The incidence and associated risk factors for sudden unexplained death in psychiatric in-patients in England and Wales

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Volumn 25, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1533-1542

  Windfuhr, Kirsten ^a   Turnbull, Pauline ^a   While, David ^a   Swinson, Nicola ^a   Mehta, Hetal ^a   Hadfield, Kelly ^a   Hiroeh, Urara ^a   Watkinson, Helen ^b   Dixon, Clare ^a   Flynn, Sandra ^a   Thomas, Simon ^b   Lewis, Glyn ^c   Ferrier, I N ^d   Amos, Tim ^c   Skapinakis, Petros ^c,e   Shaw, Jenny ^a   Kapur, Nav ^a   Appleby, Louis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^d NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

Author keywords

Drug treatment; psychiatric in patients; sudden death

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOZAPINE; DIAZEPAM; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PROMAZINE; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRAZODONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; AUTOPSY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; MENTAL PATIENT; MOOD DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RESUSCITATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUDDEN DEATH; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DEATH, SUDDEN; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; ODDS RATIO; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; WALES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 83455231350     PISSN: 02698811     EISSN: 14617285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269881110379288     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Anderson RE, Hill RB, Broudy DW, et al. A population-based autopsy study of sudden, unexpected deaths from natural causes among persons 5 to 39 years old during a 12-year period. Hum Pathol. 1994 ; 25: 1332-1339
2. Appleby L, Shaw J, Kapur N, Windfuhr K, Ashton A, Swinson N, et al. (2006) Avoidable deaths: five-year report of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. Available at: http://www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/nci.
3. Atkins M, Burgess A, Bottomley C, et al. Chlorpromazine equivalents: a consensus of opinion for both clinical and research applications. Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr. 1997 ; 21: 224-226 (Pubitemid 27225823)
4. Banerjee S, Bingley W, Murphy E Deaths of detained patients. A review of report to the Mental Health Act Commission. UK: Mental Health Foundation ; 1995 :
5. Bowker TJ, Wood DA, Davies MJ, Sheppard MN, Cary NRB, Burton JDK, et al. Sudden unexpected cardiac or unexplained death in England: a national survey. Q J Med. 2003 ; 96: 269-279 (Pubitemid 36432386)
6. British National Formulary (2007) London: British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
7. Cormac I, Martin D, Ferriter M. Improving the physical health of long-stay psychiatric in-patients. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2004 ; 10: 107-115 (Pubitemid 38344559)
8. Coulter DM, Bate A, Meyboom RHB, Lindquist M, Edwards IR. Antipsychotic drugs and heart muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance: a data mining study. Br Med J. 2001 ; 322: 1207-1207
9. Dupont WD Statistical modelling for biomedical researchers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, UK ; 2002 :
10. Glassman A. Schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 ; 66 (suppl 6). 5-10 (Pubitemid 41243256)
11. Glassman AH, Bigger JT. Anti-psychotic drugs: prolonged QT interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 ; 158: 1774-1782 (Pubitemid 33054769)
12. Hägg S, Spigset O, Bate A, Söderström TG. Myocarditis related to clozapine treatment. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 ; 21: 382-388 (Pubitemid 32673027)
13. Hennessy S, Bilker WB, Knauss JS, Margolis DJ, Kimmel SE, Reynolds RF, et al. Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking anti-psychotic drugs: cohort study using administrative data. Br Med J. 2002 ; 325: 1070-1074
14. Howell C, Wilson AD, Waring WS. Cardiovascular toxicity due to venlafaxine poisoning in adults: a review of 235 consecutive cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 ; 64: 192-197 (Pubitemid 47063239)
15. Isbister GK. Electrocardiogram changes and arrhythmias in venlafaxine overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 ; 67: 572-576
16. Kang UG, Kwon JS, Ahn YM, et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients treated with clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 ; 61: 441-446 (Pubitemid 30452212)
17. Killian JG, Kerr K, Lawrence C, et al. Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy associated with clozapine. Lancet. 1999 ; 354: 1841-1845
18. Mehtonen OP, Aranko K, Malkonen L, Vapaatalo H. Survey of sudden death associated with the use of anti-psychotic or antidepressant drugs: 49 cases in Finland. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991 ; 84: 58-64
19. Morentin B, Suarez-Mier MP, Aguilera B. Sudden unexplained death among person 1-25 years old. Forensic Sci Int. 2003 ; 135: 213-217 (Pubitemid 36961463)
20. Depression: Management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical guideline 23. UK: National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health ; 2004 :
21. Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, Hall K, Stein MC. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Eng J Med. 2009 ; 360: 225-235
22. Ray WA, Meredith S, Thapa PB, Meador KG, Hall K, Murray KT. Anti-psychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 ; 58: 1161-1167 (Pubitemid 33121508)
23. Reilly JG, Ayis SA, Ferrier IN, Jones SJ, Thomas SHL. Thioridazine and sudden unexplained death in psychiatric in-patients. Br J Psychiatry. 2002 ; 180: 515-522 (Pubitemid 34596802)
24. Royal College of Psychiatrists (1997) The Association Between Anti-psychotic Drugs and Sudden Death. Report of the Working Group of the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Psychopharamcology Sub-Group, Council Report CR57. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists.
25. Ruschena D, Mullen PE, Burgess P, Cordner SM, Barry-Walsh J, Drummer OH, et al. Sudden death in psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1998 ; 172: 331-336 (Pubitemid 28183860)
26. Shen W, Edwards W, Hammill S, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ, Gersh BJ. Sudden unexpected nontraumatic death in 54 young adults: a 30-year population-based study. Am J Cardiol. 1995 ; 76: 148-152
27. Stata Corporation (2003) Intercooled STATA 10.0 for Windows. College Station, Texas: Stata Corporation [Statistical Software].
28. Straus SMJM, Bleumink GS, Dieleman JP, van der Lei J, 't Jong GW, Kingma H, et al. Antipsychotics and the risk of sudden cardiac death. Arch Intern Med. 2004 ; 164: 1293-1297 (Pubitemid 38828879)
29. Titier K, Girodet P-O, Verdoux H, Molimard M, Begaud B, Haverkamp W, et al. Atypical antipsychotics: from potassium channels to torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drug Saf. 2005 ; 28: 35-51
30. Tungsanga K, Sriboonlue P. Sudden unexplained death syndrome in North-East Thailand. Int J Epidemiol. 1993 ; 22: 81-87 (Pubitemid 23083958)
31. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG, Macfarlane PW, Walker M. Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in middle-aged British men. Circulation. 1995 ; 91: 1749-1756
32. Wetterling T. Bodyweight gain with atypical antipsychotics: a comparative review. Drug Saf. 2001 ; 24: 59-73 (Pubitemid 32113367)
33. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization ; 1993 :
34. Woods SW. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 ; 64: 663-667 (Pubitemid 36750143)
35. Yorston G, Pinney A. Chlorpromazine equivalents and percentage of British National Formulary maximum recommended dose in patients receiving high-dose antipsychotics. Psychiatr Bull. 2000 ; 24: 130-132 (Pubitemid 30209551)