Sedation assessment tool to score acute behavioural disturbance in the emergency department

EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 732-740

  Calver, Leonie A ^a,b   Stokes, Barrie ^a   Isbister, Geoffrey K ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^b CALVARY MATER NEWCASTLE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Conscious sedation; Emergency medicine; Psychomotor agitation; Scoring system; Violence

Indexed keywords

AGITATION; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EMERGENCY WARD; HUMAN; INTERRATER RELIABILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEDATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

ACUTE DISEASE; COHORT STUDIES; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; MENTAL DISORDERS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 83355175561     PISSN: 17426731     EISSN: 17426723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01484.x     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Downes MA, Healy P, Page CB, Bryant J, Isbister GK. Structured team approach to the agitated patient in the emergency department. Emerg. Med. Australas. 2009; 21: 196-202.
2. Swift RH, Harrigan EP, Cappelleri JC, Kramer D, Chandler LP. Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2002; 36: 87-95.
3. Martel MD, Miner J, Fringer R etal. Discontinuation of droperidol for the control of acutely agitated out-of hospital patients. Prehosp. Emerg. Care 2005; 9: 44-8.
4. Richards J, Derlet R, Duncan D. Chemical restraint for the agitated patient in the emergency department: lorazepam versus droperidol. J. Emerg. Med. 1998; 16: 567-73.
5. Thomas H Jr, Schwartz E, Petrilli R. Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1992; 21: 407-13.
6. Castle D, Alderton D. Management of acute arousal in psychosis. In: Castle DJ, Coplov DL, Wykes T, eds. Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia. Martin Dunitz, London, 2003: 89-102.
7. Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ etal. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 1338-44.
8. Mock EF, Wrenn KD, Wright SW, Eustis TC, Slovis CM. Prospective field study of violence in the emergency medical services calls. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998; 32: 33-6.
9. Knott JC, Taylor MD, Castle DJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patients in the emergency department. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2006; 47: 61-7.
10. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol. Rep. 1962; 10: 799-812.
11. Yudofsky SC, Kopecky HJ, Kunik M, Silver JM, Endicott J. The Overt Agitation Severity Scale for the objective rating of agitation. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1997; 9: 541-8.
12. Chernik D, Gillings D, Laine H etal. Validity and reliability of the observer's assesment of alertness/sedation scale: study with intravenous midazolam. J. Clin. Psychopharmocol. 1990; 10: 244-51.
13. Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A etal. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003; 289: 2983-91.
14. Kay SR, Fisbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987; 13: 261-76.
15. Ramsay M, Savage T, Simpson B, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br. Med. J. 1974; 22: 656.
16. Corrigan. Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 1989; 11: 261-77.
17. Taub HA, Eisenberg L. An evaluation of memory under regional anesthesia with IV lorazepam as a premedicant. Anesth. Analg. 1976; 55: 368-73.
18. Kelly C, Upex A, Bateman N. Comparison of consciousness level assessment in the poisoned patient using the alert/verbal/painful/unresponsive scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2004; 44: 108-13.
19. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet 1974; ii: 81-4.
20. Eken C, Kartal M, Bacanli A, Eray O. Comparison of the full outline of unresponsiveness score coma scale and the glasgow coma scale in an emergency setting population. Eur. J. Emerg. Med. 2009; 16: 29-36.
21. McNarry A, Goldhill D. Simple bedside assessment of level of consciousness: comparison of two simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma scale. Anaesth. Intensive Care 2004; 59: 34-7.
22. Miner JR, Gaetz A, Biros MS. The association of a decreased level of awareness and blood alcohol concentration with both agitation and sedation in the intoxcated patient in the Emergency Department. Am. J. Em. Med. 2007; 25: 743-8.
23. Devlin JW, Mallow-Corbett S, Riker RR. Adverse drug events associated with the use of analgesics, sedatives, and antipsychotics in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 38 (6 Suppl): S231-43.
24. Stawicki SP. Sedation scales: very useful, very underused. OPUS 12 Scientist 2007; 1 (2): 10-12.
25. Isbister GK, Calver LA, Page CB, Stokes B, Bryant JL, Downes MA. Randomized controlled trial of intramuscular droperidol versus midazolam for violence and acute behavioral disturbance: the DORM study. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2010; 56: 392-401.
26. Fleiss JL, Cohen J, Everitt B. Large sample errors of kappa and werighted kappa. Psychol. Bull. 1969; 72: 323-7.
27. van den Boogaard M, Pickkers P, van der Hoeven H, Roodbol G, van Achterberg L, Schoonhoven L. Implementation of a delerium assessment tool in the ICU can influence haliperidol use. Crit. Care 2009; 13: R131.
28. Meagher DJ. Delerium: optimizing management. Br. Med. J. 2001; 322: 144-9.
29. Rowley G, Fielding K. Reliability and accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Scale with experienced and inexperienced nurses. Lancet 1991; 337: 535-8.