Relationships between free-living protozoa, cultivable Legionella spp., and water quality characteristics in three drinking water supplies in the Caribbean

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 77, Issue 20, 2011, Pages 7321-7328

  Valster, Rinske M ^a,b   Wullings, Bart A ^a   van den Berg, Riemsdijk ^c   van der Kooij, Dick ^a  

^a KWR WATERCYCLE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c Landslaboratorium ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

18S RRNA; ACANTHAMOEBA; DISTRIBUTED WATER; IRON PIPE; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; LEGIONELLA SPP; MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES; NEPHELOMETRIC TURBIDITY UNITS; OPERATIONAL TAXONOMIC UNITS; TROPICAL REGIONS; WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS;

CLONING; GENES; PROTOZOA; RNA; TURBIDITY; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

POTABLE WATER;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; DRINKING WATER; PROTOZOAL DNA; PROTOZOAL RNA; RIBOSOME DNA; RNA 18S;

BIOFILM; CLONE; CULTIVATION; DRINKING WATER; GROWTH RATE; MARINE POLLUTION; PROTOZOAN; SPECIES RICHNESS; TROPICAL REGION; TURBIDITY; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

AMOEBOZOA; ARTICLE; CENTRAL AMERICA; CERCOZOA; CHEMISTRY; CILIATE; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LEGIONELLA; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PARASITOLOGY; RNA GENE; WATER QUALITY;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AMOEBOZOA; CARIBBEAN REGION; CERCOZOA; CILIOPHORA; DNA, PROTOZOAN; DNA, RIBOSOMAL; DRINKING WATER; GENES, RRNA; LEGIONELLA; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; RNA, PROTOZOAN; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 18S; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; WATER QUALITY;

CARIBBEAN ISLANDS;

EID: 82955193904     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.05575-11     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Anand, C. M., A. R. Skinner, A. Malic, and J. B. Kurtz. 1983. Interaction of L. pneumophilia and a free living amoeba (Acanthamoeba palestinensis). J. Hyg. (Lond.) 91:167-178.
2. Bergman, M. M., D. Gagnon, and G. V. Doern. 1998. Pichia ohmeri fungaemia. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30:229-231.
3. Bonilla-Lemus, P., et al. 2010. Acanthamoeba spp. in domestic tap water in houses of contact lens wearers in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Exp. Parasitol. 126:54-58.
4. Bonnélye, V., et al. 2007. Curacao, Netherlands Antilles: a successful example of boron removal on a seawater desalination plant. Desalination 205: 200-205.
5. Carlesso, A. M., A. B. Simonetti, G. L. Artuso, and M. B. Rott. 2007. Isolation and identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in samples from environments in a public hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 40:316-320. (In Portuguese.)
6. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52:297-354.
7. Chao, A. 1987. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics 43:783-791.
8. Cowgill, K. D., et al. 2005. Recurrence of legionnaires disease at a hotel in the United States Virgin Islands over a 20-year period. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:1205-1207.
9. Culbertson, C. G. 1961. Pathogenic Acanthamoeba (Hartmanella). Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 35:195-202.
10. Deng, Z., J. L. Ribas, D. W. Gibson, and D. H. Connor. 1988. Infections caused by Penicillium marneffei in China and Southeast Asia: review of eighteen published cases and report of four more Chinese cases. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10:640-652.
11. Edelstein, P. H. 1981. Improved semiselective medium for isolation of Legionella pneumophila from contaminated clinical and environmental specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:298-303.
12. Fields, B. S., R. F. Benson, and R. E. Besser. 2002. Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15:506-526.
13. Fields, B. S., et al. 1989. Intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in amoebae isolated from hospital hot water tanks. Curr. Microbiol. 18:131-137.
14. Goh, K. T., D. L. Ng, J. Yap, S. Ma, and E. E. Ooi. 2005. Surveillance, prevention, and control of legionellosis in a tropical city-state. Am. J. Infect. Control 33:286-291.
15. Hageskal, G., A. K. Knutsen, P. Gaustad, G. S. de Hoog, and I. Skaar. 2006. Diversity and significance of mold species in Norwegian drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7586-7593.
16. Hageskal, G., N. Lima, and I. Skaar. 2009. The study of fungi in drinking water. Mycol. Res. 113:165-172.
17. Hata, D. J., S. P. Buckwalter, B. S. Pritt, G. D. Roberts, and N. L. Wengenack. 2008. Real-time PCR method for detection of zygomycetes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:2353-2358.
18. Hughes, J. B., J. J. Hellmann, T. H. Ricketts, and B. J. Bohannan. 2001. Counting the uncountable: statistical approaches to estimating microbial diversity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4399-4406.
19. Inglis, T. J., et al. 2004. Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project. Epidemiol. Infect. 132:813- 820.
20. Jjemba, P. K., L. A. Weinrich, W. Cheng, E. Giraldo, and M. W. Lechevallier. 2010. Regrowth of potential opportunistic pathogens and algae in reclaimed water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:4169-4178.
21. Jones, D. B., G. S. Visvesvara, and N. M. Robinson. 1975. Acanthamoeba polyphaga keratitis and Acenthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal meningoencephalitis. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K. 95:221-232.
22. Kikuhara, H., M. Ogawa, H. Miyamoto, Y. Nikaido, and S. Yoshida. 1994. Intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila in Tetrahymena thermophila. J. UOEH 16:263-275.
23. Kuiper, M. W., et al. 2006. Quantitative detection of the free-living amoeba Hartmannella vermiformis in surface water by using real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5750-5756.
24. Kuiper, M. W., B. A. Wullings, A. D. Akkermans, R. R. Beumer, and D. van der Kooij. 2004. Intracellular proliferation of Legionella pneumophila in Hartmannella vermiformis in aquatic biofilms grown on plasticized polyvinyl chloride. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:6826-6833.
25. Long, E. O., and I. B. Dawid. 1980. Repeated genes in eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49:727-764.
26. Ludwig, W., et al. 2004. ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:1363-1371.
27. Magic-Knezev, A., and D. van der Kooij. 2004. Optimisation and significance of ATP analysis for measuring active biomass in granular activated carbon filters used in water treatment. Water Res. 38:3971-3979.
28. Myl'nikov, A. P., and S. A. Karpov. 2004. Review of diversity and taxonomy of cercomonads. Protistology 3:201-217.
29. Nedelands Normalisatie Instituut. 1991. Bacteriological examination of water: examination on the presence and the number of colony forming units (CFU) of Legionella bacteria. NEN6265. Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut, Delft, the Netherlands.
30. Odds, F. C. 1987. Candida infections: an overview. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 15:1-5.
31. Ortiz-Roque, C. M., and T. C. Hazen. 1987. Abundance and distribution of Legionellaceae in Puerto Rican waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2231- 2236.
32. Parry, J. D. 2004. Protozoan grazing of freshwater biofilms. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 54:167-196.
33. Poitelon, J. B., et al. 2009. Identification and phylogeny of eukaryotic 18S rDNA phylotypes detected in chlorinated finished drinking water samples from three Parisian surface water treatment plants. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 49:589-595.
34. Pruesse, E., et al. 2007. SILVA; a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB. Nucleic Acids Res. 35:7188-7196.
35. Qvarnstrom, Y., G. S. Visvesvara, R. Sriram, and A. J. da Silva. 2006. Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3589-3595.
36. Rodriguez-Zaragoza, S. 1994. Ecology of free-living amoebae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20:225-241.
37. Rowbotham, T. J. 1986. Current views on the relationships between amoebae, legionellae and man. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 22:678-689.
38. Rowbotham, T. J. 1980. Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J. Clin. Pathol. 33:1179-1183.
39. Schlech, W. F., G. W. Gorman, M. C. Payne, and C. V. Broome. 1985. Legionnaires' disease in the Caribbean. An outbreak associated with a resort hotel. Arch. Intern. Med. 145:2076-2079.
40. Schloss, P. D., and J. Handelsman. 2005. Introducing DOTUR, a computer program for defining operational taxonomic units and estimating species richness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:1501-1506.
41. Scrimini, S., A. Junemann, and C. M. Luna. 2007. Community acquired pneumonia in the tropics. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 13:170-176.
42. Shadrach, W. S., et al. 2005. Balamuthia mandrillaris, free-living ameba and opportunistic agent of encephalitis, is a potential host for Legionella pneumophila bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:2244-2249.
43. Sibille, I., T. Sime-Ngando, L. Mathieu, and J. C. Block. 1998. Protozoan bacterivory and Escherichia coli survival in drinking water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:197-202.
44. Sittenfeld, A., et al. 2002. Characterization of a photosynthetic Euglena strain isolated from an acidic hot mud pool of a volcanic area of Costa Rica. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 42:151-161.
45. Storey, M. V., C. E. Kaucner, M. L. Angles, J. R. Blackbeard, and N. J. Ashbolt. 2008. Opportunistic pathogens in drinking and recycled water distribution systems. Water 35:38-45.
46. Sugita, T., M. Tajima, M. Amaya, R. Tsuboi, and A. Nishikawa. 2004. Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. Microbiol. Immunol. 48:755-759.
47. Thomas, J. M., and N. J. Ashbolt. 2011. Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk? Environ. Sci. Technol. 45:860-869.
48. Thomas, V., G. McDonnell, S. P. Denyer, and J. Y. Maillard. 2009. Freeliving amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 34:231-259.
49. Tyndall, R. L., and E. L. Domingue. 1982. Cocultivation of Legionella pneumophila and free-living amoebae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:954-959.
50. Valster, R. M., B. A. Wullings, and D. van der Kooij. 2010. Detection of protozoan hosts for Legionella pneumophila in engineered water systems by using a biofilm batch test. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:7144-7153.
51. Valster, R. M., B. A. Wullings, G. Bakker, H. Smidt, and D. van der Kooij. 2009. Free-living protozoa in two unchlorinated drinking water supplies identified by phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:4736-4746.
52. Van der Kooij, D. 1998. Potential for biofilm development in drinking water distribution systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85(Suppl.):39S-44S.
53. Van Lieverloo, J. H. M., D. van der Kooij, and W. Hoogenboezem. 2002. Invertebrates and protozoa (free-living) in drinking water distribution systems, p. 1718-1733. In G. Bitton (ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology. Wiley, New York, NY.
54. Visvesvara, G. S., F. L. Schuster, and A. J. Martinez. 1993. Balamuthia mandrillaris, N. G., N. Sp., agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and other animals. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40:504-514.
55. Volk, C. J., and M. W. LeChevallier. 1999. Impacts of the reduction of nutrient levels on bacterial water quality in distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4957-4966.
56. Wadowsky, R. M., et al. 1988. Growth-supporting activity for Legionella pneumophila in tap water cultures and implication of hartmannellid amoebae as growth factors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2677-2682.
57. Wadowsky, R. M., R. Wolford, A. M. McNamara, and R. B. Yee. 1985. Effect of temperature, pH, and oxygen level on the multiplication of naturally occurring Legionella pneumophila in potable water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1197-1205.
58. Weekers, P. H., P. L. Bodelier, J. P. Wijen, and G. D. Vogels. 1993. Effects of grazing by the free-living soil amoebae Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Hartmannella vermiformis on various bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2317-2319.
59. Willaert, E. 1974. Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis. A selected bibliography and tabular survey of cases. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 54:429-440.
60. Zavasky, D. M., W. Samowitz, T. Loftus, H. Segal, and K. Carroll. 1999. Gastrointestinal zygomycotic infection caused by Basidiobolus ranarum: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28:1244-1248.