메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 790-800

A comparison between manganese nodules and cobalt crust economics in a scenario of mutual exclusivity

Author keywords

Break even point analysis; Cobalt crusts; Deep seabed mining; Manganese nodules; Mining economics; Sensitivity analysis

Indexed keywords

COBALT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DEEP SEA; ECONOMICS; MANGANESE; MINING; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; ORE MINERAL; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

EID: 83455178136     PISSN: 0308597X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.11.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0036195544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precautionary management of deep-sea mining
    • Halfar J., Fujita R.M. Precautionary management of deep-sea mining. Mar Policy 2002, 26:103-106.
    • (2002) Mar Policy , vol.26 , pp. 103-106
    • Halfar, J.1    Fujita, R.M.2
  • 3
    • 84855360327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDI. The Cobalt conference
    • Cobalt News Available at: [Consulted in February 2011].
    • CDI. The Cobalt conference. Cobalt News 2008;3:9-10. Available at: [Consulted in February 2011]. http://www.thecdi.com/cobaltnews.php.
    • (2008) , vol.3 , pp. 9-10
  • 4
    • 84855341302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDI. 2009 production statistics
    • Cobalt News Available at: [Consulted in February 2011].
    • CDI. 2009 production statistics. Cobalt News 2010;2:3-4. Available at: [Consulted in February 2011]. http://www.thecdi.com/cdi/images/news_pdf/cobalt_news_apr10.pdf.
    • (2010) , vol.2 , pp. 3-4
  • 5
    • 84855348449 scopus 로고
    • A cost-benefit analysis of ocean mineral resource development: the case of manganese nodules
    • Sorensen P.E., Mead W. A cost-benefit analysis of ocean mineral resource development: the case of manganese nodules. Am J Agric Econ 1968, 50(5):1611-1620.
    • (1968) Am J Agric Econ , vol.50 , Issue.5 , pp. 1611-1620
    • Sorensen, P.E.1    Mead, W.2
  • 6
    • 84886851936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualification tests on underwater mining system with manganese nodule collection and crushing systems
    • In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June.
    • Rajesh S, Gnanaraj AA, Velmurugan A, Ramesh R, Muthuvel P, Babu MK, et al. Qualification tests on underwater mining system with manganese nodule collection and crushing systems. In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June 2011. p. 110-5.
    • (2011) , pp. 110-5
    • Rajesh, S.1    Gnanaraj, A.A.2    Velmurugan, A.3    Ramesh, R.4    Muthuvel, P.5    Babu, M.K.6
  • 7
    • 84886859876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shallow lifting test for the development of deep ocean mineral resources in Korea
    • In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June.
    • Yoon CH, Park JM, Kang JS, Kim YJ, Park YC, Park SG, et al. Shallow lifting test for the development of deep ocean mineral resources in Korea. In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June 2011. p. 149-152.
    • (2011) , pp. 149-152
    • Yoon, C.H.1    Park, J.M.2    Kang, J.S.3    Kim, Y.J.4    Park, Y.C.5    Park, S.G.6
  • 8
    • 0006329115 scopus 로고
    • Marine metallic mineral resources from the Pacific basin
    • Clark A.L., Clark J.C. Marine metallic mineral resources from the Pacific basin. Mar Resour Econ 1986, 3(1):45-62.
    • (1986) Mar Resour Econ , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-62
    • Clark, A.L.1    Clark, J.C.2
  • 9
    • 84855341301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of possible economic returns from mining deep sea polymetallic nodules, polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts. In: Proceedings of the workshop on mineral resources of the international seabed area
    • Kingston, Jamaica; 26-30
    • Lenoble JP. A comparison of possible economic returns from mining deep sea polymetallic nodules, polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts. In: Proceedings of the workshop on mineral resources of the international seabed area. Kingston, Jamaica; 26-30, 2000. p. 265-427.
    • (2000) , pp. 265-427
    • Lenoble, J.P.1
  • 11
    • 0242283344 scopus 로고
    • Views on future nodule technologies based on IFREMER-GEMONOD studies
    • Charles C., et al. Views on future nodule technologies based on IFREMER-GEMONOD studies. Mater Soc 1990, 14(3/4):299-326.
    • (1990) Mater Soc , vol.14 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 299-326
    • Charles, C.1
  • 12
    • 0142185911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep ocean mining reconsidered a study of the manganese nodules deposits in the Cook Islands
    • In: Proceedings of the fourth ocean mining symposium. Szczecin, Poland; September 23-27
    • Soreide F, Lund F, Markussen JM. Deep ocean mining reconsidered a study of the manganese nodules deposits in the Cook Islands. In: Proceedings of the fourth ocean mining symposium. Szczecin, Poland; September 23-27, 2001. p. 88-93.
    • (2001) , pp. 88-93
    • Soreide, F.1    Lund, F.2    Markussen, J.M.3
  • 13
    • 1842504974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of technical and economical examination method for cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts
    • In: Proceedings of the twelfth international offshore and polar engineering conference. Kitalyushu, Japan; May 26-31
    • Yamazaki T. Development of technical and economical examination method for cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts. In: Proceedings of the twelfth international offshore and polar engineering conference. Kitalyushu, Japan; May 26-31, 2002. p. 454-61.
    • (2002) , pp. 454-61
    • Yamazaki, T.1
  • 14
    • 84855351421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technological issues associated with commercialising cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts deposits in the Area
    • In: Proceedings of the international seabed authority's workshop "Mining cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic sulphides deposits: technological and economic considerations". Kingston, Jamaica; 31 Julyy-4 August.
    • Yamazaki T. Technological issues associated with commercialising cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts deposits in the Area. In: Proceedings of the international seabed authority's workshop "Mining cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic sulphides deposits: technological and economic considerations". Kingston, Jamaica; 31 July-4 August, 2006. p. 208-20.
    • (2006) , pp. 208-20
    • Yamazaki, T.1
  • 15
    • 84889030995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model mining units of the 20th century and the economies (production requirements, area requirements and vertical integration)
    • In: Proceedings of the technical paper for ISA workshop on polymetallic nodule mining technology-current status and challenges ahead. Chennai, India; 18-22 February.
    • Yamazaki T. Model mining units of the 20th century and the economies (production requirements, area requirements and vertical integration). In: Proceedings of the technical paper for ISA workshop on polymetallic nodule mining technology-current status and challenges ahead. Chennai, India; 18-22 February, 2008. p. 1-9. Available at: [web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Workshops/Feb2008/Yamazaki-Abst.pdf.
    • (2008) , pp. 1-9
    • Yamazaki, T.1
  • 16
    • 77950912053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seamount mineral deposits. A source of rare metals for high-technology industries
    • Hein J.R., Conrad T.A., Staudigel H. Seamount mineral deposits. A source of rare metals for high-technology industries. Oceanography 2010, 23(1):184-189.
    • (2010) Oceanography , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 184-189
    • Hein, J.R.1    Conrad, T.A.2    Staudigel, H.3
  • 17
    • 74949093462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of microtopography on mining possibility of cobalt-rich manganese crusts
    • In: Proceedings of the eighth ISOPE ocean mining symposium. Chennai, India; 20-24 September
    • Yamazaki T. Effect of microtopography on mining possibility of cobalt-rich manganese crusts. In: Proceedings of the eighth ISOPE ocean mining symposium. Chennai, India; 20-24 September, 2009. p. 239-45.
    • (2009) , pp. 239-45
    • Yamazaki, T.1
  • 18
    • 2942684926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt from Indian Ocean nodules
    • Agarwal H.P., Goodrich J.D. Extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt from Indian Ocean nodules. Can J Chem Eng 2003, 81:303-306.
    • (2003) Can J Chem Eng , vol.81 , pp. 303-306
    • Agarwal, H.P.1    Goodrich, J.D.2
  • 19
    • 0022681550 scopus 로고
    • Manganese nodule project economics. Factors relating to the Pacific Region
    • Johnson C.J., Otto J.M. Manganese nodule project economics. Factors relating to the Pacific Region. Resour Policy 1986, 12(1):17-28.
    • (1986) Resour Policy , vol.12 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-28
    • Johnson, C.J.1    Otto, J.M.2
  • 20
    • 84855353198 scopus 로고
    • Deep sea manganese nodules: from scientific phenomenon to world resources
    • Brooks D.B. Deep sea manganese nodules: from scientific phenomenon to world resources. Nat Resour J 1968, 8:401-423.
    • (1968) Nat Resour J , vol.8 , pp. 401-423
    • Brooks, D.B.1
  • 21
    • 77956816379 scopus 로고
    • Economic aspect of nodule mining
    • Elsevier, Amsterdam, G.P. Glasby (Ed.)
    • Mero J.L. Economic aspect of nodule mining. Marine manganese deposits 1977, 327-355. Elsevier, Amsterdam. G.P. Glasby (Ed.).
    • (1977) Marine manganese deposits , pp. 327-355
    • Mero, J.L.1
  • 22
    • 0014606564 scopus 로고
    • Marine mining in Britain
    • [and 121(6):474-80]
    • Medford R.D. Marine mining in Britain. Min Mag 1969, 121(5):369-381. [and 121(6):474-80].
    • (1969) Min Mag , vol.121 , Issue.5 , pp. 369-381
    • Medford, R.D.1
  • 23
  • 24
    • 0023159543 scopus 로고
    • Seabed materials
    • Broadus J.M. Seabed materials. Science 1987, 235:853-860.
    • (1987) Science , vol.235 , pp. 853-860
    • Broadus, J.M.1
  • 25
    • 84987304838 scopus 로고
    • A manganese nodule industrial venture would be profitable
    • In: Proceedings of the summary of a 4 year study in France, in offshore technology conference, OTC 5997. Houston (Texas, USA); May 1-4
    • Herrouin G, Lenoble JP, Charles C. A manganese nodule industrial venture would be profitable. In: Proceedings of the summary of a 4 year study in France, in offshore technology conference, OTC 5997. Houston (Texas, USA); May 1-4, 1989. p. 321-31.
    • (1989) , pp. 321-31
    • Herrouin, G.1    Lenoble, J.P.2    Charles, C.3
  • 26
    • 84855359405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISA. Marine mineral resources. Scientific advances and economic perspective; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • ISA. Marine mineral resources. Scientific advances and economic perspective; 2004. 126 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Pubs/ISA-Daolos.pdf.
    • (2004) , pp. 126
  • 27
    • 84855341303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISA. Polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: status and prospects
    • ISA technical study: no. 2; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • ISA. Polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: status and prospects. ISA technical study: no. 2; 2002. 113 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Pubs/TechStudy2.pdf.
    • (2002) , pp. 113
  • 29
    • 84855349503 scopus 로고
    • The potential economic impact of technological progress on the development of manganese nodule mining
    • Butterworth, Boston, MA, C. Gopalakrishnan (Ed.)
    • Marsh J.B. The potential economic impact of technological progress on the development of manganese nodule mining. The emerging marine economy of the Pacific 1984, 49-60. Butterworth, Boston, MA. C. Gopalakrishnan (Ed.).
    • (1984) The emerging marine economy of the Pacific , pp. 49-60
    • Marsh, J.B.1
  • 30
    • 0022287620 scopus 로고
    • Deep-sea mining versus land based mining: a cost comparison
    • Springer-Verlag, New York, J.B. Donges (Ed.)
    • Dick R. Deep-sea mining versus land based mining: a cost comparison. The economics of deep sea mining 1984, 2-61. Springer-Verlag, New York. J.B. Donges (Ed.).
    • (1984) The economics of deep sea mining , pp. 2-61
    • Dick, R.1
  • 31
    • 0034492098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource characteristics, extraction costs and optimal exploitation of mineral resources
    • Marvasti A. Resource characteristics, extraction costs and optimal exploitation of mineral resources. Environ Resour Econ 2000, 17:395-408.
    • (2000) Environ Resour Econ , vol.17 , pp. 395-408
    • Marvasti, A.1
  • 32
    • 0036328346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep seabed mining: past failure and future prospects
    • Glasby G.P. Deep seabed mining: past failure and future prospects. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 2002, 20:161-176.
    • (2002) Mar Georesour Geotechnol , vol.20 , pp. 161-176
    • Glasby, G.P.1
  • 33
    • 0025622455 scopus 로고
    • Commercial recovery of deep seabed manganese nodules: twenty years of accomplishment
    • Padan J.W. Commercial recovery of deep seabed manganese nodules: twenty years of accomplishment. Mar Min 1990, 9:87-103.
    • (1990) Mar Min , vol.9 , pp. 87-103
    • Padan, J.W.1
  • 34
    • 43549125012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing vision of marine minerals
    • Rona P.A. The changing vision of marine minerals. Ore Geol Rev 2008, 33:618-666.
    • (2008) Ore Geol Rev , vol.33 , pp. 618-666
    • Rona, P.A.1
  • 35
    • 0242365566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic simulation for a small scale manganese nodule mining system taking into account new technologies
    • In: Proceedings of the fifth ocean mining symposium. Tsukuba, Japan; September 15-19
    • Handschuh R, Schulte E, Grebe H, Schwarz W. Economic simulation for a small scale manganese nodule mining system taking into account new technologies. In: Proceedings of the fifth ocean mining symposium. Tsukuba, Japan; September 15-19, 2003. p. 71-5.
    • (2003) , pp. 71-5
    • Handschuh, R.1    Schulte, E.2    Grebe, H.3    Schwarz, W.4
  • 36
    • 84855358069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of flexible configuration nodule pilot plants in the context of evolving metal markets
    • In: Proceedings of the third ocean mining symposium. Goa, India; November 8-10
    • Sen PK, Singh TRP. Design of flexible configuration nodule pilot plants in the context of evolving metal markets. In: Proceedings of the third ocean mining symposium. Goa, India; November 8-10, 1999. p. 254-9.
    • (1999) , pp. 254-9
    • Sen, P.K.1    Singh, T.R.P.2
  • 37
    • 0032123282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Assessment of technology transfer systems and the new law of the sea
    • Marvasti A. An Assessment of technology transfer systems and the new law of the sea. Ocean Coastal Manage 1998, 39:197-210.
    • (1998) Ocean Coastal Manage , vol.39 , pp. 197-210
    • Marvasti, A.1
  • 38
    • 0029514699 scopus 로고
    • Solution mining of Johnston island and manganese crusts: an economic evaluation
    • In: Proceedings of the Oceans'95 MTS/IEEE, challenges of our changing global environment.
    • Loudat TA, Zaiger KK, Wiltshire JC. Solution mining of Johnston island and manganese crusts: an economic evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Oceans'95 MTS/IEEE, challenges of our changing global environment, vol. 2; 1995. p. 713-22.
    • (1995) , vol.2 , pp. 713-22
    • Loudat, T.A.1    Zaiger, K.K.2    Wiltshire, J.C.3
  • 39
    • 0009817377 scopus 로고
    • An economic analysis of the feasibility of manganese crusts mining and processing
    • Technical report. Honolulu: State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Department and Tourism
    • Loudat TA, Wiltshire JC, Zaiger K, Allen J, Hirt W. An economic analysis of the feasibility of manganese crusts mining and processing. Technical report. Honolulu: State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Department and Tourism; 1994. 105 p.
    • (1994) , pp. 105
    • Loudat, T.A.1    Wiltshire, J.C.2    Zaiger, K.3    Allen, J.4    Hirt, W.5
  • 41
    • 0027798270 scopus 로고
    • Manganese nodule price trends. Dim prospects for the commercialization of deep seabed mining
    • Hoagland P. Manganese nodule price trends. Dim prospects for the commercialization of deep seabed mining. Resour Policy 1993, 19(4):287-298.
    • (1993) Resour Policy , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 287-298
    • Hoagland, P.1
  • 42
    • 84886247568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study on economics of development of deep seabed manganese nodules
    • In: Proceedings of the second ocean mining symposium. Seoul, Korea; November, 24-26
    • Ham KS. A study on economics of development of deep seabed manganese nodules. In: Proceedings of the second ocean mining symposium. Seoul, Korea; November, 24-26, 1997. p. 105-11.
    • (1997) , pp. 105-11
    • Ham, K.S.1
  • 43
    • 84886812464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nodules and crust economics: relationship between cobalt and nickel price
    • In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June
    • Martino S, Parson LM. Nodules and crust economics: relationship between cobalt and nickel price. In: Proceedings of the ninth ocean mining symposium. Maui; 19-24 June 2011. p. 213-20.
    • (2011) , pp. 213-20
    • Martino, S.1    Parson, L.M.2
  • 44
    • 84855344646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary economic feasibility analysis of cobalt-rich manganese crust mining for rare metal recovery
    • In: Proceedings of the ASME 29th international conference on ocean, offshore and arctic engineering. Shangay, China: OMAE; June 6-11
    • Goto K, Yamazaki T, Nakatani N, Arai R. Preliminary economic feasibility analysis of cobalt-rich manganese crust mining for rare metal recovery. In: Proceedings of the ASME 29th international conference on ocean, offshore and arctic engineering. Shangay, China: OMAE; June 6-11, 2010. p. 1-6.
    • (2010) , pp. 1-6
    • Goto, K.1    Yamazaki, T.2    Nakatani, N.3    Arai, R.4
  • 45
    • 84855345609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISA. Issues associated with the implementation of the article 82 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
    • Technical study no .4; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • ISA. Issues associated with the implementation of the article 82 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Technical study no .4; 2010. 117 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Pubs/TechStudy4.pdf.
    • (2010) , pp. 117
  • 46
    • 70449392271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts
    • Hein J.R., Conrad T.A., Dunham R.E. Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. Mar Georesour Geotechnol 2009, 27:160-176.
    • (2009) Mar Georesour Geotechnol , vol.27 , pp. 160-176
    • Hein, J.R.1    Conrad, T.A.2    Dunham, R.E.3
  • 47
    • 85042323409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISA. Biodiversity, species ranges, and gene flow in the abyssal Pacific nodule province: predicting and managing the impacts of deep seabed mining
    • Technical study no. 3; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • ISA. Biodiversity, species ranges, and gene flow in the abyssal Pacific nodule province: predicting and managing the impacts of deep seabed mining. Technical study no. 3; 2008. 45 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Pubs/TechStudy3.pdf.
    • (2008) , pp. 45
  • 48
    • 0020971780 scopus 로고
    • Mining manganese nodules Potential economic and environmental effects
    • Clark J.P., Neutra M.R. Mining manganese nodules Potential economic and environmental effects. Resour Policy 1983, 9(2):99-102.
    • (1983) Resour Policy , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-102
    • Clark, J.P.1    Neutra, M.R.2
  • 49
    • 74949138929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined analysis of ecology and economy of manganese nodule mining
    • In: Proceedings of the eighth ISOPE ocean mining symposium. Chennai, India; September 20-24
    • Yamada A, Yamazaki T, Nakatani N. Combined analysis of ecology and economy of manganese nodule mining. In: Proceedings of the eighth ISOPE ocean mining symposium. Chennai, India; September 20-24, 2009. p. 73-9.
    • (2009) , pp. 73-9
    • Yamada, A.1    Yamazaki, T.2    Nakatani, N.3
  • 50
    • 34250277731 scopus 로고
    • Raw materials from the deep sea: what implications for land-based mining in developing countries?
    • Kamphausen D. Raw materials from the deep sea: what implications for land-based mining in developing countries?. Econ Bull 1978, 15(8):3-8.
    • (1978) Econ Bull , vol.15 , Issue.8 , pp. 3-8
    • Kamphausen, D.1
  • 52
    • 34547543186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the sustainability of metal supplies: a response to Tilton and Lagos
    • Gordon R.B., Bertram M., Graedel T.E. On the sustainability of metal supplies: a response to Tilton and Lagos. Resour Policy 2007, 32:24-28.
    • (2007) Resour Policy , vol.32 , pp. 24-28
    • Gordon, R.B.1    Bertram, M.2    Graedel, T.E.3
  • 53
    • 34547538605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the long-run availability of copper
    • Tilton J.E., Lagos G. Assessing the long-run availability of copper. Resour Policy 2007, 32:19-23.
    • (2007) Resour Policy , vol.32 , pp. 19-23
    • Tilton, J.E.1    Lagos, G.2
  • 54
    • 0030198436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural resource prices: will they ever turn up?
    • Berck P., Roberts M. Natural resource prices: will they ever turn up?. J Environ Econ Manage 1996, 31:65-78.
    • (1996) J Environ Econ Manage , vol.31 , pp. 65-78
    • Berck, P.1    Roberts, M.2
  • 55
    • 79953285625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A re-examination of trends in primary commodity prices
    • Ghoshray A. A re-examination of trends in primary commodity prices. J Dev Econ 2011, 95:242-251.
    • (2011) J Dev Econ , vol.95 , pp. 242-251
    • Ghoshray, A.1
  • 56
    • 84855359403 scopus 로고
    • The impact of seabed nodules mining: a qualitative analysis. Research report. Laxemburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied System Analysis; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • Tilton JE. The impact of seabed nodules mining: a qualitative analysis. Research report. Laxemburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied System Analysis; 1983. 77 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-83-033.pdf.
    • (1983) , pp. 77
    • Tilton, J.E.1
  • 57
    • 0027283254 scopus 로고
    • New scenarios of the world metal markets and the eventual contribution from deep sea mining
    • In: Proceedings of the 25th annual offshore technology conference, OTC 7101. Houston, Texas, USA; 3-6 May
    • Lenoble JP. New scenarios of the world metal markets and the eventual contribution from deep sea mining. In: Proceedings of the 25th annual offshore technology conference, OTC 7101. Houston, Texas, USA; 3-6 May 1993. p. 197-202.
    • (1993) , pp. 197-202
    • Lenoble, J.P.1
  • 58
    • 84855360323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Economist. The unplumbed riches of the deep and why they'll wait a while longer before being disturbed; 14th May Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • The Economist. The unplumbed riches of the deep and why they'll wait a while longer before being disturbed; 14th May 2009. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.economist.com/node/13649273.
    • (2009)
  • 59
    • 84855359404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consortium opportunities for deep seabed mining in the Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific Ocean, based on its competitive advantages vis-à-vis other deep seabed resource owning nations and the International Seabed Authority; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • Grosz RWG. Consortium opportunities for deep seabed mining in the Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific Ocean, based on its competitive advantages vis-à-vis other deep seabed resource owning nations and the International Seabed Authority; 2005. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.atollinstitute.org/Institute%20Legal%20Papers/Consortium%20Opportunities%20for%20Deep%20Seabed%20Mining.doc.
    • (2005)
    • Grosz, R.W.G.1
  • 60
    • 84855345608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISA. Non-living resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles: speculation on the implementation of article 82 of the United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea
    • Technical study no. 5; Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011].
    • ISA. Non-living resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles: speculation on the implementation of article 82 of the United Nations convention on the Law of the Sea. Technical study no. 5; 2010. 85 p. Available at: [Web page consulted in February 2011]. http://www.isa.org.jm/files/documents/EN/Pubs/TechStudy5.pdf.
    • (2010) , pp. 85


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.