinha S, Watkins P, Srinoulprasert Y. Antigen detection assay for identification of Penicillium marneffei infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:432-4.
157. Desakorn V, Simpson A, Wuthiekanun V. Development and evaluation of rapid urinary antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of penicilliosis marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3179-83.
158. Prariyachatigul C, Geenkajorn K. Development and evaluation of a one-tube semi-nested PCR assay for the detection and identification of Penicillium marneffei. Mycoses 2003; 46:447-54.
159. LoBuglio KF, Taylor JW. Phylogeny and PCR identification of the human pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:85-9.
160. Vanittanakom N, Merz W, Sittisombut N, Khamwan C, Nelson KE, Sirisanthana T. Specific identification of Penicillium marneffei by a polymerase chain reaction/hybridization technique. Med Mycol 1998; 36:169-75.
161. Blotta MH, Mamoni RL, Oliveira SJ, et al. Endemic regions of paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazil: a clinical and epidemiologic study of 584 cases in the southeast region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61:390-4.
162. Wanke B, Londero AT. Epidemiology and paracoccidioidomycosis infection. In: Franco M, ed. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:109-20.
163. Colombo A, Kauffmann CA, Queiroz-Telles F. Paracoccidioidomycosis. In: Mandell GD, ed. Atlas of Fungal Infectious, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Springer, 2007:53-67.
164. McEwen JG, Bedoya V, Patino MM, Salazar MA, Restrepo A. Experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis induced by the inhalation of conidia. J Med Vet Mycol 1987; 25:165-75.
165. Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:89-117.
166. Ricci G, Mota FT, Wakamatsu A, Serafim RC, Borra RC, Franco M. Canine paracoccidioidomycosis. Med Mycol 2004; 42:379-83.
167. Aristizabal BH, Clemons KV, Stevens DA, Restrepo A. Morphological transition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to yeast cells: in vivo inhibition in females. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5587-91.
168. Gomez BL, Diez S, Youngchim S, et al. Detection of melanin-like pigments in the dimorphic fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in vitro and during infection. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5760-7.
169. Negroni R. Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis, Lutz’s mycosis). Int J Dermatol 2005; 32:847-59.
170. Restrepo A, Robledo M, Giraldo R, et al. The gamut of paracoccidioidomycosis. Am J Med 1976; 61:33-42.
171. Severo LC, Geyer GR, Londero AT, Porto NS, Rizzon CF. The primary pulmonary lymph node complex in paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 1979; 67:115-8.
172. Bernard G, Duarte AJS. Paracoccidioidomycosis: a model for evaluation of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the natural history of endemic tropical diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:1032-9.
173. Goldani LZ, Sugar AM. Paracoccidioidomycosis and AIDS: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1275-81.
174. Bethlem NM, Lemle A, Bethlem E, Wanke B. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Sem Respir Med 1991; 12:81-6.
175. Ramos CD, Londero AT, Gal MC. Pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in a nine year old girl. Mycopathologia 1981; 74:15-8.
176. Pereira RM, Bucaretchi F, Barison E, Hessel G, Tresoldi AT. Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: Clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:127-31.
177. Londero AT, Severo LC. The gamut of progressive pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Arch Med Res 1995; 26:305-6.
178. Funari M, Kavakama J, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, et al. Chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): High-resolution CT findings in 41 patients. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173:59-64.
179. Colombo AL, Faical S, Kater CE. Systematic evaluation of the adrenocortical function in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Mycopathologia 1994; 127:89-93.
180. Leal AMO, Magalhaes PKR, Martinez R, Moreira AC. Adrenocortical hormones and interleukin patterns in paracoccidioidomycosis. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:124-7.
181. De Almeida SM, Queiroz-Telles F, Teive HA, Ribeiro CE, Werneck LC. Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: clinical features and laboratory findings. J Infect 2004; 48:193-8.
182. Elias JJ, Dos Santos AC, Carlotti CG, Jr., et al. Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Surg Neurol 2005; 63(Suppl. 1):S13-21.
183. De Castro CC, Benard G, Ygaki Y, Shikanai-Yasuda M, Cerri GG. MRI of head and neck paracoccidioidomycosis. Br J Radiol 1999; 72:717-22.
184. Restrepo A, Cano LE. Recovery of fungi from seeded sputum samples: effect of culture media and digestion procedures. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1981; 23:178-84.
185. Queiroz-Telles F. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Ultrastructural findings. In: Franco M, ed. Paracoccidioidomycosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:27-47.
186. Marques da Silva SH, Colombo AL, Blotta MHSL, Lopes JD, Queiroz-Telles F, Pires de Camargo Z. Detection of circulating gp43 antigen in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3675-80.
187. Neves AR, Mamoni RL, Pires de Camargo Z, Blotta MHSL. Negative immunodiffusion test results obtained with sera of paracoccidioidomycosis patients may be related to low-avidity immunoglobulin G2 antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10:802-7.
188. Queiroz-Telles F, Colombo AL, Nucci M. Comparative efficacy of cotrimoxazole and itraconazole in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. In: 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 38, 1998 (Abstract J-142).
189. Bialek R, Ibricevic A, Aepinus C, Najvar LK, Fothergill A, Graybill JR. Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in tissue samples by a nested PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2940-2.
190. Gomes GM, Cisalpino PS, Taborda CP, De Camargo ZP. PCR for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3478-80.
191. Wanke B, Lazera M, Monteiro PC. et al. Investigation of an outbreak of endemic coccidiomycosis in Brazil’s north eastern state of Piani´ with a review of the occurence and distribution of Coccidiodes Immitis in three other Brazilian states. Mycopathologia 1999; 148:57-67.
192. Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, et al. Phenotypic characterization and ecological features of Coccidiodes spp. from Northeast Brazil. Med Mycol 2006; 44(7):631-9.
193. Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Rocha MF, et al. In vitro activities of caspofungin, amphotericin B and a zoles against Coccidioides posadasii strains from Northeast Brazil. Mycopathologia 2006; 161(1):21-6.