Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in age-related neurodegeneration: Prevalence related to patient selection, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic treatment of aged clients receiving clinical neurology and community-based care

Current Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 236-259

  Babizhayev, Mark A ^a   Deyev, Anatoliy I ^a   Yegorov, Yegor E ^b  

^a Innovative Vision Products Incorporated   (United States)

^b ENGELHARDT INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer's disease; Beta alanine; Chemosensory dysfunctions; Copper and zinc ions; Glycating agents and reactive aldehydes; Head trauma; Lubricant drug delivery or perfume toilet water formulations; Nasal and sinus disease; Neurodegeneration; Non hydrolized carnosine; Olfactory impairment; Protein cross linking; Reactive nitrogen species; Reactive oxygen species; Viral induced loss

Indexed keywords

CARNOSINE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; OXYGEN RADICAL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

AGE; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANOSMIA; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNITY CARE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GERIATRIC CARE; GLYCATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; LIPID OXIDATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NUTRITION; OLFACTORY BULB; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; SMELLING; SMELLING DISORDER; TASTE DISORDER;

EID: 83455224467     PISSN: 15748847     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157488411798375903     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Campbell VA, Crews JE, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Blackman DK. Surveillance for sensory impairment, activity limitation, and health-related quality of life among older adults-United States, 1993-1997. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1999; 48: 131-56.
2. HS, Kobau R, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Holt J, Donehoo R. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Health-related quality of life surveillance-United States, 1993-2002. MMWR Surveill Summ 2005; 54: 1-35.
3. Spielman AI. Chemosensory function and dysfunction. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9: 267-91.
4. Quint C, Temmel AF, Schickinger B, Pabinger S, Ramberger P, Hummel T. Patterns of non-conductive olfactory disorders in eastern Austria: a study of 120 patients from the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the University of Vienna. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001; 113: 52-7.
5. Hoffman HJ, Ishii EK, MacTurk RH. Age-related changes in the prevalence of smell/taste problems among the United States adult population. Results of the 1994 disability supplement to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 855: 716-22.
6. Leopold D. Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment. Chem Senses 2002; 27: 611-5.
7. Schiffman SS. Taste and smell in disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1275-79, 1337-43.
8. Mattes RD, Cowart BJ. Dietary assessment of patients with chemosensory disorders. J Am Diet Assoc 1994; 94: 50-6.
9. Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER. Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001; 127: 497-503.
10. Doty RL. A review of olfactory dysfunctions in man. Am J Otolaryngol 1979; 1: 57-79.
11. Chalke HD, Dewhurst JR. Accidental coal-gas poisoning; loss of sense of smell as a possible contributory factor with old people. Br Med J 1957; 2: 915-7.
12. Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA 2002; 288: 2307-12.
13. Keller A, Vosshall LB. Better smelling through genetics: mammalian odor perception. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18: 364-9. Epub 2008 Oct 23.
14. Hu J, Zhong C, Ding C, et al. Detection of near-atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by an olfactory subsystem in the mouse. Science 2007; 317: 953-7.
15. Buck L, Axel R. A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: a molecular basis for odor recognition. Cell 1991; 65: 175-87.
16. Zozulya S, Echeverri F, Nguyen T. The human olfactory receptor repertoire. Genome Biol 2001; 2: Research 0018. Epub 2001 Jun 1.
17. Glusman G, Yanai I, Rubin I, Lancet D. The complete human olfactory subgenome. Genome Res 2001; 11: 685-702.
18. Pace U, Hanski E, Salomon Y, Lancet D. Odorant-sensitive adenylate cyclase may mediate olfactory reception. Nature 1985; 316: 255-8.
19. Sklar PB, Anholt RR, Snyder SH. The odorant-sensitive adenylate cyclase of olfactory receptor cells. Differential stimulation by distinct classes of odorants. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 15538-43.
20. Keller A, Vosshall LB. Influence of odorant receptor repertoire on odor perception in humans and fruit flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 5614-9. Epub 2007 Mar 19.
21. Schiffman SS. Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. JAMA 1997; 278: 1357-62.
22. Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Siksorski L, Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Science 1984; 226: 1441-3.
23. Stevens JC, Cain WS. Old-age deficits in the sense of smell as gauged by thresholds, magnitude matching, and odor identification. Psychol Aging 1987; 2: 36-42.
24. Stevens JC, Plantinga A, Cain WS. Reduction of odor and nasal pungency associated with aging. Neurobiol Aging 1982; 3: 125-32.
25. de Wijk RA, Cain WS. Odor quality: discrimination versus free and cued identification. Percept Psychophys 1994; 56: 12-8.
26. Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skövde population-based study. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 733-7.
27. Whissell-Buechy D, Amoore JE. Letter: Odour-blindness to musk: simple recessive inheritance. Nature 1973; 245: 157-8.
28. Keller A, Zhuang H, Chi Q, Vosshall LB, Matsunami H. Genetic variation in a human odorant receptor alters odour perception. Nature 2007; 449: 468-72. Epub 2007 Sep 16.
29. Zhuang H, Chien MS, Matsunami H. Dynamic functional evolution of an odorant receptor for sex-steroid-derived odors in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 21247-51. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
30. Gaillard I, Rouquier S, Chavanieu A, Mollard P, Giorgi D. Aminoacid changes acquired during evolution by olfactory receptor 912-93 modify the specificity of odorant recognition. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13(7): 771-80. Epub 2004 Feb 12.
31. Hedner M, Nilsson LG, Olofsson JK, et al. Age-Related Olfactory Decline is Associated with the BDNF Val66met Polymorphism: Evidence from a Population-Based Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2010; 2: 24.
32. Plattig KH, Kobal G, Thumfart W. The chemical senses of smell and taste in the course of life - changes of smell and taste perception. Z Gerontol 1980; 13: 149-57.
33. Schubert CR, Carmichael LL, Murphy C, Klein BE, Klein R, Cruickshanks KJ. Olfaction and the 5-year incidence of cognitive impairment in an epidemiological study of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 1517-21. Epub 2008 Jul 24.
34. Kukull WA, Higdon R, Bowen JD, et al. Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: a prospective cohort study. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 1737-46.
35. Serby M, Larson P, Kalkstein D. The nature and course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatr 1991; 148: 357-60.
36. Peters JM, Hummel T, Kratzsch T, Lötsch J, Skarke C, Frölich L. Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: an investigation using psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques. Am J Psychiatr 2003; 160: 1995-2002.
37. Mesholam RI, Moberg PJ, Mahr RN, Doty RL. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: a meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 84-90.
38. Murphy C. Loss of olfactory function in dementing disease. Physiol Behav 1999; 66: 177-82.
39. Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Arnold SE, Tang Y, Boyle PA, Bennett DA. Olfactory identification and incidence of mild cognitive impairment in older age. Arch Gen Psychiatr 2007; 64: 802-8.
40. Norès JM, Biacabe B, Bonfils P. Olfactory disorders in Alzheimer's disease and in Parkinson's disease. Review of the literature. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 2000; 151: 97-106.
41. Thompson MD, Knee K, Golden CJ. Olfaction in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychol Rev 1998; 8: 11-23.
42. Devanand DP, Michaels-Marston KS, Liu X, et al. Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer's disease at follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1399-405.
43. Murphy C, Bacon AW, Bondi MW, Salmon DP. Apolipoprotein E status is associated with odor identification deficits in nondemented older persons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 855: 744-50.
44. Calhoun-Haney R, Murphy C. Apolipoprotein epsilon4 is associated with more rapid decline in odor identification than in odor threshold or Dementia Rating Scale scores. Brain Cogn 2005; 58: 178-82. Epub 2004 Dec 7.
45. Wang QS, Tian L, Huang YL, Qin S, He LQ, Zhou JN. Olfactory identification and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele in mild cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2002; 951: 77-81.
46. Schiffman SS, Graham BG, Sattely-Miller EA, Zervakis J, Welsh-Bohmer K. Taste, smell and neuropsychological performance of individuals at familial risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23: 397-404.
47. Braak H, Braak E. Diagnostic criteria for neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1997; 18(4 Suppl): S85-8.
48. Kovács T, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL. Olfactory centres in Alzheimer's disease: olfactory bulb is involved in early Braak's stages. Neuroreport 2001; 12: 285-8.
49. Christen-Zaech S, Kraftsik R, Pillevuit O, et al. Early olfactory involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2003; 30: 20-5.
50. Attems J, Jellinger KA. Olfactory tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Clin Neuropathol 2006; 25: 265-71.
51. Price JL, Davis PB, Morris JC, White DL. The distribution of tangles, plaques and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1991; 12: 295-312.
52. Wilson RS, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Tang Y, Bennett DA. The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer's disease pathology and odour identification in old age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2007; 78: 30-5. Epub 2006 Sep 29.
53. Seiden AM, Duncan HJ, Smith DV. Office management of taste and smell disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1992; 5: 817-35.
54. Cullen MM, Leopold DA. Disorders of smell and taste. Med Clin North Am 1999; 83: 57-74.
55. Deems DA, Doty RL, Settle RG, et al. Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 117: 519-28.
56. Costanzo RM, DiNardo LF, Zasler ND. Head injury and olfaction. In: Doty RL, ed. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1995: 493-502.
57. Dileo MD, Amedee RG. Disorders of taste and smell. J La State Med Soc 1994; 146: 433-7.
58. Bromley SM. Smell and taste disorders: a primary care approach. Am Fam Physician 2000; 61: 427-36, 438.
59. P, Collet S, Eloy P, Ledeghen S, Bertrand B. Smell disorders in ENT clinic. B-ENT 2005; (Suppl 1): 97-107; quiz 108-9.
60. Hoffman HJ, Cruickshanks KJ, Davis B. Perspectives on population- based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1170: 514-30.
61. Pribitkin E, Rosenthal MD, Cowart BJ. Prevalence and causes of severe taste loss in a chemosensory clinic population. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2003; 112: 971-8.
62. Harris R, Davidson TM, Murphy C, Gilbert PE, Chen M. Clinical evaluation and symptoms of chemosensory impairment: one thousand consecutive cases from the Nasal Dysfunction Clinic in San Diego. Am J Rhinol 2006; 20: 101-8.
63. Seiden AM, Duncan HJ. The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 9-14.
64. Mann NM. Management of smell and taste problems. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69: 329-36.
65. Landis BN, Konnerth CG, Hummel T. A study on the frequency of olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope 2004; 114: 1764-9.
66. Tsukatani T, Reiter ER, Miwa T, Costanzo RM. Comparison of diagnostic findings using different olfactory test methods. Laryngoscope 2005; 115: 1114-7.
67. Hirth L, Abadanian D, Goedde HW. Incidence of specific anosmia in Northern Germany. Hum Hered 1986; 36: 1-5.
68. Gilbert AN, Rosenwasser AM. Biological rhythmicity of nasal airway patency: a re-examination of the 'nasal cycle'. Acta Otolaryngol 1987; 104: 180-6.
69. Seiden AM, Duncan HJ. The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 9-14.
70. Duncan HJ, Seiden AM. Long-term follow-up of olfactory loss secondary to head trauma and upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 121: 1183-7.
71. London B, Nabet B, Fisher AR, White B, Sammel MD, Doty RL. Predictors of prognosis in patients with olfactory disturbance. Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 159-66.
72. Corwin J, Loury M, Gilbert AN. Workplace, age, and sex as mediators of olfactory function: data from the National Geographic Smell Survey. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1995; 50: P179-86.
73. BJ. The Dana Foundation. Taste, Our Body's Gustatory Gatekeeper. 2005. http://www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=788
74. Mann NM, Lafreniere D. Anosmia and nasal sinus disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004; 37: 289-300.
75. Santos DV, Reiter ER, DiNardo LJ, Costanzo RM. Hazardous events associated with impaired olfactory function. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004; 130: 317-9.
76. Mott AE, Grushka M, Sessle BJ. Diagnosis and management of taste disorders and burning mouth syndrome. Dent Clin North Am 1993; 37: 33-71.
77. Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Burning mouth syndrome: prevalence and associated factors. J Oral Pathol Med 1999; 28: 350-4.
78. Apter AJ, Gent JF, Frank ME. Fluctuating olfactory sensitivity and distorted odor perception in allergic rhinitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125: 1005-10.
79. Thorstensson B, Hugoson A. Prevalence of some oral complaints and their relation to oral health variables in an adult Swedish population. Acta Odontol Scand 1996; 54: 257-62.
80. Nordin S, Brämerson A. Complaints of olfactory disorders: epidemiology, assessment and clinical implications. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8: 10-5.
81. Fukunaga A, Uematsu H, Sugimoto K. Influences of aging on taste perception and oral somatic sensation. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005; 60: 109-13.
82. Bartoshuk LM. Taste. Robust across the age span? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989; 561: 65-75.
83. Mascagni P, Consonni D, Bregante G, Chiappino G, Toffoletto F. Olfactory function in workers exposed to moderate airborne cadmium levels. Neurotoxicology 2003; 24: 717-24.
84. Doty RL, Yousem DM, Pham LT, Kreshak AA, Geckle R, Lee WW. Olfactory dysfunction in patients with head trauma. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 1131-40.
85. Ogawa T, Rutka J. Olfactory dysfunction in head injured workers. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1999; 540: 50-7.
86. Ciofalo A, Filiaci F, Romeo R, Zambetti G, Vestri AR. Epidemiological aspects of olfactory dysfunction. Rhinology 2006; 44: 78-82.
87. Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Reed D, Williams A. Supertasting, earaches and head injury: genetics and pathology alter our taste worlds. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1996; 20: 79-87.
88. Landis BN, Beutner D, Frasnelli J, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T. Gustatory function in chronic inflammatory middle ear diseases. Laryngoscope 2005; 115: 1124-7.
89. Hutton JL, Baracos VE, Wismer WV. Chemosensory dysfunction is a primary factor in the evolution of declining nutritional status and quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 33: 156-65.
90. Bernhardson BM, Tishelman C, Rutqvist LE. Chemosensory changes experienced by patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy: a qualitative interview study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 34: 403-12. Epub 2007 Jul 5.
91. Schiffman SS, Sattely-Miller EA, Taylor EL, et al. Combination of flavor enhancement and chemosensory education improves nutritional status in older cancer patients. J Nutr Health Aging 2007; 11: 439-54.
92. Keller KL, Tepper BJ. Inherited taste sensitivity to 6-npropylthiouracil in diet and body weight in children. Obes Res 2004; 12: 904-12.
93. Tepper BJ. Nutritional implications of genetic taste variation: the role of PROP sensitivity and other taste phenotypes. Annu Rev Nutr 2008; 28: 367-88.
94. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Reed DR. Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e216-22.
95. Beauchamp GK, Cowart BJ, Mennella JA, Marsh RR. Infant salt taste: developmental, methodological, and contextual factors. Dev Psychobiol 1994; 27: 353-65.
96. BJ. 6-n-Propylthiouracil: a genetic marker for taste, with implications for food preference and dietary habits. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63: 1271-6.
97. Duffy VB. Associations between oral sensation, dietary behaviors and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Appetite 2004; 43: 5-9.
98. López EP, Rice C, Weddle DO, Rahill GJ. The relationship among cardiovascular risk factors, diet patterns, alcohol consumption, and ethnicity among women aged 50 years and older. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 248-56.
99. Hellings PW, Rombaux P. Medical therapy and smell dysfunction. B-ENT 2009; 5 (Suppl 13): 71-5.
100. Kennedy J. Herb and supplement use in the US adult population. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 1847-58.
101. Loya AM, González-Stuart A, Rivera JO. Prevalence of polypharmacy, polyherbacy, nutritional supplement use and potential product interactions among older adults living on the United States- Mexico border: a descriptive, questionnaire-based study. Drugs Aging 2009; 26: 423-36. doi: 10.2165/00002512-200926050-00006.
102. Babizhayev MA, Seguin MC, Gueyne J, Evstigneeva RP, Ageyeva EA, Zheltukhina GA. L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) act as natural antioxidants with hydroxyl-radical-scavenging and lipid-peroxidase activities. Biochem J 1994; 304: 509-16.
103. De Marchis S, Modena C, Peretto P, Migheli A, Margolis FL, Fasolo A. Carnosine-related dipeptides in neurons and glia. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65: 824-33.
104. Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ. Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65: 807-16.
105. Doty RL, Reyes PF, Gregor T. Presence of both odor identification and detection deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 1987; 18: 597-600.
106. Murphy C, Gilmore MM, Seery CS, Salmon DP, Lasker BR. Olfactory thresholds are associated with degree of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1990; 11: 465-9.
107. Wetzel CH, Brunert D, Hatt H. Cellular mechanisms of olfactory signal transduction. Chem Senses 2005; 30(Suppl 1): i321-2.
108. Kanaki K, Kawashima S, Kashiwayanagi M, Kurihara K. Carnosine-induced inward currents in rat olfactory bulb neurons in cultured slices. Neurosci Lett 1997; 231: 167-70.
109. Doty RL. The olfactory vector hypothesis of neurodegenerative disease: is it viable? Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 7-15.
110. Hipkiss AR. Could carnosine suppress zinc-mediated proteasome inhibition and neurodegeneration? Therapeutic potential of a nontoxic but non-patentable dipeptide. Biogerontology 2005; 6: 147-9.
111. Babizhayev MA, Meguro K. 2004. Combined Use of Carnosinase Inhibitor with L-Carnosines and Composition. WO 2004/064866 PCT/JP2004/000351. Filed 20 January 2003 (20.01.2003).