Equity in Health and Health Care

Handbook of Health Economics

Volumn 2, Issue , 2011, Pages 1003-1092

  Fleurbaey, Marc ^a   Schokkaert, Erik ^b  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Dominance; Equality of opportunity; Equity; Equivalent income; Racial disparities

Indexed keywords

EID: 83255186885     PISSN: 15740064     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53592-4.00016-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (154)

1. Abul Naga R., Geoffard P.-Y. Decomposition of bivariate inequality indices by attributes. Economics Letters 2006, 90(3):362-367.
2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National healthcare disparities report 2009 2010, US Department of Health and Human Services, AHRQ Publication no. 10-0004, Rockville, MD, (available at ).
3. Allanson P., Gerdtham U.-G., Petrie D. Longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequality. Journal of Health Economics 2010, 29(1):78-86.
4. Anand P., Dolan P. Equity, capabilities and health. Social Science and Medicine 2005, 60:219-222.
5. Anderson E. What is the point of equality?. Ethics 1999, 109:287-337.
6. Armstrong K., Hughes-Halbert C., Asch D. Patient preferences can be misleading as explanations for racial disparities in health care. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006, 166(8):950-954.
7. Arneson R. Equality and equal opportunity for welfare. Philosophical Studies 1989, 56:77-93.
8. Arrow K. Social choice and individual values 1951, Wiley, New York.
9. Arrow K. A utilitarian approach to the concept of equality in public expenditures. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1971, 85:409-415.
10. Ashton C., Haidet P., Paterniti D., Collins T., Gordon H., O'Malley K., et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of health services: Bias, preferences, or poor communication?. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2003, 18(2):146-152.
11. Atkinson A., Bourguignon F. The comparison of multi-dimensioned distributions of economic status. Review of Economic Studies 1982, 49:183-201.
12. Atkinson A., Bourguignon F. Income distribution and differences in needs. Arrow and the foundations of economic policy 1987, 350-370. Macmillan, London. G. Feiwel (Ed.).
13. Ayanian J., Cleary P., Weissman J., Epstein A. The effect of patients' preferences on racial differences in access to renal transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 1999, 341:1661-1669.
14. Bago d'Uva T., Jones A., van Doorslaer E. Measurement of horizontal inequity in health care utilisation using European panel data. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28(2):280-289.
15. Balia S., Jones A. Catching the habit: A study of inequality of opportunity in smoking-related mortality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 2011, 174(1):175-194.
16. Becker G., Philipson T., Soares R. The quantity and quality of life and the evolution of world inequality. American Economic Review 2005, 95(1):277-291.
17. Blackorby C., Donaldson D. Money metric utility: Harmless normalization?. Journal of Economic Theory 1988, 46(1):120-129.
18. Bleichrodt H., van Doorslaer E. A welfare economics foundation for health inequality measurement. Journal of Health Economics 2006, 25:945-957.
19. Blinder A. Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human Resources 1973, 8:436-455.
20. Bollinger B., Leslie P., Sorensen A. Calorie posting in chain restaurants. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2011, 3:91-128.
21. Bommier A., Stecklov G. Defining health inequality: Why Rawls succeeds where social welfare theory fails. Journal of Health Economics 2002, 21:497-513.
22. Bourguignon F. Family size and social utility: Income distribution dominance criteria. Journal of Econometrics 1989, 42:67-80.
23. Case A., Fertig A., Paxson C. The lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance. Journal of Health Economics 2005, 24:365-389.
24. Case A., Lubotsky D., Paxson C. Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. American Economic Review 2002, 92(5):1308-1334.
25. Cawley, J. & Ruhm, C. J. (2011). The economics of risky health behaviors. In Handbook of health economics (Vol. 2, Chapter 3). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
26. Chou S.-Y., Rashad I., Grossman M. Fast-food restaurant advertising on television and its influence on childhood obesity. Journal of Law and Economics 2008, 51(4):599-618.
27. Cisse B., Luchini S., Moatti J.P. Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: What about Africa?. Health Policy 2007, 80(1):51-68.
28. Clarke P., Gerdtham U.-G., Johannesson M., Bingefors K., Smith L. On the measurement of relative and absolute income-related health inequality. Social Science and Medicine 2002, 55(11):1923-1928.
29. Cohen G. On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 1989, 99:906-944.
30. Cook B., McGuire T., Lock K., Zaslavsky A. Comparing methods of racial and ethnic disparities measurement across different settings of mental health care. Health Services Research 2010, 45(3):825-847.
31. Cook B., McGuire T., Meara E., Zaslavsky A. Adjusting for health status in non-linear models of health care disparities. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 2009, 9:1-21.
32. Currie J. Healthy, wealthy and wise: Socioeconomic status, poor health in childhood, and human capital development. Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47(1):87-122.
33. Currie J., Stabile M. Socioeconomic status and child health: Why is the relationship stronger for older children?. American Economic Review 2003, 93(5):1813-1823.
34. Cutler D., Lleras-Muney A. Understanding differences in health behaviors by education. Journal of Health Economics 2010, (forthcoming).
35. Daniels N. Just health care 1985, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36. Daniels N. Just health. Meeting health needs fairly 2008, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
37. Deaton A. What does the empirical evidence tell us about the injustice of health inequalities? 2011, Princeton University Mimeo.
38. Deaton A., Muellbauer J. Economics and consumer behavior 1980, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. De Graeve D., Van Ourti T. The distributional impact of health financing in Europe: A review. World Economy 2003, 26:1459-1479.
40. Duclos J.-Y., Echevin D. Health and income: A robust comparison of Canada and the US. Journal of Health Economics 2011, 30:293-302.
41. Dutta I., Pattanaik P., Xu Y. On measuring deprivation and the standard of living in a multidimensional framework on the basis of aggregate data. Economica 2003, 70:197-221.
42. Dworkin R. What is equality? Part 1: Equality of welfare. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1981, 10:185-246.
43. Dworkin R. What is equality? Part 2: Equality of resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1981, 10:283-345.
44. Dworkin R. Sovereign virtue 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
45. Erreygers G. Correcting the concentration index. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28:504-515.
46. Erreygers G. Correcting the concentration index: A reply to Wagstaff. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28:521-524.
47. Erreygers G. Can a single indicator measure both attainment and shortfall inequality?. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28:885-893.
48. Erreygers, G. & Van Ourti, T. (2010). Measuring socioeconomic inequality in health, health care and health financing by means of rank-dependent indices: A recipe for good practice. Tinbergen Institute, Discussion Paper TI 2010-076/3.
49. Ferrer-i-Carbonell A., Van Praag B. The subjective costs of health losses due to chronic diseases. An alternative model for monetary appraisal. Health Economics 2002, 11:709-722.
50. Fleurbaey M. Health, wealth and fairness. Journal of Public Economic Theory 2005, 7(2):253-284.
51. Fleurbaey M. Health, equity and social welfare. Annales d'Economie et Statistique 2006, 83-84:21-60.
52. Fleurbaey M. Fairness, responsibility and welfare 2008, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
53. Fleurbaey M. Beyond GDP: The quest for a measure of social welfare. Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47(4):1029-1075.
54. Fleurbaey M. Assessing risky social decisions. Journal of Political Economy 2010, 118:649-680.
55. Fleurbaey M., Gaulier G. International comparisons of living standards by equivalent incomes. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 2009, 111(3):597-624.
56. Fleurbaey M., Maniquet F. A theory of fairness and social welfare 2011, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Fleurbaey M., Schokkaert E. Unfair inequalities in health and health care. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28(1):73-90.
58. Fleurbaey M., Trannoy A. The impossibility of a Paretian egalitarian. Social Choice and Welfare 2003, 21(2):243-263.
59. Fleurbaey, M., Luchini, S., Muller, C., & Schokkaert, E. (2010). Equivalent income and the economic evaluation of health care. CORE-Discussion Paper 2010/6.
60. Flores G., Krishnakumar J., O'Donnell O., van Doorslaer E. Coping with health-care costs: Implications for the measurement of catastrophic expenditures and poverty. Health Economics 2008, 17(12):1393-1412.
61. Frey B., Stutzer A. What can economists learn from happiness research?. Journal of Economic Literature 2002, 40(2):402-435.
62. Gaertner W., Schokkaert E. Empirical social choice 2011, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (forthcoming).
63. Gajdos T., Weymark J. Multidimensional generalized Gini indices. Economic Theory 2005, 26:471-496.
64. Graham C. Happiness and health: Lessons-and questions-for policy. Health Affairs 2008, 27(1):72-81.
65. Graham C., Higuera L., Lora E. Which health conditions cause the most unhappiness?. Health Economics 2010, (forthcoming).
66. Gravel N., Moyes P. Bidimensional inequalities with an ordinal variable. Social ethics and normative economics 2011, Springer, Berlin. M. Fleurbaey, M. Salles, J.A. Weymark (Eds.).
67. Gravelle H. Measuring income related inequality in health: Standardisation and the partial concentration index. Health Economics 2003, 12:803-819.
68. Groot W., Maassen van den Brink H. The compensating income variation of cardiovascular disease. Health Economics 2006, 15:1143-1148.
69. Groot W., Maassen van den Brink H., Plug E. Money for health: The equivalent variation of cardiovascular disease. Health Economics 2004, 13:859-872.
70. Hansson B. The independence condition in the theory of social choice. Theory and Decision 1973, 4:25-49.
71. Hardy G., Littlewood J., Polya G. Inequalities 1952, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
72. Harsanyi J. Rational behavior and bargaining equilibrium in games and social situations 1977, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
73. Hausman D. What's wrong with health inequalities?. Journal of Political Philosophy 2007, 15(1):46-66.
74. Institute of Medicine Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care 2002, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
75. Jenkins S., Lambert P. Ranking income distributions when needs differ. Review of Income and Wealth 1993, 39:337-356.
76. Jones A., Lopez Nicolas A. Measurement and explanation of socioeconomic inequality in health with longitudinal data. Health Economics 2004, 13:1015-1030.
77. Jusot, F., Tubeuf, S., & Trannoy, A. (2010). Effort or circumstances: Does the correlation matter for inequality of opportunity in health? IRDES, Paris, Working Paper DT 33.
78. Kakwani N., Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: Measurement, computation, and statistical inference. Journal of Econometrics 1997, 77:87-103.
79. Kawachi I., Daniels N., Robinson D. Health disparities by race and class: Why both matter. Health Affairs 2005, 24(2):343-352.
80. King M. Welfare analysis of tax reforms using household data. Journal of Public Economics 1983, 23:183-214.
81. Kolm S.-C. Multidimensional egalitarianisms. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1977, 91(1):1-13.
82. Koolman X., van Doorslaer E. On the interpretation of a concentration index of inequality. Health Economics 2004, 13:649-656.
83. Lambert P., Zheng B. On the consistent measurement of achievement and shortfall inequality. Journal of Health Economics 2011, 30(1):214-219.
84. Layard R. Happiness: Lessons from a new science 2005, Allan Lane, London.
85. Lefranc A., Pistolesi N., Trannoy A. Equality of opportunity and luck: Definitions and testable conditions, with an application to income in France. Journal of Public Economics 2009, 93:1189-1207.
86. Le Grand J. Inequalities in health: Some international comparisons. European Economic Review 1987, 31(1/2):182-191.
87. Le Grand J. Equity and choice 1991, Harper Collins Academic, London.
88. Levy H., Paroush J. Towards multivariate efficiency criteria. Journal of Economic Theory 1974, 7:129-142.
89. Lippert-Rasmussen K. Egalitarianism, option luck, and responsibility. Ethics 2001, 111:548-579.
90. Loewenstein G., Ubel P. Hedonic adaptation and the role of decision and experienced utility in public policy. Journal of Public Economics 2008, 92:1795-1810.
91. Lu R., Leung G., Kwon S., Tin K., van Doorslaer E., O'Donnell O. Horizontal equity in health care utilization-evidence from three high income Asian economies. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 64:199-212.
92. Milanovic B. A simple way to calculate the Gini coefficient and some implications. Economics Letters 1997, 56:45-49.
93. Morris S., Sutton M., Gravelle H. Inequity and inequality in the use of health care in England: An empirical investigation. Social Science and Medicine 2005, 60:1251-1266.
94. Moyes P. Comparison of heterogeneous distributions and dominance criteria. Economie et Prévision 1999, 138-139:125-146.
95. Muller C., Trannoy A. Multidimensional inequality comparisons: A compensation perspective 2003, Mimeo.
96. Oaxaca R. Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 1973, 14(3):693-709.
97. O'Donnell O., van Doorslaer E., Rannan-Eliya R., Somanathan A., Adhikari S.R., Akkazieva B., et al. Who pays for health care in Asia?. Journal of Health Economics 2008, 27:460-475.
98. O'Donnell O., van Doorslaer E., Wagstaff A., Lindelow M. Analyzing health equity using household survey data 2008, World Bank, Washington, DC.
99. Pazner E., Schmeidler D. Egalitarian equivalent allocations: A new concept of economic equity. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1978, 92:671-687.
100. Phillips A. "Really" equal: Opportunities and autonomy. Journal of Political Philosophy 2006, 14:18-32.
101. Rawls J. A theory of justice 1971, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
102. Rawls J. Social unity and primary goods. Utilitarianism and beyond 1982, 159-185. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. A. Sen, B. Williams (Eds.).
103. Richard S. Multivariate risk aversion, utility independence and separable utility functions. Management Science 1975, 22:12-21.
104. Roemer J. Equality of talent. Economics and Philosophy 1985, 1:151-187.
105. Roemer J. A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1993, 22:146-166.
106. Roemer J. Equality of opportunity 1998, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
107. Roemer J. Equality of opportunity: A progress report. Social Choice and Welfare 2002, 19(2):455-471.
108. Rosa Dias P. Inequality of opportunity in health: Evidence from a UK cohort study. Health Economics 2009, 18:1057-1074.
109. Rosa Dias P. Modelling opportunity in health under partial observability of circurmstances. Health Economics 2010, 19:252-264.
110. Rosa Dias P., Jones A. Giving equality of opportunity a fair innings. Health Economics 2007, 16:109-112.
111. Samuelson P. Complementarity: An essay on the 40th anniversary of the Hicks-Allen revolution in demand theory. Journal of Economic Literature 1974, 12:1255-1289.
112. Samuelson P., Swamy S. Invariant economic index numbers and canonical duality: Survey and synthesis. American Economic Review 1974, 64(4):566-593.
113. Sandy, R., Liu, G., Ottensmann, J., Tchernis, R., Wilson, J., & Ford, O. 2009. Studying the child obesity epidemic with natural experiments. NBER Working Paper No. 14989.
114. Schneider P., Hanson K. Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: A comparison of micro-health insurance and user fees in Rwanda. Health Economics 2006, 15(1):19-31.
115. Schokkaert E., Van de Voorde C. Risk selection and the specification of the conventional risk adjustment formula. Journal of Health Economics 2004, 23:1237-1259.
116. Schokkaert E., Van de Voorde C. Direct versus indirect standardization in risk adjustment. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28:361-374.
117. Schokkaert E., Van de Voorde C. User charges. Oxford handbook on health economics 2011, 329-353. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S. Glied, P. Smith (Eds.).
118. Segall S. Health, luck and justice 2010, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
119. Sen A. Collective choice and social welfare 1970, Holden Day, San Francisco.
120. Sen A. Commodities and capabilities 1985, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
121. Sen A. Development as freedom 1999, Knopf, New York.
122. Sen A. Why health equity?. Health Economics 2002, 11:659-666.
123. Shorrocks A. Inequality decomposition by factor components. Econometrica 1982, 50:193-211.
124. Sutton M. Vertical and horizontal aspects of socio-economic inequity in general practitioner contacts in Scotland. Health Economics 2002, 11:537-549.
125. Tobin J. On limiting the domain of inequality. Journal of Law and Economics 1970, 13:263-278.
126. Trannoy A. Multidimensional egalitarianism and the dominance approach: A lost paradise?. Inequality and economic integration 2006, 284-302. Routledge, London. F. Farina, E. Savaglio (Eds.).
127. Trannoy A., Tubeuf S., Jusot F., Devaux M. Inequality of opportunities in health in France: A first pass. Health Economics 2010, 19(8):921-938.
128. Tsui K.-Y. Multidimensional generalizations of the relative and absolute inequality indices: The Atkinson-Kolm-Sen approach. Journal of Economic Theory 1995, 67:251-265.
129. Tsui K.-Y. Multidimensional inequality and multidimensional generalized entropy measures: An axiomatic derivation. Social Choice and Welfare 1999, 16:145-157.
130. Vallentyne P. Brute luck, option luck and equality of initial opportunities. Ethics 2002, 112:529-557.
131. van de Poel E., O'Donnell O., van Doorslaer E. Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 65:1986-2003.
132. van den Berg G., Lindeboom M., Portrait F. Economic conditions early in life and individual mortality. American Economic Review 2006, 96(1):290-302.
133. van Doorslaer E., Jones A. Inequalities in self-reported health: Validation of a new approach to measurement. Journal of Health Economics 2003, 22:61-87.
134. van Doorslaer E., Koolman X. Explaining the differences in income-related health inequalities across European countries. Health Economics 2004, 13:609-628.
135. van Doorslaer E., Van Ourti T. Measuring inequality and inequity in health and health care. Oxford handbook on health economics 2011, 837-869. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S. Glied, P. Smith (Eds.).
136. van Doorslaer E., Koolman X., Jones A. Explaining income-related inequalities in doctor utilisation in Europe. Health Economics 2004, 13:629-647.
137. van Doorslaer E., O'Donnell O., Rannan-Eliya R., Somanathan A., Adhikari S., Garg C., et al. Effect of payments for health care on poverty estimates in 11 countries in Asia: An analysis of household survey data. The Lancet 2006, 368:1357-1364.
138. van Doorslaer E., O'Donnell O., Rannan-Eliya R., Somanathan A., Adhikari S., Garg C., et al. Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia. Health Economics 2007, 16:1159-1184.
139. van Doorslaer E., Wagstaff A., van der Burg H., Christiansen T., Citoni G., Di Biase R., et al. The redistributive effect of health care finance in twelve OECD countries. Journal of Health Economics 1999, 18:291-313.
140. van Doorslaer E., Wagstaff A., van der Burg H., Christiansen T., De Graeve D., Duchesne I., et al. Equity in the delivery of health care in Europe and the US. Journal of Health Economics 2000, 19:553-583.
141. van Ourti T. Measuring horizontal inequity in Belgian health care using a Gaussian random effects two part count data model. Health Economics 2004, 13:705-724.
142. Wagstaff A. Socioeconomic inequalities in child mortality: Comparisons across nine developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2000, 78(1):19-29.
143. Wagstaff A. Inequality aversion, health inequalities and health achievement. Journal of Health Economics 2002, 21:627-641.
144. Wagstaff A. The bounds of the concentration index when the variable of interest is binary, with an application to immunization inequality. Health Economics 2005, 14:429-432.
145. Wagstaff, A. (2008). Measuring financial protection in health. World Bank: Policy Research Working Paper 4554.
146. Wagstaff A. Correcting the concentration index: A comment. Journal of Health Economics 2009, 28:516-520.
147. Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E. Measuring and testing for inequity in the delivery of health care. Journal of Human Resources 2000, 35(4):716-733.
148. Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E. Equity in health care finance and delivery. Handbook of health economics 2000, Vol. 1B:1803-1862. Elsevier (North-Holland), Amsterdam.
149. Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E. Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: With applications to Vietnam 1993-1998. Health Economics 2003, 12(11):921-933.
150. Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E. Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality: A measurement framework and two empirical illustrations. Health Economics 2004, 13:297-301.
151. Wagstaff A., van Doorslaer E., Watanabe N. On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam. Journal of Econometrics 2003, 112:207-223.
152. Weymark J. The normative approach to the measurement of multidimensional inequality. Inequality and economic integration 2006, 303-328. Routledge, London. F. Farina, E. Savaglio (Eds.).
153. Xu K., Evans D., Carrin G., Aguilar-Rivera A., Musgrove P., Evans T. Protecting households from catastrophic health spending. Social Science and Medicine 2007, 26(4):972-983.
154. Xu K., Evans D., Kawabata K., Zeramdini R., Klavus J., Murray C. Household catastrophic health expenditure: A multicountry analysis. The Lancet 2003, 362:111-117.