Medical Workforce

Handbook of Health Economics

Volumn 2, Issue , 2011, Pages 873-925

  Nicholson, Sean ^a   Propper, Carol ^b  

^a Cornell University and NBER ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Demand and supply; Government regulation; Labor restrictions; Medical labor force; Wage regulation

Indexed keywords

EID: 83255188028     PISSN: 15740064     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53592-4.00014-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education Graduate medical education Directory, 1996-1997 1996.
2. Acemoglu D., Finkelstein A. Input and technology choices in regulated industries: Evidence from the health care sector. Journal of Political Economy 2008, 116(5):837-880.
3. Acemoglu D., Finkelstein A., Notowidigdo M.J. Income and health spending: Evidence from oil price shocks 2009, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14744.
4. Akerlof G.A. The market for 'lemons': Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1970, 84:488-500.
5. Altarum Institute (2010). Labor Brief #10-09, October 15. http://www.altarum.org/.
6. Anderson G.M., Halcoussis D., Johnson L., Lowenberg A.D. Regulatory barriers to entry in the healthcare industry: The case of alternative medicine. Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 2000, 40:485-502.
7. Antonazzo E., Scott A., Skatun D., Elliott R.F. The labour market for nursing: A review of the labour supply literature. Health Economics 2003, 12:465-478.
8. Arrow K.J. Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care. American Economic Review 1963, 53(5):941-973.
9. Askildsen J.E., Baltagi B.H., Holmas T.H. Wage policy in the health care sector: A panel data analysis of nurses' labor supply. Health Economics 2003, 12:705-719.
10. Baltagi B., Bratberg E., Holmås T.H. A panel data study of physicians' labor supply: The case of Norway. Health Economics 2005, 14:1035-1045.
11. Barer M.L., Stoddart G.L. Toward integrated medical resource policies for Canada 1991, Report prepared for the Federal/Provincial and Territorial Conference of Deputy Ministers of Health.
12. Bazzoli G.J. Does educational indebtedness affect physician specialty choice?. Journal of Health Economics 1985, 4:1-19.
13. Besley T., Ghatak M. Competition and incentives with motivated agents. American Economic Review 2005, 95(3):616-636.
14. Bhattacharya J. Specialty selection and lifetime returns to specialization within medicine. Journal of Human Resources 2005, 40(1):115-143.
15. Bilodeau D., Cremieux P.-Y., Ouellette P. Hospital cost function in a non market healthcare system. Review of Economics and Statistics 2000, 82(3):489-498.
16. Bloom N., Van Reenen J. Measuring and explaining management practices across firms and countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2007, 122(4):1341-1408.
17. Bloom, N., Propper, C., Seiler, S., & Van Reenen, J. (2010). The impact of competition on management quality: Evidence from public hospitals. NBER Working Paper No. 16032.
18. Blumenthal D. New steam from an old cauldron-the physician-supply debate. New England Journal of Medicine 2004, 350(17):1780-1787.
19. Bodenheimer T., Pham H.H. Primary care: Current problems and proposed solutions. Health Affairs 2010, 29(5):799-805.
20. Bolton P., Dewatripont M. Contract theory 2005, MIT Press, Cambridge.
21. Bresnahan T.F., Reiss P.C. Entry and competition in concentrated markets. Journal of Political Economy 1991, 99(5):977-1009.
22. Bond S., Van Reenen J. Micro-econometric models of investment and employment. Handbook of econometrics 2008, Vol. 6A:4417-4498.
23. Borjas G. Labor economics 2000, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA.
24. Brown D.M. Do physicians underutilize aides. Journal of Human Resources 1988, 23:342-355.
25. Brown D.M., Lapan H.E. The supply of physicians' services. Economic Inquiry 1979, 17:269-279.
26. Brown M.C. Empirical determinants of physician incomes - evidence from Canadian data. Empirical Economics 1989, 14(4):273-289.
27. Buerhaus P.I., Auerbach D.I., Staiger D.O. The recent surge in nurse employment: Causes and implications. Health Affairs-Web Exclusive 2009, 657-668.
28. Buerhaus P.I., Staiger D.O., Auerbach D.I. The future of the nursing workforce in the United States: data, trends, and implications 2007, Jones and Bartlett Publishing, Sudbury, MA.
29. Cebul R.D., Rebitzer J.B., Taylor L.J., Votruba M. Organizational fragmentation and care quality in the U.S. health care system. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2008, 22(4):93-113.
30. Clark, A., & Milcent, C. (2008). Public employment and political pressure: The case of French hospitals. Paris School of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 2008-18.
31. Cooper R.A., Aiken L.A. Human inputs: The health care workforce and medical markets. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 2001, 26(5):925-937.
32. Cooper R.A., Getzen T.E., McKee H.J., Laud P. Economic and demographic trends signal an impending physician shortage. Health Affairs 2002, 21(January/February):140-154.
33. Cordes D.W., Doherty N., Lopez R. Assessing the economic return of specializing in orthodontics or oral and maxillofacial surgery. Journal of the American Dental Association 2002, 132:1679-1684.
34. Crossley, T. F., Hurley, J., & Jeon, S.-H. (2006). Physician labour supply in Canada: A cohort analysis. Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population, SEDAP Research Paper No. 162.
35. Danzon P.M. Liability for medical practice. Handbook of health economics 2000, Vol. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
36. DeFelice L.C., Bradford D.W. Relative inefficiencies in production between solo and group practice physicians. Health Economics 1997, 6:455-465.
37. Doyle J.J., Ewer S.M., Wagner T.H. Returns to physician human capital: Evidence from patients randomized to physician teams. Journal of Health Economics 2010, 29:866-882.
38. Dranove, D. & Jin, G. Z. (2010). Quality disclosure and certification: Theory and practice. NBER Working Paper 15644.
39. Eckstein Z., Weiss Y., Fleising A. University policies under varying market conditions: The training of electrical engineers. Economics of Education Review 1988, 7(4):393-403.
40. Elliott R.F., Ma A.H.Y., Scott A., Bell D., Roberts E. Geographically differentiated pay in the labour market for nurses. Journal of Health Economics 2007, 26:190-212.
41. Encinosa W.E., Gaynor M., Rebitzer J.B. The sociology of groups and the economics of incentives; theory and evidence on compensation systems. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2007, 62:187-214.
42. Epstein A., Ketcham J., Nicholson S. RAND Journal of Economics 2010, 41(4):811-834.
43. Escarce J. Using physician practice cost functions in payment policy: The problem of endogeneity bias. Inquiry 1996, 33:66-78.
44. Escarce J., Polsky D., Wozniak G., Pauly M., Kletke P. Health maintenance organization penetration and the practice location choices of new physicians. Medical Care 1998, 36:1555-1566.
45. Escarce J.J., Pauly M.V. Physician opportunity costs in physician practice cost functions. Journal of Health Economics 1998, 17:129-151.
46. Esmail N. Canada's physician shortage: Problem solved, or disaster in the making?. Fraser Forum 2005, May:15-20.
47. Fehr E., Schmidt K.M. The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism: Experimental evidence. Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity 2006, Vol. 1. North Holland, New York.
48. Feldstein M.S. The rising price of physician's services. Review of Economics and Statistics 1970, 52(2):121-133.
49. Francois P. "Public service motivation" as an argument for government provision. Journal of Public Economics 2000, 78(3):275-299.
50. Francois P., Vlassopoulos M. Pro-social of social services motivation and delivery. CESifo Economic Studies 2008, 54(1):22-54.
51. Frank R.G. Pricing and location of physician services in mental health. Inquiry 1985, 38:115-133.
52. Freeman R.B. A cobweb model of the supply and starting salary of new engineers. Industrial Labor Relations Review 1976, 29(2):236-248.
53. Friedman M., Kuznets S. Income from independent professional practice 1945, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York.
54. Frijters P., Shields M.A., Wheatley Price S. Investigating the quitting decision of nurses: Panel data evidence from the British National Health Services. Health Economics 2007, 16:57-73.
55. Gagne R., Leger P.T. Determinants of physicians' decisions to specialize. Health Economics 2005, 14:721-735.
56. Ganem J.L., Beran R.L., Krakower J.K. Review of US medical school finances, 1993-1994. JAMA 1995, 274(9):723-730.
57. Garicano L., Hubbard T.N. Managerial leverage is limited by the extent of the market: Hierarchies, specialization, and the utilization of lawyers' human capital. Journal of Law and Economics 2007, 50:1-43.
58. Garicano L., Hubbard T.N. Specialization, firms and markets: The division of labor within and between law firms. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organizations 2009, 25:339-371.
59. Garicano L., Santos T. Referrals. American Economic Review 2004, 94(3):500-525.
60. Gaynor M. Competition within the firm: Theory plus some evidence from medical group practice. RAND Journal of Economics 1989, 20:59-76.
61. Gaynor M., Gertler P. Moral hazard and risk spreading in medical partnerships. RAND Journal of Economics 1995, 26:591-613.
62. Gaynor M., Pauly M.V. Compensation and productive efficiency in partnerships: Evidence from medical group practice. Journal of Political Economy 1990, 98(3):544-573.
63. Gaynor M., Kleiner S., Vogt W.B. Analysis of hospital production: An output index approach 2011, Mimeo.
64. Getzen T.E. A "brand name firm" theory of medical group practice. Journal of Industrial Economics 1984, 33:199-215.
65. Gibbons R., Roberts J. The handbook of organizational economics 2008, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
66. Gillis, K. D., Lee, D. W., Mandy, D. M., & Willke, R. J. (1991). The technical structure of physician practice costs: Estimation results and implications for Medicare payment. Paper presented at the APHA Meetings, Atlanta, GA, November.
67. Glied S., Prabhu A.G., Edelman N. The cost of primary care doctors. Forum for Health Economics & Policy 2009, 12(1):1-23.
68. Goodman D.C., Fisher E.S. Physician workforce crisis? Wrong diagnosis, wrong prescription. New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358(16):1658-1661.
69. Gregg, P., Grout, P., Ratcliffe, A., Smith, S., & Windmeijer, F. (2008). how important is pro-social behaviour in the delivery of public services. CMPO, University of Bristol, Working Paper 08/197.
70. Grossman M. On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy 1972, 80:223-255.
71. Grytten J., Sorensen R. Practice variation and physician-specific effects. Journal of Health Economics 2003, 22(3):403-418.
72. Gunning T.S., Sickles R.C. A multi-product cost function for physician private practices. Journal of Productivity Analysis 2011, 35(2):119-128.
73. Haber S.G., Zwanziger J., Thorpe K.E., Newhouse J.P. Hospital expenditures in the United States and Canada: Do hospital worker wages explain the differences?. Journal of Health Economics 1992, 11:453-465.
74. Hall, E., Propper, C., & Van Reenen, J. (2008). Can pay regulation kill? Panel data evidence on the effect of labor markets on hospital performance. NBER Working Paper 13776.
75. Hall T.D., Lindsay C.M. Medical schools: Producers of what? Sellers to whom?. Journal of Law and Economics 1980, 23(1):55-80.
76. Hamermesh D.S. The demand for labor in the long run. Handbook of labor economics 1986, North-Holland, Amsterdam. O. Ashenfelter, R. Layard (Eds.).
77. Hamermesh D.S. Labor demand 1993, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
78. Health Resources and Services Administration Physician supply and demand: Projections to 2020 2006, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Health Professions.
79. Holmås T.H. Keeping nurses at work: A duration analysis. Health Economics 2002, 11(6):493-503.
80. Holmstrom B. Moral hazard in teams. The Bell Journal of Economics 1982, 13:324-340.
81. Hu T., Yang B.M. The demand for and supply of supply of physician services in the US: A disequilibrium analysis. Applied Economics 1988, 20:995-1006.
82. Huckman R., Pisano G. The firm specificity of individual performance: Evidence from cardiac surgery. Management Science 2006, 52:473-488.
83. Humphris, A., Kleiner, M. M., & Koumenta, M. (2011). How does government regulate occupations in the UK and US? Issues and policy implications. In Labour Market Policy for the 21st Century. Oxford University Press.
84. Iglehart J.K. Grassroots activism and the pursuit of an expanded physician supply. New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 358(16):1741-1749.
85. Jacobson P.D., Parker L.E., Coulter I.D. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants as primary care providers in institutional settings. Inquiry 1998, 35(4):432-446.
86. Jetha S.A. The economics of occupational licensing and dental practitioners 2002, London School of Economics, Masters Thesis.
87. Johnson, E. (2010). Ability, learning and the career path of cardiac specialists. Working Paper.
88. Jones R.F., Korn D. On the cost of educating a medical student. Academic Medicine 1997, 72(3):200-210.
89. Kessel R.A. Price discrimination in medicine. Journal of Law and Economics 1958, 1:20-53.
90. Kleiner M.M. Occupational licensing. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2000, 14(4):189-202.
91. Kleiner M.M. Licensing occupations: Ensuring quality or restricting competition? 2006, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI.
92. Kleiner, M. M. & Krueger, A. B. (2009). Analyzing the extent and influence of occupational licensing on the labor market. NBER Working Paper 14979.
93. Kleiner M.M., Kudrle R.T. Does regulation affect economic outcomes? The case of dentistry. Journal of Law and Economics 2000, 43:547-582.
94. Kolstad J. Information and quality when motivation is intrinsic: Evidence from surgeon report cards 2009, Mimeo.
95. Kugler A.D., Sauer R.M. Doctors without borders? Relicensing requirements and negative selection in the market for physicians. Journal of Labor Economics 2005, 23(3):437-465.
96. Lazear E., Oyer P. Personnel economics. Handbook of organizational economics 2009, Princeton University Press, Princeton. E. Gibbons, D.J. Roberts (Eds.).
97. Leland H.E. Quacks, lemons, and licensing: A theory of minimum quality standards. Journal of Political Economy 1979, 87(6):1328-1346.
98. Long M.C., Goldfarb M.G., Goldfarb R.S. Explanations for persistent nursing shortages. Forum for Health Economics & Policy 2008, 11(2):1-35.
99. MaCurdy T.E., Pencavel J.H. Testing between competing models of wage and employment determination in unionized markets. Journal of Political Economy 1986, 94(3):S3-S39.
100. Mariolis, A., et al. (2007). General practice as a career choice among undergraduate medical students in Greece. BMC medical education, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/7/15.
101. McGuire T.G. Physician agency. Handbook of health economics 2000, Vol. 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
102. McGuire T.G., Pauly M.V. Physician response to fee changes with multiple payers. Journal of Health Economics 1991, 10:385-410.
103. Meltzer, D. & Chung, J. W. (2010). Coordination, switching costs and the division of labor in general medicine: An economic explanation for the emergence of hospitalists in the United States." NBER Working Paper 16040.
104. Meltzer D.O. Hospitalists and the doctor-patient relationship. Journal of Legal Studies 2001, 30:589-606.
105. Morris S., McGuire A. The private net present value and private internal rate of return to becoming a nurse in Great Britain. Applied Economics 2002, 34(17):2189-2200.
106. Mott D.A., Kreling D.H., Cain G.G. The relationship between internal rates of return, pharmacist supply and applications and admissions: A case study in Wisconsin. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 1995, 59:59-66.
107. Newhouse J.P., et al. Does the geographical distribution of physicians reflect market failure?. Bell Journal of Economics 1982, 13:493-505.
108. Nicholson S. Physician specialty choice under uncertainty. Journal of Labor Economics 2002, 20(4):816-847.
109. Nicholson, S. (2003). Barriers to entering medical specialties. NBER Working Paper 9649.
110. Nicholson S. Medical career choices and rates of return. Incentives and choice in health and health care 2008, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. F.A. Sloan, H. Kasper (Eds.).
111. Nicholson, S. (2009). Will the United States have a shortage of physicians in 10 years? Changes in Health Care Financing & Organization report: http://www/hcfo.org.
112. Nicholson S., Song D. The incentive effects of the Medicare indirect medical education policy. Journal of Health Economics 2001, 20(6):909-933.
113. Nicholson, S. & Souleles, N. (2001). Physician income expectations and specialty choice. NBER Working Paper 8536.
114. Noether M. The growing supply of physicians: Has the market become more competitive?. Journal of Labor Economics 1986, 4(4):503-537.
115. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Health Data (2009). Accessed October 2010. http://www.oecd.org/.
116. Pencavel J. The tradeoff between wages and employment in trade union objectives. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1984, 99(2):215-231.
117. Phelps C.E. Information diffusion and best practice adoption. Handbook of health economics 2000, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. A.J. Cuyler, J.P. Newhouse (Eds.).
118. Phelps C.E. Health economics 2010, Addison-Wesley, New York. 4th ed.
119. Polsky D., Kletke P.R., Wozniak G.D., Escarce J.J. HMO penetration and the geographic mobility of practicing physicians. Journal of Health Economics 2000, 19(5):793-809.
120. Pope G.C., Burge R.T. Inefficiencies in physician practices. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 1992, 13:129-164.
121. Pope G.C., Burge R.T. The marginal practice cost of physicians' services. Journal of Socioeconomic Planning Science 1995, 29:1-16.
122. Propper C., Van Reenen J. Can pay regulation kill? Panel data evidence on the effects of labor markets on hospital performance. Journal of Political Economy 2010, 118(2):222-273.
123. Ramseyer J.M. Talent and expertise under universal health insurance: The case of cosmetic surgery in Japan 2008, American Law & Economics Association Annual Meetings, Paper 44.
124. Reinhardt U. Physician productivity and demand for health manpower 1975, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA.
125. Reinhardt U.E. A production function for physician services. Review of Economics and Statistics 1972, 54(1):55-66.
126. Rizzo J., Blumenthal D. Physician labor supply: Do income effects matter?. Journal of Health Economics 1994, 13:433-453.
127. Roos N.P., Flowerdew G., Wajda A., Tate R.B. Variations in physicians' hospitalization practices: A population-based study in Manitoba, Canada. American Journal of Public Health 1986, 76(1):45-51.
128. Rosen S. The theory of equalizing differences. Handbook of labor economics 1986, Vol. 1:641-692. Elsevier Science Publishers BV.
129. Ryoo J., Rosen S. The engineering labor market. Journal of Political Economy 2004, 112(1):S110-S140.
130. Sæther E.M. Physicians' labor supply: The wage impact on hours and practice combinations. Labour 2005, 19(4):673-703.
131. Schoen C., Osborn R., Doty M.M., Squires D., Peugh J., Applebaum S. A survey of primary care physicians in eleven countries, 2009: Perspectives on care, costs, and experiences. Health Affairs 2009, w1171-w1183.
132. Schut F.T. Health care reform in the Netherlands: Balancing corporatism, statism, and market mechanisms. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1995, 20(3):615-652.
133. Shapiro Investment, moral hazard, and occupational licensing. Review of Economic Studies 1986, 53:843-862.
134. Shields M.A. Addressing nurse shortages: What can policy makers learn from the econometric evidence on nurse labour supply?. Economic Journal 2004, 114:F464-F498.
135. Showalter M.H., Thurston M. Taxes and labor supply of high-income physicians. Journal of Public Economics 1997, 66:73-97.
136. Siow A. Occupational choice under uncertainty. Econometrica 1984, 52:631-645.
137. Sloan F.A. Lifetime earnings and physicians' choice of specialty. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 1970, 24:47-56.
138. Sloan F. Physician labor supply behaviour in the short run. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 1975, 28(2):549-569.
139. Performance measurement for health system improvement: Experiences, challenges and prospects 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. P.C. Smith, E. Mossialos, I. Papanicolas, S. Leatherman (Eds.).
140. Staiger D.O., Auerbach D.I., Buerhaus P.I. Trends in the work hours of physicians in the United States. JAMA 2010, 303(8):747-753.
141. Staiger, D., Spetz, J., & Phibbs, C. (1999). Is there monopsony in the labor market? Evidence from a natural experiment. NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 7258, http://www.nber.org/papers/w7258/.
142. Stark A. Which fields pay, which fields don't? An examination of the returns to university education in Canada by detailed field of study 2007, Department of Finance, Canada, mimeo.
143. Thornton J. The labour supply behaviour of self-employed solo practice physicians. Applied Economics 1998, 30(1):85-94.
144. Thornton J., Eakin K.B. The utility-maximizing self-employed physician. Journal of Human Resources 1997, 32(1):98-128.
145. Timmons E.J., Thornton R.J. The effects of licensing on the wages of radiologic technologists. Journal of Labor Research 2008, 29(4):333-346.
146. Toyabe S. Trend in geographic distribution of physicians in Japan. International Journal for Equity in Health 2009, 8(5):1-8.
147. Tyrell L., Dauphinee D. Task force on physician supply in Canada 1999, Report prepared for the Canadian Medical Forum Talk Force.
148. Vahovich S. Physicians' supply decisions by specialty: TSLS model. Journal of Health Economics 1977, 13:433-453.
149. Vaughn B.T., DeVrieze S.R., Reed S.D., Schulman K.A. Can we close the income and wealth gap between specialists and primary care physicians?. Health Affairs 2010, 29(5):933-940.
150. Vita M. Exploring hospital production relationship with flexible functional forms. Journal of Health Economics 1990, 9:1-21.
151. Wanchek, T. (2009). Dental hygiene regulation and access to oral health care: Assessing the variation across the U.S. States. Working Paper.
152. Weeks W.B., Wallace A.E. The more things change: Revisiting a comparison of educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. Academic Medicine 2002, 77:312-319.
153. Weeks W.B., Wallace A.E., Wallace M.M., Welch H.G. A comparison of the educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. New England Journal of Medicine 1994, 330(18):1280-1286.
154. Welch H.G., Miller M.E., Welch W.P. Physician profiling: An analysis of inpatient practice patterns in Florida and Oregon. New England Journal of Medicine 1994, 330(9):607-612.
155. Whalley D., Gravelle H., Sibbald B. Effect of the new contract on GPs' working lives and perceptions of quality of care. British Journal of General Practice, January 2008, 8-14.
156. White W.D. The impact of occupational licensure of clinical laboratory personnel. Journal of Human Resources 1978, 13(1):91-102.
157. White W.D. Mandatory licensure of registered nurses: Introduction and impact. Occupational licensure and regulation 1980, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC. S. Rottenberg (Ed.).
158. White W.D., Marmor T.R. New occupations, old demands. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1982, 1(2):243-256.
159. Wilson J. Primary care delivery changes as nonphysician clinicians gain independence. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008, 149(8):597-600.
160. Zarkin G. Occupational choice: An application to the market for public school teachers. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1985, 100:409-446.