Serodiagnosis: Antibody and antigen detection

Diagnosis of Fungal Infections

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 65-120

  Morrison, Christine J ^a   Warnock, David W ^b  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80053636128     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (304)

1. Chen SC, Halliday CL, Meyer W. A review of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for systemic mycoses with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Med Mycol 2002; 40:333-57.
2. Yeo SF, Wong B. Current status of nonculture methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:465-84.
3. Bennett JE, Friedmann MM, Dupont B. Receptor mediated clearance of Aspergillus galactomannan. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:1005-10.
4. Kappe R, Muller J. Rapid clearance of Candida albicans mannan antigen by liver and spleen in contrast to prolonged circulation of Cryptococcus neoformans antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1665-9.
5. Wheat J, Wheat H, Connolly P, et al. Cross-reactivity in Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen assays of urine samples from patients with endemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:1169-71.
6. Ascioglu S, de Pauw BE, Donnelly JP, Collette L. Reliability of clinical research on invasive fungal infections: a systematic review of the literature. Med Mycol 2001; 39:35-40.
7. Dupont B, Improvisi L, Prevost F. Detection de galactomannane dans les aspergilloses invasives humaines et animales avec un test au latex. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med 1990; 19:35-41.
8. Sulahian A, Tabouret M, Ribaud P, et al. Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination test for detection of galactomannan in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:139-45.
9. Ascioglu S, Rex JH, de Pauw B, et al. Defining opportunistic invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplants: an international consensus. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:7-14.
10. Bennett JE, Kauffman C, Walsh T, et al. Forum report: issues in the evaluation of diagnostic tests, use of historical controls, and merits of the current multicenter collaborative groups. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(Suppl. 1):S123-7.
11. Herbrecht R, Letscher-Bru V, Oprea C, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1898-906.
12. Kurup VP, Kumar A. Immunodiagnosis of aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4:439-56.
13. Hearn VM. Antigenicity of Aspergillus species. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30:11-25.
14. Wilson EV, Hearn VM. Comparison of partially purified mycelial and culture filtrate antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sabouraudia 1983; 21:195-203.
15. Schonheyder H, Anderson P. IgG antibodies to purified Aspergillus fumigatus antigens determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1984; 74:262-9.
16. Kurup VP, Greenberger PA, Fink JN. Antibody response to low-molecular-weight antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:1312-6.
17. Latge JP. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:310-50.
18. Latge JP, Moutaouakil M, Debeaupuis JP, Bouchara JP, Haynes K, Prevost MC. The 18-kilodalton antigen secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2586-94.
19. Lopez-Medrano R, Ovejero MC, Calera JA, Puente P, Leal F. An immunodominant 90-kilodalton Aspergillus fumigatus antigen is the subunit of a catalase. Infect Immun 1995; 63:4774-80.
20. Beauvais A, Monod M, Debeaupuis JP, Diaquin M, Kobayashi H, Latge JP. Biochemical and antigenic characterization of a new dipeptidyl-peptidase isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6238-44.
21. Bennett JE, Bhattacharjee AK, Glaudemans CP. Galactofuranosyl groups are immunodominant in Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:251-4.
22. Latge JP, Kobayashi H, Debeaupuis JP, et al. Chemical and immunological characterization of the extracellular galactomannan secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1994; 62:5424-33.
23. Crameri R, Hemmann S, Ismail C, Menz G, Blaser K. Disease-specific recombinant allergens for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Int Immunol 1998; 10:1211-6.
24. Hemmann S, Nikolaizik WH, Schoni MH, Blaser K, Crameri R. Differential IgE recognition of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens by cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or Aspergillus allergy. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1155-60.
25. Kurup VP, Banerjee B, Hemmann S, Greenberger PA, Blaser K, Crameri R. Selected recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens bind specifically to IgE in ABPA. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:988-93.
26. Sarfati J, Monod M, Recco P, et al. Recombinant antigens as diagnostic markers for aspergillosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 55:279-91.
27. Crameri R. Recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus allergens: from the nucleotide sequences to clinical applications. Int Arch Allergy 1998; 115:99-114.
28. Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Kurup VP. IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy 2004; 59:198-203.
29. Holmberg K, Berdischewsky M, Young LS. Serologic immunodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1980; 141:656-64.
30. Young RC, Bennett JE. Invasive aspergillosis: absence of detectable antibody response. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 104:710-6.
31. Trull AK, Parker J, Warren RE. IgG enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: retrospective study over 15 years of transplant recipients. J Clin Pathol 1985; 38:1045-51.
32. Tommee JF, Mannes GP, van der Bij W, et al. Serodiagnosis and monitoring of Aspergillus infection after lung transplantation. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:197-201.
33. Yuen KY, Chan CM, Chan KM, et al. Characterization of AFMP1: a novel target for serodiagnosis of aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3830-7.
34. Chan CM, Woo PC, Leung AS, et al. Detection of antibodies specific to an antigenic cell wall galactomannoprotein for serodiagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2041-5.
35. Weiner MH, Talbot GH, Gerson SL, Filice G, Cassileth PA. Antigen detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: utility in controlled, blinded trials. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99:777-82.
36. Talbot GH, Weiner MH, Gerson SL, Provencher M, Hurwitz S. Serodiagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancy: validation of Aspergillus fumigatus antigen radioimmunoassay. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:12-27.
37. Sabetta JR, Miniter P, Andriole VT. The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating antigen. J Infect Dis 1985; 152:946-53.
38. Rogers TR, Haynes KA, Barnes RA. Value of antigen detection in predicting invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Lancet 1990; 336:1210-3.
39. Stynen D, Goris A, Sarfati J, Latge JP. A new sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect galactofuran in patients with invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:497-500.
40. Patterson TF, Miniter P, Ryan JL, Andriole VT. Effect of immunosuppression and amphotericin B on Aspergillus antigenemia in an experimental model. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:415-22.
41. Hurst SF, Reyes GH, McLaughlin DW, Reiss E, Morrison CJ. Comparison of commercial latex agglutination and sandwich enzyme immunoassays with a competitive binding inhibition enzyme immunoassay for detection of antigenemia and antigenuria in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000; 7:477-85.
42. Marr KA, Balajee A, McLaughlin L, Tabouret M, Bentsen C, Walsh TJ. Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J Infect Dis 2004; 190(3):641-9.
43. Ansorg R, Heintschel von Heinegg E, Rath PM. Aspergillus antigenuria compared to antigenemia in bone marrow transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13:582-9.
44. Haynes K, Rogers TR. Retrospective evaluation of a latex agglutination test for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13:670-4.
45. Manso E, Montillo M, De Sio G, D’Amico S, Discepoli G, Leoni P. Value of antigen and antibody detection in the serological diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13:756-60.
46. Hopwood V, Johnson EM, Cornish JM, Foot ABM, Evans EGV, Warnock DW. Use of the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48:210-3.
47. Verweij PE, Rijs AJ, De Pauw BE, Horrevorts AM, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Meis JF. Clinical evaluation and reproducibility of the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48:474-6.
48. Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, et al. Improved management of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomographic scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:139-47.
49. Verweij PE, Stynen D, Rijs AJ, De Pauw BE, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, Meis JF. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with Pastorex latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1912-4.
50. Marr KA, Laverdiere M, Gugel A, Leisenring W. Antifungal therapy decreases sensitivity of the Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1762-9.
51. Verweij PE, Erjavec Z, Sluiters W, et al. Detection of antigen in sera of patients with invasive aspergillosis: intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1612-6.
52. Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Demuynck H. Autopsy-controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3223-8.
53. Sulahian A, Boutboul F, Ribaud P, Leblanc T, Lacroix C, Derouin F. Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4-year prospective study. Cancer 2001; 91:311-8.
54. Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verbeken E, et al. Prospective clinical evaluation of lower cut-offs for galactomannan detection in adult neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients. Br J Haematol 2004; 126:852-60.
55. Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K, Van Eldere J, Boogaerts M. Screening for circulating galactomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients: a prospective validation. Blood 2001; 97:1604-10.
56. Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1417-27.
57. Weisser M, Rausch C, Droll A, et al. Galactomannan does not precede major signs on a pulmonary computerized tomographic scan suggestive of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1143-9.
58. George D, Miniter P, Andriole VT. Efficacy of U.K.-109496, a new azole antifungal agent, in an experimental model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:86-91.
59. Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Groll AH, et al. Antifungal activity and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole (SCH 56592) in treatment and prevention of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: correlation with galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:857-69.
60. Boutboul F, Alberti C, Leblanc T, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: increasing antigenemia is associated with progressive disease. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:939-43.
61. Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Groll AH, et al. Antifungal efficacy of caspofungin (MK-0991) in experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: pharmacokinetics, drug disposition, and relationship to galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:12-23.
62. Klont RR, Mennink-Kersten MA, Ruegebrink D, et al. Paradoxical increase in circulating Aspergillus antigen during treatment with caspofungin in a patient with pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:e23-5.
63. Maertens J, Glasmacher A, Selleslag D, et al. Evaluation of serum sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating galactomannan during caspofungin therapy: results from the caspofungin invasive aspergillosis study. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:e9-14.
64. Husain S, Kwak EJ, Obman A, et al. Prospective assessment of Platelia Aspergillus galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1-7.
65. Kwak EJ, Husain S, Obman A, et al. Efficacy of galactomannan antigen in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:435-8.
66. Stynen D, Sarfati J, Goris A, et al. Rat monoclonal antibodies against Aspergillus galactomannan. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2237-45.
67. Kappe R, Schulze-Berge A. New cause for false-positive results with the Pastorex Aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2489-90.
68. Swanink CM, Meis JF, Rijs AJ, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. Specificity of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting Aspergillus galactomannan. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:257-60.
69. Gangneux JP, Lavarde D, Bretagne S, Guiguen C, Gandemer V. Transient Aspergillus antigenaemia: think of milk. Lancet 2002; 359:1251.
70. Mennink-Kersten MA, Ruegebrink D, Klont RR, et al. Bifidobacterial lipoglycan as a new cause for false-positive Platelia Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3925-31.
71. Murashige N, Kami M, Kishi Y, Fujisaki G, Tanosaki R. False-positive results of Aspergillus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for a patient with gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease taking a nutrient containing soybean protein. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:333-4.
72. Ansorg R, van den Boom R, Rath PM. Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in foods and antibiotics. Mycoses 1997; 40:353-7.
73. Sulahian A, Touratier S, Ribaud P. False-positive test for Aspergillus antigenemia related to concomitant administration of piperacillin and tazobactam. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:2366-7.
74. Adam O, Auperin A, Wilquin F, Bourhis JH, Gachot B, Chachaty E. Treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam and false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigen test results for patients with hematological malignancies. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:917-20.
75. Viscoli C, Machetti M, Cappellano P, et al. False-positive galactomannan Platelia Aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:913-6.
76. Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, Van Eldere J. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan antigen test results. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:289-90.
77. Mattei D, Rapezzi D, Mordini N, et al. False-positive Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results in vivo during amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:5362-3.
78. Bart-Delabesse E, Basile M, Al Jijakli A, et al. Detection of Aspergillus galactomannan antigenemia to determine biological and clinical implications of betalactam treatments. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5214-20.
79. Walsh TJ, Shoham S, Petraitiene R, et al. Detection of galactomannan antigenemia in patients receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and correlations between in vitro, in vivo, and clinical properties of the drug-antigen interaction. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4744-8.
80. Aubry A, Porcher R, Bottero J, et al. Occurrence and kinetics of false-positive Aspergillus galactomannan test results following treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with hematological disorders. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:389-94.
81. Verweij PE, Latge JP, Rijs AJ, et al. Comparison of antigen detection and PCR assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients receiving treatment for hematological malignancies. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3150-3.
82. Becker MJ, Lugtenburg EJ, Cornelissen JJ, Van Der Schee C, Hoogsteden HC, De Marie S. Galactomannan detection in computerized tomography-based bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum in haematological patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:448-57.
83. Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, Pagano L, et al. Comparison of real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and galactomannan antigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from hematology patients for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3922-5.
84. Musher B, Fredricks D, Leisenring W, Balajee SA, Smith C, Marr KA. Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:5517-22.
85. Verweij PE, Brinkman K, Kremer HP, Kullberg BJ, Meis JF. Aspergillus meningitis: diagnosis by non-culture-based microbiological methods and management. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1186-9.
86. Kami M, Ogawa S, Kanda Y, et al. Early diagnosis of central nervous system aspergillosis using polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination test, and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Br J Haematol 1999; 106:536-7.
87. Klont RR, Mennink-Kersten MA, Verweij PE. Utility of Aspergillus antigen detection in specimens other than serum specimens. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1467-74.
88. Kawazu M, Kanda Y, Nannya Y, et al. Prospective comparison of the diagnostic potential of real-time PCR, double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for galactomannan, and a (1-3)-b-D-glucan test in weekly screening for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological disorders. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2733-41.
89. Pazos C, Ponton J, Del Palacio A. Contribution of (1-3)-b-D-glucan chromogenic assay to diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic adult patients: a comparison with serial screening for circulating galactomannan. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:299-305.
90. Bretagne S, Costa JM, Bart-Delabesse E, Dhedin N, Rieux C, Cordonnier C. Comparison of serum galactomannan antigen detection and competitive polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1407-12.
91. Costa C, Costa JM, Desterke C, Botterel F, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S. Real-time PCR coupled with automated DNA extraction and detection of galactomannan antigen in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2224-7.
92. Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1242-50.
93. Evans EGV, Forster RA. Antibodies to Candida after operations on the heart. J Med Microbiol 1976; 9:303-8.
94. Warnock DW, Speller DCE, Finan PJ, Vellacott KD, Phillips MN. Antibodies to Candida species after operations on the large intestine: observations on the association with oral and faecal yeast colonization. Sabouraudia 1979; 17:405-14.
95. Greenfield RA, Bussey MJ, Stephens JL, Jones JM. Serial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibody to Candida antigens during induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia. J Infect Dis 1983; 148:275-83.
96. Fujita S, Matsubara F, Matsuda T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurement of fluctuations in antibody titer and antigenemia in cancer patients with and without candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23:568-75.
97. Sendid B, Tabouret M, Poirot JL, Mathieu D, Fruit J, Poulain D. New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1510-7.
98. Greenfield RA, Jones JM. Purification and characterization of a major cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1981; 34:469-77.
99. Strockbine NA, Largen MT, Zweibel SM, Buckely HR. Identification and molecular weight characterization of antigens from Candida albicans that are recognized by human sera. Infect Immun 1984; 43:715-21.
100. Matthews RC, Burnie JP, Tabaqchali S. Immunoblot analysis of the serological response in systemic candidiasis. Lancet 1984; 2:1415-8.
101. Au Young JK, Troy FA, Goldstein E. Serologic analysis of antigen-specific reactivity in patients with systemic candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1985; 3:419-32.
102. Gatermann S, Heessemann S, Laufs R. Identification of Candida albicans antigens recognized by sera of patients with candidiasis. Mykosen 1986; 29:343-54.
103. Matthews RC, Burnie JP. Cloning of a cDNA sequence encoding a major fragment of the 47 kilodalton stress protein homologue of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989; 60:25-30.
104. Mason AB, Brandt ME, Buckley HR. Enolase activity associated with a Candida albicans cytoplasmic antigen. Yeast 1989; 5:S231-40.
105. Franklyn KM, Warmington JR, Ott AK, Ashman RB. An immunodominant antigen of Candida albicans shows homology to the enzyme enolase. Immunol Cell Biol 1990; 68:173-8.
106. Matthews RC, Burnie JP, Tabaqchali S. Isolation of immunodominant antigens from the sera of patients with systemic candidosis and characterization of the serological response to Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:230-7.
107. Weis C, Kappe R, Sonntag HG. Western blot analysis of the immune response to Candida albicans antigens in 391 long-term intensive care patients. Mycoses 1997; 40:153-7.
108. Van Deventer AJ, van Vliet HJ, Hop WC, Goessens WH. Diagnostic value of anti- Candida enolase antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:17-23.
109. Mitsutake K, Kohno S, Miyazaki T, Miyazaki H, Maesaki S, Koga H. Detection of Candida enolase antibody in patients with candidiasis. J Clin Lab Anal 1994; 8:207-10.
110. Staib F, Focking M, Frohlich B, Blisse A. Candida albicans-serumprazipitine bei blutspendern: auffallige serologische und kulturelle Candida albicans-befunde bei alkoholikern. Mykosen 1977; 20:423-30.
111. Staib F, Mishra SK, Abel TL. Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion test). Zbl Bakt Hyg I Abt Orig A 1977; 238:284-7.
112. Macdonald F, Odds FC. Inducible proteinase of Candida albicans in diagnostic serology and in the pathogenesis of systemic candidosis. J Med Microbiol 1980; 13:423-35.
113. Macdonald F, Odds FC. Purified Candida albicans proteinase in the serological diagnosis of systemic candidosis. JAMA 1980; 243:2409-11.
114. Ruchel R, Bonning-Stutzer B, Mari A. A synoptical approach to the diagnosis of candidosis relying on serological antigen and antibody tests, on culture, and on evaluation of clinical data. Mycoses 1988; 31:87-106.
115. Na BK, Song CY. Use of monoclonal antibody in diagnosis of candidiasis caused by Candida albicans: detection of circulating aspartyl proteinase antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6:924-9.
116. El Moudni B, Rodier MH, Daniault G, Jacquemin JL. Improved immunodiagnosis of human candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a Candida albicans 52-kilodalton metallopeptidase. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:823-5.
117. Evans EGV, Richardson MD, Odds FC, Holland KT. Relevance of antigenicity of Candida albicans growth phases to diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Br Med J 1973; 4:86-7.
118. Smail EH, Jones JM. Demonstration and solubilization of antigens expressed primarily on the surfaces of Candida albicans germ tubes. Infect Immun 1984; 45:74-81.
119. Sundstrom PG, Kenny GE. Characterization of antigens specific to the surface of germ tubes of Candida albicans by immunofluorescence. Infect Immun 1984; 43:850-5.
120. Casanova M, Gil ML, Cardeneso L, Martinez JP, Sentandreu R. Identification of wall-specific antigens synthesized during germ-tube formation by Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1989; 57:262-71.
121. Ponton J, Jones JM. Identification of two germ tube specific cell wall antigens of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1986; 54:864-8.
122. Quindos G, Ponton J, Cisterna R. Detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tube in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6:142-6.
123. Quindos G, Ponton J, Cisterna J, Mackenzie DWR. Value of detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tube in the diagnosis of systemic candidosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 9:178-83.
124. Ponton J, Quindos G, Arilla MC, Mackenzie DWR. Simplified adsorption method for detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tubes. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:217-9.
125. Yera H, Sendid B, Francois N, Camus D, Poulain D. Contribution of serological tests and blood culture to the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20:864-70.
126. Prella M, Bille J, Pugnale M, et al. Early diagnosis of invasive candidiasis with mannan antigenemia and antimannan antibodies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 51:95-101.
127. Weiner MH, Yount WJ. Mannan antigenemia in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections. J Clin Invest 1976; 58:1045-53.
128. Segal E, Berg RA, Pizzo PA, Bennett JE. Detection of Candida antigen in sera of patients with candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 10:116-8.
129. Weiner MH, Coats-Stephen M. Immunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis: mannan antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental and human infection. J Infect Dis 1979; 140:989-93.
130. Gentry LO, Wilkinson ID, Lea AS, Price MF. Latex agglutination test for detection of Candida antigenemia in patients with disseminated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1983; 2:122-8.
131. Matthews RC, Burnie JP. Diagnosis of systemic candidosis by an enzyme-linked dot immunobinding assay for a circulating immunodominant 47-kilodalton antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:459-63.
132. Reiss E, Stockman L, Kuykendall RS, Smith SJ. Dissociation of mannan-serum complexes and detection of Candida albicans mannan by enzyme immunoassay variations. Clin Chem 1982; 28:306-10.
133. de Repentigny L, Marr LD, Keller JW, et al. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21:972-9.
134. Lemieux C, St. Germain G, Vincelette J, Kaufman L, de Repentigny L. Collaborative evaluation of antigen detection by a commercial latex agglutination test and enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:249-53.
135. Pfaller MA, Cabezudo I, Buschelman B, et al. Value of the Hybritech ICON Candida assay in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in high-risk patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 16:53-60.
136. Fujita SI, Hashimoto T. Detection of serum Candida antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a latex agglutination test with anti-Candida albicans and anti-Candida krusei antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:3132-7.
137. Bailey JW, Sada E, Brass C, Bennett JE. Diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by latex agglutination for serum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21:749-52.
138. Kahn FW, Jones JM. Latex agglutination tests for detection of Candida antigens in sera of patients with invasive candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1986; 153:579-85.
139. Bisbe J, Miro JM, Torres JM, et al. Diagnostic value of serum antibody and antigen detection in heroin addicts with systemic candidiasis. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:310-5.
140. Phillips P, Dowd A, Jewesson P, et al. Nonvalue of antigen detection immunoassays for diagnosis of candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2320-6.
141. Georges E, Garrigues ML, Stynen D, Poirot JL. Specificite in vitro d’un anticorps monoclonal (Acm) anti-mannane et du latex sensibilise par cet anticorps au cours de la candidose disseminee experimentale. J Mycol Med 1991; 1:21-4.
142. Jacquinot PM, Plancke Y, Sendid B, Strecker G, Poulain D. Nature of Candida albicans-derived carbohydrate antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody in patient sera and distribution over Candida species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 169:131-8.
143. Herent P, Stynen D, Hernando F, Fruit J, Poulain D. Retrospective evaluation of two latex agglutination tests for detection of circulating antigen during invasive candidosis. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2158-64.
144. Gutierrez J, Maroto C, Piedrola G, Martin E, Perez JA. Circulating Candida antigens and antibodies: useful markers of candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2550-2.
145. Mitsutake K, Miyazaki T, Tashiro T, et al. Enolase antigen, mannan antigen, Cand- Tec antigen, and b-glucan in patients with candidemia. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:1918-21.
146. Sendid B, Jouault T, Coudriau R, et al. Increased sensitivity of mannanemia detection tests by joint detection of a- and b-linked oligomannosides during experimental and human systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:164-71.
147. Stevens P, Huang S, Young LS, Berdischewsky M. Detection of Candida antigenemia by a new solid phase radioimmunoassay. Infection 1980; 8(Suppl. 3):S334-8.
148. Araj GF, Hopfer RL, Chesnut S, Fainstein V, Bodey GP. Diagnostic value of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Candida albicans cytoplasmic antigen in sera of cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16:46-52.
149. Matthews RC, Burnie JP, Lee W. The application of epitope mapping to the development of a new serological test for systemic candidosis. J Immunol Methods 1991; 143:73-9.
150. Strockbine NA, Largen MT, Buckley HR. Production and characterization of three monoclonal antibodies to Candida albicans proteins. Infect Immun 1984; 43:1012-8.
151. Walsh TJ, Hathorn JW, Sobel JD, et al. Detection of circulating Candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1026-31.
152. Ruchel R, Boning B. Detection of Candida proteinase by enzyme immunoassay and interaction of the enzyme with alpha-2-macroglobulin. J Immunol Methods 1983; 61:107-16.
153. de Repentigny L. Serodiagnosis of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14(Suppl. 1):S11-22.
154. Fung JC, Donta ST, Tilton RC. Candida detection system (CAND-TEC) to differentiate between Candida albicans colonization and disease. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:542-7.
155. Ness MJ, Vaughan WP, Woods GL. Candida antigen latex test for detection of invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. J Infect Dis 1989; 159:495-502.
156. Fujita S, Takamura T, Nagahara M, Hashimoto T. Evaluation of a newly developed down-flow immunoassay for detection of serum mannan antigens in patients with candidaemia. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:537-43.
157. Chryssanthou E, Klingspor L, Tollemar J, et al. PCR and other non-culture methods for diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in allogeneic bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients. Mycoses 1999; 42:239-47.
158. White PL, Archer AE, Barnes RA. Comparison of non-culture-based methods for detection of systemic fungal infections, with an emphasis on invasive Candida infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2181-7.
159. Diamond RD, Bennett JE. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis. A study of 111 cases. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80:176-81.
160. Speed BR, Kaldor J, Cairns B, Pegorer M. Serum antibody response to active infection with Cryptococcus neoformans and its varieties in immunocompetent subjects. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 34:187-93.
161. Santangelo RT, Chen SC, Sorrell TC, Wright LC. Detection of antibodies to phospholipase B in patients infected with Cryptococcus neoformans by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Med Mycol 2005; 43:335-41.
162. Bloomfield N, Gordon MA, Elmendorf DF. Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans antigen in body fluids by latex particle agglutination. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1963; 114:64-7.
163. Snow RM, Dismukes WE. Cryptococcal meningitis: diagnostic value of cryptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135:1155-7.
164. Wu T, Koo SY. Comparison of three commercial cryptococcal latex kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:1127-30.
165. Bennett JE, Bailey JW. Control for rheumatoid factor in the latex test for cryptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1970; 56:360-5.
166. Gordon MA, Lapa EW. Elimination of rheumatoid factor in the latex test for cryptococcosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1974; 60:488-94.
167. Gray LD, Roberts GD. Experience with the use of pronase to eliminate interference factors in the latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:2450-1.
168. Stockman L, Roberts GD. Corrected version. Specificity of the latex test for cryptococcal antigen: a rapid, simple method for eliminating interference factors. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 17:945-7.
169. Whittier S, Hopfer RL, Gilligan P. Elimination of false-positive serum reactivity in latex agglutination test for cryptococcal antigen in human immunodeficiency virusinfected population. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2158-61.
170. McManus EJ, Jones JM. Detection of a Trichosporon beigelii antigen cross-reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide in serum from a patient with disseminated trichosporon infection. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21:681-5.
171. Westerink MA, Amsterdam D, Petell RJ, Stram MN, Apicella MA. Septicemia due to DF-2. Cause of a false-positive cryptococcal latex agglutination result. Am J Med 1987; 83:155-8.
172. Chanock SJ, Toltzis P, Wilson C. Cross-reactivity between Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and latex agglutination for cryptococcal antigen. Lancet 1993; 342:1119-20.
173. Chuck SL, Sande MA. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:794-9.
174. Currie BP, Freundlich LF, Soto MA, Casadevall A. False-negative cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal latex agglutination tests for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2519-22.
175. Taelman H, Bogaerts J, Batungwanayo J, Van de Perre P, Lucas S, Allen S. Failure of the cryptococcal serum antigen test to detect primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:119-20.
176. Stamm AM, Polt SS. False-negative cryptococcal antigen test. JAMA 1980; 244:1359.
177. Temstet A, Roux P, Poirot JL, Ronin O, Dromer F. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based latex agglutination test for diagnosis of cryptococcosis: comparison with two tests using polyclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2544-50.
178. Hamilton JR, Noble A, Denning DW, Stevens DA. Performance of Cryptococcus antigen latex agglutination kits on serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens of AIDS patients before and after pronase treatment. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:333-9.
179. Scott EN, Muchmore HG, Felton FG. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination methods for detection of Cryptococcus neoformans antigen. Am J Clin Pathol 1980; 73:790-4.
180. Gade W, Hinnefeld SW, Babcock LS, et al. Comparison of the PREMIER cryptococcal antigen enzyme immunoassay and the latex agglutination assay for detection of cryptococcal antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1616-9.
181. Knight FR. New enzyme immunoassay for detecting cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45:836-7.
182. Tanner DC, Weinstein MP, Fedorciw B, Joho KL, Thorpe JJ, Reller LB. Comparison of commercial kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1680-4.
183. Baughmann RP, Rhodes JC, Dohn MN, Henderson H, Frame PT. Detection of cryptococcal antigen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a prospective study of diagnostic utility. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1226-9.
184. Chapin-Robertson K, Bechtel C, Waycott S, Kdontnick C, Edberg SC. Cryptococcal antigen detection from urine of AIDS patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 17:197-201.
185. Powderly WG, Cloud GA, Dismukes WE, Saag MS. Measurement of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid: value in the management of AIDSassociated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:789-92.
186. Antinori S, Radice A, Galimberti L, Magni C, Fasan M, Parravicini C. The role of cryptococcal antigen assay in diagnosis and monitoring of cryptococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5828-9.
187. Brouwer AE, Rajanuwong A, Chierakul W, et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized trial. Lancet 2004; 363:1764-7.
188. Brouwer AE, Teparrukkul P, Pinpraphaporn S, et al. Baseline correlation and comparative kinetics of cerebrospinal fluid colony-forming unit counts and antigen titers in cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:681-4.
189. Kaufman L, McLaughlin DW, Clark MJ, Blumer S. Specific immunodiffusion test for blastomycosis. Appl Microbiol 1973; 26:244-7.
190. Green JH, Harrell WK, Johnson J, Benson R. Isolation of an antigen from Blastomyces dermatitidis that is specific for the diagnosis of blastomycosis. Curr Microbiol 1980; 4:293-6.
191. Kaufman L. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis and confirmation of systemic mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14(Suppl. 1):S23-9.
192. Klein BS, Kuritsky JN, Chappell WA, et al. Comparison of the enzyme immunoassay, immunodiffusion, and complement fixation tests in detecting antibody in human serum to the A antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:144-8.
193. Turner S, Kaufman L, Jalbert M. Diagnostic assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human and canine blastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23:294-7.
194. Klein BS, Vergeront JM, Kaufman L, et al. Serological tests for blastomycosis: assessments during a large point-source outbreak in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 1987; 155:262-8.
195. Sekhon AS, Kaufman L, Kobayashi GS, Moledina NH, Jalbert M. The value of the Premier enzyme immunoassay for diagnosing Blastomyces dermatitidis infections. J Med Vet Mycol 1995; 33:123-5.
196. Bradsher RW, Pappas PG. Detection of specific antibodies in human blastomycosis by enzyme immunoassay. South Med J 1995; 88:1256-9.
197. Klein BS, Jones JM. Isolation, purification, and radiolabeling of a novel 120-kD surface protein on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts to detect antibody in infected patients. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:152-61.
198. Klein BS, Jones JM. Purification and characterization of the major antigen WI-1 from Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts and immunological comparison with A antigen. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3890-900.
199. Soufleris AJ, Klein BS, Courtney BT, Proctor ME, Jones JM. Utility of anti-WI-1 serological testing in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in Wisconsin residents. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:87-92.
200. Durkin M, Witt J, LeMonte A, Wheat B, Connolly P. Antigen assay with the potential to aid in diagnosis of blastomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4873-5.
201. Smith CE, Saito MT, Beard RR, Kepp R, Clark RW, Eddie BU. Serological tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of coccidioidomycosis. Am J Hyg 1950; 52:1-21.
202. Smith CE, Saito MT, Simons SA. Pattern of 39,500 serologic tests in coccidioidomycosis. JAMA 1956; 160:546-52.
203. Bronniman DA, Adam RD, Galgiani JN, et al. Coccidioidomycosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:372-9.
204. Antoniskis D, Larsen RA, Akil B, Rarik MU, Leedom JM. Seronegative disseminated coccidioidomycosis in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1990; 4:691-3.
205. Huppert M, Bailey JW. The use of immunodiffusion tests in coccidioidomycosis. II. An immunodiffusion test as a substitute for the tube precipitin test. Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 44:369-73.
206. Pappagiannis D, Zimmer BL. Serology of coccidioidomycosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3:247-68.
207. Kaufman L, Clark MJ. Value of the concomitant use of complement fixation and immunodiffusion tests in the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis. Appl Microbiol 1974; 28:641-3.
208. Huppert M, Peterson ET, Sun SH, Chitjian PA, Derrevere WJ. Evaluation of a latex particle agglutination test for coccidioidomycosis. Am J Clin Pathol 1968; 49:96-102.
209. Pappagianis D, Krasnow I, Beall S. False-positive reactions of cerebrospinal fluid and diluted sera with the coccidioidal latex agglutination test. Am J Clin Pathol 1976; 66:916-21.
210. Kaufman L, Sekhon AS, Moledina N, Jalbert M, Pappagianis D. Comparative evaluation of commercial Premier EIA and microimmunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for Coccidioides immitis antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:618-9.
211. Martins TB, Jaskowski TD, Mouritsen CL, Hill HR. Comparison of commercially available enzyme immunoassay with traditional serological tests for detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:940-3.
212. Zartarian M, Peterson EM, de la Maza LM. Detection of antibodies to Coccidioides immitis by enzyme immunoassay. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 107:148-53.
213. Cole GT, Kruse D, Seshan KR. Antigen complex of Coccidioides immitis which elicits a precipitin antibody response in patients. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2434-46.
214. Johnson SM, Pappagianis D. The coccidioidal complement fixation and immunodiffusion-complement fixation antigen is a chitinase. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2588-92.
215. Yang MC, Magee DM, Kaufman L, Zhu Y, Cox RA. Recombinant Coccidioides immitis complement-fixation antigen: detection of an epitope shared by C. immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4:19-22.
216. Yang MC, Magee DM, Cox RA. Mapping of a Coccidioides immitis-specific epitope that reacts with complement-fixing antibody. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4068-74.
217. Weiner MH. Antigenemia detected in human coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:136-42.
218. Galgiani JN, Dugger KO, Ito JI, Wieden MA. Antigenemia in primary coccidioidomycosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984; 33:645-9.
219. Galgiani JN, Grace GM, Lundergan LL. New serologic tests for early detection of coccidioidomycosis. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:671-4.
220. Williams B, Fojtasek M, Connolly-Stringfield P, Wheat J. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection during an outbreak in Indianapolis, Ind. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118:1205-8.
221. Wheat J, French M, Batteiger B, Kohler R. Cerebrospinal fluid Histoplasma antibodies in central nervous system histoplasmosis. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145:1237-40.
222. Pine L. Histoplasma antigens: their production, purification and uses. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 1977; 3:138-68.
223. Zancope-Oliveira RM, Bragg SL, Reiss E, Peralta JM. Immunochemical analysis of the H and M glycoproteins from Histoplasma capsulatum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1994; 1:563-8.
224. Reiss E, Knowles JB, Bragg SL, Kaufman L. Monoclonal antibodies against the M-protein and carbohydrate antigens of histoplasmin characterized by the enzymelinked immunoelectrotransfer blot method. Infect Immun 1986; 53:540-6.
225. Hamilton AJ, Bartholomew MA, Figueroa J, Fenelon LE, Hay RJ. Evidence that the M antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum is a catalase which exhibits cross-reactivity with other dimorphic fungi. J Med Vet Mycol 1990; 28:479-85.
226. Deepe GS, Durose GG. Immunological activity of recombinant H antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3151-7.
227. Wheat J, French ML, Kohler RB, et al. The diagnostic laboratory tests for histoplasmosis: analysis of experience in a large urban outbreak. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:680-5.
228. Wheat LJ. Current diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Trends Microbiol 2003; 11:488-94.
229. Wheat J, French ML, Kamel S, Tewari RP. Evaluation of cross-reactions in Histoplasma capsulatum serologic tests. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 23:493-9.
230. Reiss E, Hutchinson H, Pine L, Ziegler DW, Kaufman L. Solid-phase competitivebinding radioimmunoassay for detecting antibody to the M antigen of histoplasmin. J Clin Microbiol 1977; 6:598-604.
231. George DB, Lambert RS, Bruce MJ, Pickering TW, Wolcott RM. Radioimmunoassay: a sensitive screening test for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:407-10.
232. Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, French ML, et al. Immunoglobulin M and G histoplasmal antibody response in histoplasmosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:65-70.
233. Lambert RS, George RB. Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay as a rapid screening test for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:316-9.
234. Guimaraes AJ, Pizzini CV, De Matos Guedes HL, et al. ELISA for early diagnosis of histoplasmosis. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:509-14.
235. Pizzini CV, Zancope-Oliveira RM, Reiss E, Hajjeh R, Kaufman L, Peralta JM. Evaluation of a Western blot test in an outbreak of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999; 6:20-3.
236. Sekhon AS, Kaufman L, Kobayashi GS, Moledina N, Jalbert M, Notenboom RH. Comparative evaluation of the Premier enzyme immunoassay, micro-immunodiffusion and complement fixation tests for the detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antibodies. Mycoses 1994; 37:313-6.
237. Zancope-Oliveira RM, Bragg SL, Reiss E, Wanke B, Peralta JM. Effects of histoplasmin M antigen chemical and enzymatic deglycosylation on cross-reactivity in the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot method. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1994; 1:390-3.
238. Zancope-Oliveira RM, Reiss E, Lott TJ, Mayer LW, Deepe GS. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of the M antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1947-53.
239. Chandrashekar R, Curtis KC, Rawot BW, Kobayashi GS, Weil GJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of a recombinant Histoplasma capsulatum antigen for antibody-based diagnosis of human histoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1071-6.
240. Wheat LJ, Kohler RB, Tewari RP. Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:83-8.
241. Durkin MM, Connolly PA, Wheat LJ. Comparison of radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2252-5.
242. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Kohler RB, Frame PT, Gupta MR. Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen detection in diagnosis and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1989; 87:396-400.
243. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Blair R, et al. Effect of successful treatment with amphotericin B on Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum polysaccharide antigen levels in patients with AIDS and histoplasmosis. Am J Med 1992; 92:153-60.
244. Wheat LJ, Connolly P, Haddad N, Le Monte A, Brizendine E, Hafner R. Antigen clearance during treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis with itraconazole versus fluconazole in patients with AIDS. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:248-50.
245. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield P, Blair R, Connolly K, Garringer T, Katz BP. Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS: detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:936-41.
246. Zimmerman SE, Stringfield PC, Wheat LJ, French ML, Kohler RB. Comparison of sandwich solid-phase radioimmunoassay and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of Histoplasma capsulatum polysaccharide antigen. J Infect Dis 1989; 160:678-85.
247. Garringer TO, Wheat LJ, Brizendine EJ. Comparison of an established antibody sandwich method with an inhibition method of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen detection. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2909-13.
248. Gomez BL, Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, et al. Development of a novel antigen detection test for histoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2618-22.
249. Gomez BL, Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, et al. Detection of the 70-kilodalton Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum of histoplasmosis patients: correlation between antigenemia and therapy during follow-up. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:675-80.
250. Tang YW, Li H, Durkin MM, et al. Urine polymerase chain reaction is not as sensitive as urine antigen for the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 54:283-7.
251. Brummer E, Castenada E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: an update. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6:89-117.
252. Bueno JP, Mendes-Giannini MJ, del Negro GM, Assis CM, Takiguti CK, Shikanai- Yasuda MA. IgG, IgM and IgA antibody response for the diagnosis and follow-up of paracoccidioidomycosis: comparison of counterimmuno-electrophoresis and complement fixation. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35:213-7.
253. Blumer SO, Jalbert M, Kaufman L. Rapid and reliable method for production of a specific Paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunodiffusion test antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19:404-7.
254. McGowan KL, Buckley HR. Preparation and use of cytoplasmic antigens for the serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:39-43.
255. Cano LE, Restrepo A. Predictive value of serologic tests in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1987; 29:276-83.
256. Del Negro GM, Garcia NM, Rodrigues EG, et al. The sensitivity, specificity and efficiency values of some serological tests used in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991; 33:277-80.
257. Marques da Silva SH, Queiroz-Telles F, Colombo AL, Blotta MH, Lopes JD, Camargo ZP. Monitoring of gp43 antigenemia in paracoccidioidomycosis patients during therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2419-24.
258. Gomez BL, Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, et al. Antigenemia in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: detection of the 87-kilodalton determinant during and after antifungal therapy. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3309-16.
259. Puccia R, Schenkman S, Gorin PA, Travassos LR. Exocellular components of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: identification of a specific antigen. Infect Immun 1986; 53:199-206.
260. Figueroa JI, Hamilton A, Allen M, Hay R. Immunohistochemical detection of a novel 22- to 25- kilodalton glycoprotein of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in biopsy material and partial characterization by using species-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1566-74.
261. Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, Allen MH, Hay RJ. Isolation and partial characterization of a Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 58 kDa extracellular glycoprotein which is recognized by human immune sera. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:566-72.
262. Bisio LC, Silva SP, Pereira IS, et al. A new Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 70-kDa heat shock protein reacts with sera from paracoccidioidomycosis patients. Med Mycol 2005; 43:495-503.
263. Diez S, Gomez BL, Restrepo A, Hay RJ, Hamilton AJ. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 87-kilodalton antigen, a heat shock protein useful in diagnosis: characterization, purification, and detection in biopsy material via immunohistochemistry. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:359-65.
264. Taba MR, da Silveira JF, Travassos LR, Schenkman S. Expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding for epitopes of a diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Exp Mycol 1989; 13:223-30.
265. Cisalpino PS, Puccia R, Yamauchi LM, Cano MI, da Silveira JF, Travassos LR. Cloning, characterization, and epitope expression of the major diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:4553-60.
266. McEwen JG, Ortiz BL, Garcia AM, Florez AM, Botero S, Restrepo A. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and characterization of a 27 kDa antigenic protein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Fungal Genet Biol 1996; 20:125-31.
267. Ortiz BL, Garcia AM, Restrepo A, McEwen JG. Immunological characterization of a recombinant 27-kilodalton antigenic protein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1996; 3:239-41.
268. Izacc SM, Gomez FJ, Jesuino RS, et al. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of the heat shock protein 60 gene from the human pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2001; 39:445-55.
269. Mendes-Giannini MJ, Camargo ME, Lacaz CS, Ferreira AW. Immunoenzymatic absorption test for serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20:103-8.
270. Camargo ZP, Unterkircher C, Drouhet E. Comparison between magnetic enzyme-- linked immunosorbent assay (MELISA) and complement fixation test (CF) in the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 24:77-9.
271. Cano LE, Brummer E, Stevens DA, Restrepo A. An evaluation of the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitation of antibodies to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 24:467-75.
272. Puccia R, Travassos LR. 43-kilodalton glycoprotein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: immunochemical reactions with sera from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, or Jorge Lobo’s disease. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:1610-5.
273. Camargo ZP, Gesztesi JL, Saraiva EC, Taborda CP, Vicentini AP, Lopes JD. Monoclonal antibody capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antibodies in paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2377-81.
274. Ortiz BL, Diez S, Uran ME, et al. Use of the 27-kilodalton recombinant protein from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Lab Diagn Immunol 1998; 5:826-30.
275. Diez S, Gomez BL, McEwen JG, Restrepo A, Hay RJ, Hamilton AJ. Combined use of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis recombinant 27-kilodalton and purified 87-kilodalton antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1536-42.
276. Taborda CP, Camargo ZP. Diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis by dot immunobinding assay for antibody detection using the purified and specific antigen gp43. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:554-6.
277. Mendez-Giannini MJ, Bueno JP, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Ferreira AW, Masuda A. Detection of the 43,000-molecular-weight glycoprotein in sera of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:2842-5.
278. Gomez BL, Figueroa JI, Hamilton AJ, et al. Use of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis: new strategies for detection of circulating antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35(12):3278-83.
279. Salina MA, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Mendes RP, Barraviera B, Mendes-Giannini MJ. Detection of circulating Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen in urine of paracoccidioidomycosis patients before and during treatment. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1723-8.
280. Marques da Silva SH, Colombo AL, Blotta MH, Lopes JD, Queiroz-Telles F, de Camargo ZP. Detection of circulating gp43 antigen in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3675-80.
281. Marques da Silva SH, Colombo AL, Blotta MH, Queiroz-Telles F, Lopes JD, de Camargo ZP. Diagnosis of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis by detection of circulating antigen and antibody in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4680-3.
282. Marques da Silva SH, de Mattos Grosso D, Lopes JD, et al. Detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp70 circulating antigen and follow-up of patients undergoing antimycotic therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4480-6.
283. Yuen KY, Wong SS, Tsang DN, Chau PY. Serodiagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection. Lancet 1994; 344:444-5.
284. Kaufman L, Standard PG, Jalbert M, Kantipong P, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TD. Diagnostic antigenemia tests for penicilliosis marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2503-5.
285. Chongtrakool P, Chaityaroj SC, Vithayasai V, et al. Immunoreactivity of a 38-kilodalton Penicillium marneffei antigen with human immunodeficiency viruspositive sera. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2220-3.
286. Vanittanakom N, Mekaprateep M, Sittisombut N, et al. Western immunoblot analysis of protein antigens of Penicillium marneffei. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35:123-31.
287. Jeavons L, Hamilton AJ, Vanittanakom N, et al. Identification and purification of specific Penicillium marneffei antigens and their recognition by human immune sera. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:949-54.
288. Cao L, Chan CM, Lee C, Wong SS, Yuen KY. MP1 encodes an abundant and highly antigenic cell wall mannoprotein in the pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei. Infect Immun 1998; 66:966-73.
289. Cao L, Chen DL, Lee C, et al. Detection of specific antibodies to an antigenic mannoprotein for diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei penicilliosis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3028-31.
290. Cao L, Chan KM, Chen D, et al. Detection of cell wall mannoprotein Mp1p in culture supernatants of Penicillium marneffei and in sera of penicilliosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:981-6.
291. Desakorn V, Smith MD, Walsh AL, et al. Diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection by quantitation of urinary antigen by using an enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:117-21.
292. Desakorn V, Simpson AJ, Wuthiekanun V, et al. Development and evaluation of rapid urinary antigen detection tests for diagnosis of penicilliosis marneffei. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3179-83.
293. Trewatcharegon S, Chaiyaroj SC, Chongtrakool P, Sirisinha S. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies reactive with the mycelial and yeast phases of Penicillium marneffei. Med Mycol 2000; 38:91-6.
294. Pnaichakul T, Chawengkirttikul R, Chaiyaroj SC, Sirisinha S. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 67:443-7.
295. Chaiyaroj SC, Chawengkirttikul R, Sirisinha S, Watkins P, Srinoulprasert Y. Antigen detection assay for identification of Penicillium marneffei infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:432-4.
296. Blumer SO, Kaufman L, Kaplan W, McLaughlin DW, Kraft DE. Comparative evaluation of five serological methods for the diagnosis of Sporotrichosis. Appl Microbiol 1973; 26:4-8.
297. Scott EN, Kaufman L, Brown AC, Muchmore HG. Serologic studies in the diagnosis and management of meningitis due to Sporothrix schenckii. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:935-40.
298. Scott EN, Muchmore HG. Immunoblot analysis of antibody responses to Sporothrix schenckii. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:300-4.
299. Mendoza M, Diaz AM, Hung MB, Zambrano EA, Diaz E, de Albornoz MC. Production of culture filtrates of Sporothrix schenckii in diverse culture media. Med Mycol 2002; 40:447-54.
300. Jones KW, Kaufman L. Development and evaluation of an immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of systemic zygomycosis (mucormycosis): preliminary report. J Clin Microbiol 1978; 7:97-103.
301. Kaufman L, Turner LF, McLaughlin DW. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:1979-82.
302. Kaufman L, Mendoza L, Standard PG. Immunodiffusion test for serodiagnosing subcutaneous zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:1887-90.
303. Lyon GM, Smilack JD, Komatsu KK, et al. Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in Arizona: clinical and epidemiological characteristics and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:1448-55.
304. Pasha TM, Leighton JA, Smilack JD, Heppell J, Colby TV, Kaufman L. Basidiobolomycosis: an unusual fungal infection mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:250-4.