Biology of breast cancer: Molecular and pathologic features of ductal neoplasia of the breast: Racial considerations

Breast Cancer in Women of African Descent

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 39-70

  Chhieng, David F ^a   Frost, Andra R ^a   Talley, Lynya I ^b   Grizzle, William E ^a  

^a University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82955186592     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-3664-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (177)

1. Radford, D.M., Phillips, N.J., Fair, K.L., Ritter, J.H., Holt, M., and Donis-Keller, H. (1995). Allelic loss and the progression of breast cancer.(erratum appears in Cancer Res 1996 Feb 15;56(4):935). Cancer Research. 55, 5180-5183
2. Brenner, A.1., and Aldaz, C.M. (1997). The genetics of sporadic breast cancer. In Etology of breast and gynecological cancers, C.M. Aldaz, M.N. Gould, J. Mclauchlan and J. Siaga, eds. (New York, NY: Wiley-Liss), pp. 63-82
3. Jensen, R.A., Dupont, W.O., and Page, D.L. (1993). Diagnostic criteria and cancer risk of proliferative breast lesions. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry-Supplement. 17G,59-64
4. Marshall, L.M., Hunter, OJ., Connolly, J.L., Schnitt, S.1., Byrne, C., London, S.1., and Colditz, G.A. (1997). Risk of breast cancer associated with atypical hyperplasia of lobular and ductal types. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 6, 297-301
5. Couch, F.J., and Weber, B.L. (1998). Breast cancer. In The genetic basis of human cancer, B. Vogelstein and K.W. Kinzler, eds. (New York, NY: McGraw Hill), pp. 537-563
6. De vilee, P., and Cornelisse, C.1. (1994). Somatic genetic changes in human breast cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1198, 113-130
7. Kuukasjarvi, T., Karhu, R., Tanner, M., Kahkonen, M., Schaffer, A., Nupponen, N., Pennanen, S., Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, D.P., and Isola, J. (1997). Genetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution underlying De velopment of asynchronous metastasis in human breast cancer. Cancer Research. 57, 1597-1604
8. Kuukasjarvi, T., Tanner, M., Pennanen, S., Karhu, R., Kallioniemi, D.P., and Isola, J. (1997). Genetic changes in intraductal breast cancer De tected by comparative genomic hybridization. American Journal of Pathology. 150, 1465-1471
9. Nishizaki , T., De Vries, S., Chew, K., Goodson, W.H., 3rd, Ljung, B.M., Thor, A., and Waldman, F.M. (1997). Genetic alterations in primary breast cancers and their metastases: Direct comparison using modified comparative genomic hybridization. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 19,267-272
10. Tsuda, H., Fukutomi, T., and Hirohashi, S. (1995). Pattern of gene alterations in intraductal breast neoplasms associated with histological type and grade. Clinical Cancer Research. 1,261-267
11. Weinstat-Saslow, D., Merino, M.J., Manrow, R.E., Lawrence, J.A., Bluth, R.F., Wittenbel, K.D., Simpson, J.F., Page, D.L., and Steeg, P.S. (1995). Overexpression of cyclin D mRNA distinguishes invasive and in situ breast carcinomas from nonmalignant lesions.(comment). Nature Medicine. I, 1257-1260
12. Beckmann, M.W., Niederacher, D., Schnurch, H.G., Gusterson, B.A., and Bender, H.G. (1997). Multistep carcinogenesis of breast cancer and tumour heterogeneity. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 75, 429-439
13. Da vidoff, A.M., Kerns, B.J., Iglehart, J.D., and Marks, J.R. (1991). Maintenance of p53 alterations throughout breast cancer progression. Cancer Research. 51, 26052610
14. Zhang, G.J., Kimijima, I., Abe, R., Kanno, M., Katagata, N., Hara, K., Watanabe, T., and Tsuchiya, A. (1997). Correlation between the expression of apoptosis-related bel2 and p53 oncoproteins and the carcinogenesis and progression of breast carcinomas. Clinical Cancer Research. 3, 2329-2335
15. Orr, J. (1958). The mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Br Med Bull 14,99-10 I.
16. Orr, J., and Spencer, A. (1972). Transplantation studies of the role of the stroma in epidermal carcinogenesis. In Tissue interactions in carcinogenesis, T. D, ed. (London: Academic Press), pp. 291-304
17. Brues, A., and CJ, D. (1955). Radiation as a carcinogenic agent. Radiat Res 3, 272281
18. Da we, C., Morgan, W., and Slatic, M. (1996). Influence of epithelio-mesenchymal interactions of tumor induction by polyoma virus. Int J Cancer 1,419-450
19. Sieweke, M.H., and Bissell, MJ. (1994). The tumor-promoting effect of wounding: A possible role for TGF-beta-induced stromal alterations. Crit Rev Oncog 5, 297-311
20. Walker, R.A. (2001). The complexities of breast cancer De smoplasia. Breast Cancer Res 3, 143-145
21. Weidner, N. (1998). Tumoural vascularity as a prognostic factor in cancer patients: The evidence continues to grow. Journal of Pathology 184, 119-122
22. Weidner, N., Semple, J.P., Welch, W.R., and Folkman, J. (1991). Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis-correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 324, 1-8
23. Weidner, N., Folkman, J., Pozza, F., Bevilacqua, P., Allred, E.N., Moore, D.H., Meli, S., and Gasparini, G. (1992). Tumor angiogenesis: A new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early-stage breast carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84, 1875-1887
24. Elmore, J.G., Moceri, V.M., Carter, D., and Larson, E.B. (1998). Breast carcinoma tumor characteristics in black and white women. Cancer 83, 2509-2515
25. Newman, L.A., and Alfonso, A.E. (1997). Age-related differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis between black and white patients in an urban community hospital. Ann Surg Oncol4, 655-662
26. Kovi, J., Mohla, S., Norris, H.J., Sampson, C.c., and Heshmat, M.Y. (1989). Breast lesions in black women. Pathol Annu 24 Pt I, 199-218
27. Perkins, P., Cooksley, C.D., and Cox, J.D. (1996). Breast cancer. Is ethnicity an independent prognostic factor for survival? Cancer 78, 1241-1247
28. Trock, BJ. (1996). Breast cancer in African American women: Epidemiology and tumor biology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 40,11-24
29. Elledge, R.M., Clark, G.M., Chamness, G.c., and Osborne, C.K. (1994). Tumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 86, 705-712
30. Simon, M.S., and Severson, R.K. (1997). Racial differences in breast cancer survival: The interaction of socioeconomic status and tumor biology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176, S233-239
31. Weiss, S.E., Tartter, P.l., Ahmed, S., Brower, S.T., Brusco, C., Bossolt, K., Amberson, J.B., and Bratton, J. (1995). Ethnic differences in risk and prognostic factors for breast cancer. Cancer 76, 268-274
32. Wojcik, B.E., Spinks, M.K., and Optenberg, SA (1998). Breast carcinoma survival analysis for African American and white women in an equal-Access health care system. Cancer 82, 1310-1318
33. Shavers, V.L., Harlan, L.C., and Stevens, J.L. (2003). Racial/ethnic variation in clinical presentation, treatment, and survival among breast cancer patients under age 35. Cancer 97, 134-147
34. Aziz, H., Hussain, F., Sohn, C., Mediavillo, R., Saitta, A., Hussain, A., Brandys, M., Homel, P., and Rotman, M. (1999). Early onset of breast carcinoma in African American women with poor prognostic factors. Am J Clin Oncol 22, 436-440
35. Ownby, H.E., Frederick, J., Russo, J., Brooks, S.C., Swanson, G.M., Heppner, G.H., and Brennan, MJ. (1985). Racial differences in breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 75, 55-60
36. Hunter, c.r., Redmond, C.K., Chen, V.W., Austin, D.F., Greenberg, R.S., Correa, P., Muss, H.B., Forman, M.R., Wesley, M.N., Blacklow, R.S., and et al. (1993). Breast cancer: Factors associated with stage at diagnosis in black and white women. Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 85,1129-1137
37. Eley, J.W., Hill, H.A., Chen, V.W., Austin, D.F., Wesley, M.N., Muss, H.B., Greenberg, R.S., Coates, RJ., Correa, P., Redmond, C.K., and et al. (1994). Racial differences in survival from breast cancer. Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. Jama 272,947-954
38. Chen, V.W., Correa, P., Kurman, RJ., Wu, X.C., Eley, J.W., Austin, D., Muss, H., Hunter, c.P., Redmond, C., Sobhan, M., and et al. (1994). Histological characteristics of breast carcinoma in blacks and whites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3, 127135
39. Mohla, S., Sampson, C.C., Khan, T., Enterline, J.P., Leffall, L., Jr., and White, J.E. (1982). Estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer in Black Americans: Correlation of receptor Da ta with tumor differentiation. Cancer 50, 552-559
40. Albain, K., Green, S., LeBlanc, M., Rivkin, S., O'Sullivan, J., and Osborne, C. (1992). Proportional hazards and recurrence partitioning and amalgamation analyses of the Southwest Oncology Group node-positive adjuvant CMFVP breast cancer Da tabase: A pilot study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 22, 273-284
41. Elledge, R.M., McGuire, W.L., and Osborne, C.K. (1992). Prognostic factors in breast cancer. Seminars in Oncology 19,244-253
42. Albain, K.S., Allred, D.C., and Clark, G.M. (1994). Breast cancer outcome and predictors of outcome: Are there age differentials? Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs, 35-42
43. Furberg, H., Millikan, R., Dressler, L., Newman, 8., and Geradts, J. (2001). Tumor characteristics in African American and white women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 68, 33-43
44. Kimrnick, G., Muss, H.B., Case, L.D., and Stanley, V. (1991). A comparison of treatment outcomes for black patients and white patients with metastatic breast cancer. The Piedmont Oncology Association experience. Cancer 67, 2850-2854
45. Pierce, L., Fowble, B., Solin, L.J., Schultz, DJ., Rosser, c., and Goodman, R.L. (1992). Conservative surgery and radiation therapy in black women with early stage breast cancer. Patterns of failure and analysis ofoutcome. Cancer 69, 2831-2841
46. Miller , B.A., Hankey, B.F., and Thomas, T.L. (2002). Impact of sociodemographic factors, hormone receptor status, and tumor grade on ethnic differences in tumor stage and size for breast cancer in US women. Am J Epidemiol 155, 534-545
47. Dickson, R.B., and Lippman, M.E. (2001). Cancer of the Breast. In Cancer Principles & Practice of Oncology, Volume 2, 6th Edition, V.T. De Vita, S. Hellman and S. Rosenberg, eds. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins), pp. 1633-1651
48. Dickson, R.B., and Lippman, M.E. (2001). Molecular Basis of Breast Cancer in The Molecular Basis of Cancer, 2nd Edition (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company
49. Olopade, 0.1., Fackenthal, J.D., Dunston, G., Tainsky, M.A., Collins, F., and Whitfield-Broome, C. (2003). Breast cancer genetics in African Americans. Cancer 97,236-245
50. Clark, G.M., Dressler, L.G., Owens, M.A., Pounds, G., Oldaker , T., and McGuire, W.L. (1989). Prediction of relapse or survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer by DNA flow cytometry. N Engl J Med 320, 627-633
51. Toikkanen, S., Joensuu, H., and Klemi, P. (1989). The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content in invasive breast cancer-A study with long-Term follow-up. Br J Cancer 60, 693-700
52. Beerman, H., Kluin, P.M., Hermans, J., van De Velde, CJ., and Cornelisse, CJ. (1990). Prognostic significance of DNA-ploidy in a series of 690 primary breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 45,34-39
53. Witzig, T.E., Ingle, J.N., Cha, S.S., Schaid, DJ., Tabery , R.L., Wold, L.E., Grant , c., Gonchoroff, NJ., and Katzmann, J.A. (1994). DNA ploidy and the percentage of cells in S-phase as prognostic factors for women with lymph node negative breast cancer. Cancer 74,1752-1761
54. Shiao, Y.H., Chen, V.W., Lehmann, H.P., Wu, X.C., and Correa, P. (1997). Patterns of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction associated with breast cancer survival in blacks and whites. Clin Cancer Res 3, 587-592
55. Multip le Authors. (1992). Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal , cytotoxi c, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 De aths among 75,000 women. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 339, 1-15
56. Multiple Authors (1992). Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 De aths among 75,000 women. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 339, 71-85
57. Horwitz, K.B., and McGuire , W.L. (1978). Estrogen control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer. Correlation with nuclear processing of estrogen receptor. J Bioi Chern 253, 2223-2228
58. Fisher, B., Redmond, c., Fisher, E.R., and Caplan, R. (1988). Relative worth of estrogen or progesterone receptor and pathologic characteristics of differentiation as indicators of prognosis in node negative breast cancer patients: Findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-06. J Clin Oncol 6, 10761087
59. Clark, G.M., Sledge, G.W., Jr., Osborne, C.K., and McGuire, W.L. (1987). Survival from first recurrence: Relative importance of prognostic factors in 1,015 breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol5, 55-61
60. Pertschuk, L.P., and Axiotis, C.A. (1999). Steroid Hormone Receptor Immunohistochemistry in Breast Cancer: Past, Present, and Future. Breast J 5, 3-12
61. Alexieva-Figusch, J., Van Putten, W.L., Blankenstein, M.A., Blonk-Van De r Wijst, r., and Klijn, J.G. (1988). The prognostic value and relationships of patient characteristics, estrogen and progestin receptors, and site of relapse in primary breast cancer. Cancer 61, 758-768
62. Foekens, lA., Portengen, H., van Putten, W.L., Peters, H.A., Krijnen, H.L., AlexievaFigusch, L, and Klijn, lG. (1989). Prognostic value of estrogen and progesterone receptors measured by enzyme immunoassays in human breast tumor cytosols. Cancer Res 49, 5823-5828
63. Aamdal, S., Bormer, 0., Jorgensen, 0 ., Host, H., Eliassen, G., Kaalhus, 0 ., and Pihl, A. (1984). Estrogen receptors and long-Term prognosis in breast cancer. Cancer 53, 2525-2529
64. Hahnel, R., Woodings, T., and Vivian, A.B. (1979). Prognostic value of estrogen receptors in primary breast cancer. Cancer 44, 671-675
65. Hilsenbeck, S.G., Ravdin, P.M., De Moor, C.A., Chamness, G.c., Osborne, C.K., and Clark, G.M. (1998). Time-dependence of hazard ratios for prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 52, 227-237
66. Meyer, J.S., Friedman, E., McCrate, M.M., and Bauer, W.C. (1983). Prediction of early course of breast carcinoma by thymidine labeling. Cancer 51, 1879-1886
67. Meyer, lS., Prey, M.U., Babcock, D.S., and McDivitt, R.W. (1986). Breast carcinoma cell kinetics, morphology, stage, and host characteristics. A thymidine labeling study. Lab Invest 54, 41-51
68. Meyer, J.S., and Province, M.A. (1994). S-phase fraction and nuclear size in long term prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Cancer 74,2287-2299
69. Gaffuey, E.V., 2nd, Venz-Williamson, T.L., Hutchinson, G., Biggs, P.I ., and Nelson, K.M. (1996). Relationship of standardized mitotic indices to other prognostic factors in breast cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 120,473-477
70. Helin, M.L., Helle, M.I., Helin, H.I., and Isola, lJ. (1989). Proliferative activity and steroid receptors De termined by immunohistochemistry in adjacent frozen sections of 102 breast carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113,854-857
71. Osborne, C.K. (1998). Steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer management. Breast Cancer Res Treat 51, 227-238
72. Schiff, R., and Suqua, S. (2002). The importance of estrogen receptor in breast cancer. In Breast Cancer: Prognosis, treatment and prevention, J.R. Pasqualini, ed. (New York: Marcel De kker, Inc.), pp. 149-173
73. Ravdin, P.M., Green, S., Dorr, T.M., McGuire, W.L., Fabian, C., Pugh, R.P., Carter, R.D., Rivkin, S.E., Borst, lR., Belt, R.I ., and et al. (1992). Prognostic significance of progesterone receptor levels in estrogen receptor-positive patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with tamoxifen: Results of a prospective Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin OncollO, 1284-1291
74. Rose, D.P., and Royak-Schaler, R. (2001). Tumor biology and prognosis in black breast cancer patients: A review. Cancer De tect Prev 25, 16-31
75. Natarajan, N., Nemoto, T., Mettlin, C., and Murphy, G.P. (1985). Race-related differences in breast cancer patients. Results of the 1982 national survey of breast cancer by the American College of Surgeons. Cancer 56, 1704-1709
76. Nemoto, T., Vana, J., Natarajan, N., Bedwani, R., and Mettlin, C. (1981). Observations on short-Term and long-Term surveys of breast cancer by the American College of Surgeons. 1. Significance of the number of axillary nodes and 11. Estrogen receptor assay in the U.S. in 1977. Int Adv Surg Onco14, 209-239
77. Stanford, J.L., Szklo, M., Boring, C.C., Brinton, L.A., Diamond, E.A., Greenberg, R.S., and Hoover, R.N. (1987). A case-control study of breast cancer stratified by estrogen receptor status. Am J Epidemiol 125, 184-194
78. Gapstur, S.M., Dupuis, J., Gann, P., Collila, S., and Winchester, D.P. (1996). Hormone receptor status of breast tumors in black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women. An analysis of 13,239 cases. Cancer 77, 1465-1471
79. Joslyn, S.A., and West, M.M. (2000). Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer 88, 114-123
80. Joslyn, S.A. (2002). Hormone receptors in breast cancer: Racial differences in distribution and survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 73, 45-59
81. Chu, K.C., and Anderson, W.F. (2002). Rates for breast cancer characteristics by estrogen and progesterone receptor status in the major racial/ethnic groups. Breast Cancer Res Treat 74,199-211
82. Li, C.I., Malone, K.E., and Da ling, J.R. (2002). Differences in breast cancer honnone receptor status and histology by race and ethnicity among women 50 years of age and older. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11,601-607
83. Li, C.1., Malone, K.E., and Da ling, J.R. (2003). Differences in breast cancer stage, treatment, and survival by race and ethnicity. Arch Intern Med 163,49-56
84. Ansell, D., Whitman, S., Lipton, R., and Cooper, R. (1993). Race, income, and survival from breast cancer at two public hospitals. Cancer 72, 2974-2978
85. Krieger, N., van De n Eeden, S.K., Zava, D., and Okamoto, A. (1997). Race/ethnicity, social class, and prevalence of breast cancer prognostic biomarkers: A study of white, black, and Asian women in the San Francisco bay area. Ethn Dis 7, 137-149
86. Silvestrini, R., Da idone, M.G., Luisi, A., Boracchi, P., Mezzetti, M., Di Fronzo, G., Andreola, S., Salvadori, B., and Veronesi, U. (1995). Biologic and clinicopathologic factors as indicators of specific relapse types in node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 13,697-704
87. Muss, H.B. (1992). Endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer: A review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 21, 15-26
88. Silvestrini, R., and Da idone, M.G. (1993). Review of proliferative variables and their predictive value. Recent Results Cancer Res 127,71-76
89. Wenger, C.R., Beardslee, S., Owens, M.A., Pounds, G., Oldaker, T., Vendely, P., Pandian, M.R., Harrington, D., Clark, G.M., and McGuire, W.L. (1993). DNA ploidy, S-phase, and steroid receptors in more than 127,000 breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 28, 9-20
90. Lyman, G.H., Lyman, S., Balducci, L., Kuderer, N., Reintgen, D., Cox, c., Baekey, P., Greenberg, H., and Horton, J. (1996). Age and the Risk of Breast Cancer Recurrence. Cancer Control 3, 421-427
91. Remvikos, Y., Gerbault-Seureau, M., Magdelenat, H., Prieur, M., and Dutrillaux, B. (1992). Proliferative activity of breast cancers increases in the course of genetic evolution as De fined by cytogenetic analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 23, 43-49
92. Veronesi, U., Marubini, E., De l Vecchio, M., Manzari, A., Andreola, S., Greco, M., Luini, A., Merson, M., Saccozzi, R., Rilke, F., and et al. (1995). Local recurrences and distant metastases after conservative breast cancer treatments: Partly independent events. J Natl Cancer Inst 87, 19-27
93. Tynninen, 0 ., von Boguslawski, K., Aronen, HJ., and Paavonen, T. (1999). Prognostic value of vascular De n sity and cell proliferation in breast cancer patients. Pathol Res Pract 195,31-37
94. Stillman, B. (1996). Cell cycle control ofDNA replication. Science 274,1659-1664
95. Catzavelos, C., Bhattacharya, N., Dng, Y.c., Wilson, 1.A., Roncari, L., Sandhu, C., Shaw, P., Yeger, H., Morava-Protzner, I., Kapusta, L., Franssen, E., Pritchard, K.L, and Slingerland, J.M. (1997). De creased levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27KipI protein: Prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nat Med 3, 227-230
96. Chu, J.S., Huang, C.S., and Chang, KJ. (1999). p27 expression as a prognostic factor of breast cancer in Taiwan. Cancer Lett 141, 123-130
97. .Porter, P.L., Malone, K.E., Heagerty, PJ., Alexander, G.M., Gatti, L.A., Firpo, EJ., Da ling, J.R., and Roberts, 1.M. (1997). Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27Kipi and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nat Med 3, 222-225
98. Tan, P., Cady, B., Wanner, M., Worland, P., Cukor, B., Magi-Galluzzi, C., Lavin, P., Draetta, G., Pagano, M., and Loda, M. (1997). The cell cycle inhibitor p27 is an independent prognostic marker in small (Tla,b) invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 57, 1259-1263
99. Joe, AX., Arber, N., Bose, S., Heitjan, D., Zhang, Y., Weinstein, LB., and Hibshoosh, H. (2001). Cyclin 01 overexpression is more prevalent in non-Caucasian breast cancer. Anticancer Research. 21, 3535-3539
100. Talley, L.I., Grizzle, W.E., Waterbor, 1.W., Brown, D., Weiss, H., and Frost, A.R. (2002). Hormone receptors and proliferation in breast carcinomas of equivalent histologic grades in pre-And postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 98, 118-127
101. Bartkova, 1., Lukas, J., Strauss, M., and Bartek, J. (1994). Cell cycle-related variation and tissue-restricted expression of human cyclin 01 protein. Journal of Pathology. 172,237-245
102. Bates, S., and Peters, G. (1995). Cyclin 01 as a cellular proto-oncogene. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 6, 73-82
103. Lukas, 1., Bartkova, 1., Rohde, M., Strauss, M., and Bartek, 1. (1995). Cyclin 0 I is dispensable for GI control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity. Molecular & Cellular Biology. 15,2600-2611
104. Fantl, Y., Smith, R., Brookes, S., Dickson, C., and Peters, G. (1993). Chromosome II q13 abnormalities in human breast cancer.(comment). Cancer Surveys. 18, 77-94
105. Gillett, C., Fantl, Y., Smith, R., Fisher, C., Bartek, J., Dickson, C., Barnes, D., and Peters, G. (1994). Amplification and overexpression of cyclin 01 in breast cancer De tected by immunohistochemical staining. Cancer Research. 54, 1812-1817
106. Seshadri, R., Lee, C.S., Hui, R., McCaul, K., Horsfall, D.J., and Sutherland, R.L. (1996). Cyclin DI amplification is not associated with reduced overall survival in primary breast cancer but may predict early relapse in patients with features of good prognosis. Clinical Cancer Research. 2, 1177-1184
107. Pelosio, P., Barbareschi, M., Bonoldi, E., Marchetti, A., Verderio, P., Caffo, 0 ., Bevilacqua, P., Boracchi, P., Buttitta, F., Barbazza, R., Da lla Palma, P., and Gasparini, G. (1996). Clinical significance of cyclin 0 I expression in patients with node-positive breast carcinoma treated with adjuvant therapy. Annals of Oncology. 7, 695-703
108. van Diest, PJ., Michalides, R.1., Jannink, L., van De r Valk, P., Peterse, H.L., De Jong, J.S., Meijer, CJ., and Baak, J.P. (1997). Cyclin 01 expression in invasive breast cancer. Correlations and prognostic value. American Journal of Pathology. 150, 705711
109. Barnes, D.M. (1997). Cyclin DI in mammary carcinoma. Journal of Pathology. 181, 267-269
110. Toi, M., Kashitani, 1., and Tominaga, T. (1993). Tumor angiogenesis is an independent prognostic indicator in primary breast carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer 55,371-374
111. Barbareschi, M., Pelosio, P., Caffo, 0 ., Buttitta, F., Pellegrini, S., Barbazza, R., Da lla Palma, P., Bevilacqua, G., and Marchetti, A. (1997). Cyclin-DI-gene amplification and expression in breast carcinoma: Relation with clinicopathologic characteristics and with retinoblastoma gene product, p53 and p21WAFI immunohistochemical expression. International Journal of Cancer. 74,171-174
112. Dickson, C., Fantl, Y., Gillett, C., Brookes, S., Bartek, 1., Smith, R., Fisher, C., Barnes, D., and Peters, G. (1995). Amplification of chromosome band Ilq13 and a role for cyclin DI in human breast cancer. Cancer Letters. 90,43-50
113. Michalides, R., Hageman, P., van Tinteren, H., Houben, L., Wientjens, E., Klompmaker, R., and Peterse, 1. (1996). A clinicopathological study on overexpression of cyclin DI and of p53 in a series of 248 patients with operable breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 73, 728-734
114. Zhang, S.Y., Caamano, J., Cooper, F., Guo, X., and Klein-Szanto, A.1. (1994). Immunohistochemistry of cyclin DI in human breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 102,695-698
115. Zukerberg, L.R., Yang, W.I., Gadd, M., Thor, A.D., Koerner, F.C., Schmidt, E.V., and Arnold, A. (1995). Cyclin DI (PRADI) protein expression in breast cancer: Approximately one-Third of infiltrating mammary carcinomas show overexpression of the cyclin Dl oncogene. Modern Pathology. 8, 560-567
116. Mcintosh, G.G., Anderson, J.J., Milton, I., Steward, M., Parr, A.H., Thomas, M.D., Henry, J.A., Angus, B., Lennard, T.W., and Horne, C.H. (1995). De termination of the prognostic value of cyclin DI overexpression in breast cancer. Oncogene. II , 885891
117. Gillett, C., Smith, P., Gregory, W., Richards, M., Millis, R., Peters, G., and Barnes, D. (1996). Cyclin DI and prognosis in human breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 69,92-99
118. Nielsen, N.H., Emdin, S.O., Cajander, J., and Landberg, G. (1997). De regulation of cyclin E and DI in breast cancer is associated with inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene. 14,295-304
119. Blood, C.H., and Zetter, B.R. (1990). Tumor interactions with the vasculature: Angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1032, 89-118
120. Folkman, 1. (1990). What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis De pendent? Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82, 4-6
121. Bosari, S., Lee, AX., De Lellis, R.A., Wiley, B.D., Heatley, GJ., and Silverman, M.L. (1992). Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Human Pathology 23,755-761
122. Gasparini, G., Weidner, N., Bevilacqua, P., Maluta, S., Da lla Palma, P., Caffo, 0 ., Barbareschi, M., Boracchi, P., Marubini, E., and Pozza, F. (1994). Tumor microvessel De n sity, p53 expression, tumor size, and peritumoral lymphatic vessel invasion are relevant prognostic markers in node-negative breast carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12,454-466
123. Fox, S.B., Leek, R.D., Smith, K., Hollyer, J., Greenall, M., and Harris, A.L. (1994). Tumor angiogenesis in node-negative breast carcinomas-relationship with epidermal growth factor receptor, estrogen receptor, and survival. Breast Cancer Research & Treatment 29, 109-116
124. Horak, E.R., Leek, R., Klenk, N., Lejeune, S., Smith, K., Stuart, N., Greenall , M., Stepniewska, K., and Harris, A.L. (1992). Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as indicator of node metastase s and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340, 1120-1124
125. Adams, J., Carder, P.1., Downey, S., Forbes, M.A., MacLennan, K., Allgar, V., Kaufman, S., Hallam, S., Bicknell, R., Walker, J.1., Cairnduff, F., Selby, P.1., Perren, T.1., Lansdown, M., and Banks, R.E. (2000). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in breast cancer: Comparison of plasma, serum, and tissue VEGF and microvessel De n sity and effects oftamoxifen. Cancer Research 60, 2898-2905
126. Gasparini, G., Toi, M., Gion, M., Verderio, P., Dittadi, R., Hanatani , M., Matsubara, 1., Vinante, 0., Bonoldi, E., Boracchi, P., Gatti, C., Suzuki, H., and Tominaga, T. (1997). Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor protein in nodenegative breast carcinoma. Journal ofthe National Cancer Institute 89,139-147
127. Lee, A.H., Dublin, E.A., Bobrow, L.G., and Poulsom, R. (1998). Invasive lobular and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast show distinct patterns of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis. Journal of Pathology 185, 394-40 I.
128. Linderholm , B., Grankvist , K., Wilking, N., Johansson, M., Tavelin , B., and Henriksson, R. (2000). Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor content with recurrences , survival, and first relapse site in primary node-positive breast carcinoma after adjuvant treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, 1423-1431
129. Obermair, A., Kucera, E., Mayerhofer, K., Speiser , P., Seifert, M., Czerwenka , K., Kaider, A., Leodolter, S., Kainz, c., and Zeillinger, R. (1997). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human breast cancer: Correlation with disease-free survival. International Journal of Cancer 74, 455-458
130. Toi, M., Kondo, S., Suzuki, H., Yamamoto, Y., Inada, K., Imazawa, T., Taniguchi, T., and Tominaga , T. (1996). Quantitative analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor in primary breast cancer. Cancer 77,1101-1106
131. Brown, L.F., Berse, B., Jackman , R.W., Tognazzi, K., Guidi, A.1., Dvorak, H.F., Senger, D.R., Connolly, lL., and Schnitt, S.1. (1995). Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer. Human Pathology 26, 86-91
132. Tischer, E., Mitchell, R., Hartman, T., Silva, M., Gospodarowicz, D., Fiddes, lC., and Abraham, J.A. (1991). The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 11947-11954
133. Ferrara, N., Heinsohn , H., Walder, C.E., Bunting, S., and Thomas, G.R. (1995). The regulation of blood vessel growth by vascular endothelial growth factor. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 752, 246-256
134. Toi, M., Inada, K., Suzuki, H., and Tominaga, T. (1995). Tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer: Its importance as a prognostic indicator and the association with vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Breast Cancer Research & Treatment 36, 193-204
135. Gasparini, G., Toi, M., Miceli, R., Vermeulen , P.B., Dittadi, R., Biganzoli, E., Morabito, A., Fanelli, M., Gatti, C., Suzuki, H., Tominaga, T., Dirix , L.Y., and Gion, M. (1999). Clinical relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor and thymidine phosphorylase in patients with node-positive breast cancer treated with either adjuvant chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Cancer Journal From Scientific American. 5, 101111
136. Wu, Y., Saldana, L., Chiliar, R., and Vadgama, J.V. (2002). Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor is useful in assessing progression of breast cancer post surgery and during adjuvant treatment. International Journal of Oncology. 20, 509516
137. Eppenberger, U., Kueng, W., Schlaeppi, IM., Roesel, IL., Benz, e., Mueller, H., Matter, A , Zuber, M., Luescher, K., Litschgi, M., Schmitt, M., Foekens, J.A, and Eppenberger-Castori, S. (1998). Markers of tumor angiogenesis and proteolysis independently De fine high-And low-risk subsets of node-negative breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 16, 3129-3136
138. Beguinot, L., Lyall, R.M., Willingham, M.e., and Pastan, I. (1984). Down-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in KB cells is due to receptor internalization and subsequent De gradation in lysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81,2384-2388
139. Dunn, W.A., and Hubbard, A.L. (1984). Receptor-mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor by hepatocytes in the perfused rat liver: Ligand and receptor dynamics. J Cell Bioi 98, 2148-2159
140. Piyathilake, C.1., Frost, AR., Manne, U., Weiss, H., Bell, W.C., Heimburger, D.e., and Grizzle, W.E. (2002). Differential expression of growth factors in squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions of the lung. Clin Cancer Res 8, 734-744
141. Liu, X.H., Wiley, H.S., and Meikle, AW. (1993). Androgens regulate proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in culture by increasing transforming growth factor-Alpha (TGF-Alpha) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)/TGF-Alpha receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77, 1472-1478
142. Schuurmans, A.L., Bolt, J., and Mulder, E. (1988). Androgens stimulate both growth rate and epidermal growth factor receptor activity of the human prostate tumor cell LNCaP. Prostate 12,55-63
143. Myers, R.B., Brown, D., Oelschlager, O.K., Waterbor, IW., Marshall, M.E., Srivastava , S., Stockard, CR, Urban, D.A., and Grizzle, W.E. (1996). Elevated serum levels ofpI05(erbB-2) in patients with advanced-stage prostatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 69, 398-402
144. Myers, R.B., Oelschlager, D., Manne, D., Coan, P.N., Weiss, H., and Grizzle, W.E. (1999). Androgenic regulation of growth factor and growth factor receptor expression in the CWR22 model of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 82, 424-429
145. Nicholson, S., Halcrow, P., Sainsbury, J.R., Angus, B., Chambers, P., Famdon, J.R., and Harris, A.L. (1988). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) status associated with failure of primary endocrine therapy in elderly postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 58, 810-814
146. Toi, M., Osaki, A., Yamada, H., and Toge, T. (1991). Epidermal growth factor receptor expression as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 27, 977980
147. Fox, S.B., Smith, K., Hollyer, I, Greenall, M., Hastrich, D., and Harris, AL. (1994). The epidermal growth factor receptor as a prognostic marker: Results of 370 patients and review of 3009 patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 29, 41-49
148. Muss, H.B., Thor, A.D., Berry, D.A., Kute, T., Liu, E.T., Koerner, F., Cirrincione, c.r., Budman, D.R., Wood, W.C., Barcos, M., and et al. (1994). c-erbB-2 expression and response to adjuvant therapy in women with node-positive early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 330, 1260-1266
149. Siamon, 0.1. , Godolphin, W., Jones, L.A., Holt, J.A., Wong, S.G., Keith, D.E., Levin, W.1., Stuart, S.G., Udove, I, Ullrich, A., and et al. (1989). Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 244, 707-712
150. Slamon, 0.1 ., Clark, G.M., Wong, S.G., Levin, W.1., Ullrich, A., and McGuire, W.L. (1987). Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235,177-182
151. Paik, S., Hazan, R., Fisher, E.R., Sass, R.E., Fisher, B., Redmond, C., Schlessinger , J., Lippman, M.E., and King, C.R. (1990). Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: Prognostic significance of erbB-2 protein overexpression in primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol8, 103-112
152. Urban, D., Irwin, W., Kirk, M., Markiewicz, MA, Myers, R., Smith, M., Weiss, H., Grizzle, W.E., and Barnes, S. (2001). The effect of isolated soy protein on plasma biomarkers in elderly men with elevated serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 165, 294-300
153. Wu, Y., Khan, H., Chillar, R., and Vadgama, lV. (1999). Prognostic value of plasma HER-2/neu in African American and Hispanic women with breast cancer. Int J Oncol 14,1021-1037
154. Hollstein, M., Rice, K., Greenblatt, M.S., Soussi, T., Fuchs, R., Sorlie, T., Hovig, E., Smith-Sorensen, B., Montesano, R., and Harris, C.C. (1994). Da tabase of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 3551-3555
155. Manne, D., Myers, R.B., Moron, C., Poczatek, R.B., Dillard, S., Weiss, H., Brown, D., Srivastava, S., and Grizzle, W.E. (1997). Prognostic significance of BcI-2 expression and p53 nuclear accumulation in colorectal adenocarcinoma. lnt J Cancer 74, 346-358
156. Manne, D., Weiss, H.L., Myers, R.B., Da nner, O.K., Moron, c, Srivastava, S., and Grizzle, W.E. (1998). Nuclear accumulation of p53 in colorectal adenocarcinoma: Prognostic importance differs with race and location of the tumor. Cancer 83, 24562467
157. Isola, r., Visakorpi, T., Holli, K., and Kallioniemi, O.P. (1992). Association of overexpression of tumor suppressor protein p53 with rapid cell proliferation and poor prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 84,1109-1114
158. Thor, A.D., Moore, D.H., II, Edgerton, S.M., Kawasaki, E.S., Reihsaus, E., Lynch, H.T., Marcus, IN., Schwartz, L., Chen, L.C., Mayall, B.H., and et al. (1992). Accumulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene protein: An independent marker of prognosis in breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 84, 845-855
159. Allred, D.C., Clark, G.M., Elledge, R., Fuqua, SA, Brown, R.W., Chamness, G.C., Osborne, C.K., and McGuire, W.L. (1993). Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 85, 200-206
160. Silvestrini, R., Benini, E., Da idone, M.G., Veneroni, S., Boracchi, P., Cappelletti, V., Di Fronzo, G., and Veronesi, U. (1993). p53 as an independent prognostic marker in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 85, 965-970
161. Borresen-Dale, A.L. (2003). TP53 and breast cancer. Hum Mutat 21, 292-300
162. Shiao, Y.H., Chen, V.W., Scheer, W.O., Wu, X.C., and Correa, P. (1995). Racial disparity in the association of p53 gene alterations with breast cancer survival. Cancer Res 55, 1485-1490
163. Shiao, Y.H., Chen, V.W., Wu, X.C., Scheer, W.D., Lehmann, H.P., Malcom, G.T., Boudreau, D.A., Ruiz, B., and Correa, P. (1996). Racial comparison ofp53 alterations in breast cancer: Difference in prognostic value. In Vivo 10, 169-173
164. Blaszyk, H., Vaughn, C.B., Hartmann, A., McGovern, R.M., Schroeder, J.1., Cunningham, L, Schaid, D., Sommer, S.S., and Kovach, lS. (1994). Novel pattern of p53 gene mutations in an American black cohort with high mortality from breast cancer. Lancet 343,1195-1197
165. Upadhyay, S., Li, G., Liu, H., Chen, Y.Q., Sarkar, F.H., and Kim, H.R. (1995). bcl-2 suppresses expression of p21WAFIICIPI in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 55, 4520-4524
166. Vairo, G., Innes, K.M., and Adams, J.M. (1996). BcI-2 has a cell cycle inhibitory function separable from its enhancement of cell survival. Oncogene 13, 1511-1519
167. Piris, M.A., Pezzella, F., Martinez-Montero, lC., Orradre, J.L., Villuendas, R., Sanchez-Beato, M., Cuena, R., Cruz, M.A., Martinez , B., Pezella, F., and et al. (1994). p53 and bcl-2 expression in high-grade B-cell lymphomas: Correlation with survival time. Br J Cancer 69,337-341
168. Bilim, V., Tomita, Y., Kawasaki, T., Katagiri, A., Imai, T., Takeda, M., and Takahashi, K. (1996). Prognostic value of BcI-2 and p53 expression in urinary tract transitional cell cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88, 686-688
169. Sinicrope, FA, Hart, L, Michelassi , F., and Lee, J.1. (1995). Prognostic value ofbcl-2 oncoprotein expression in stage II colon carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res I, 1103-1110
170. Manne, D., Weiss, H.L., and Grizzle, W.E. (2000). Bcl-2 expression is associated with improved prognosis in patients with distal colorectal adenocarcinomas. Int J Cancer 89,423-430
171. Grizzle, W.E., Manne, D., Weiss, H.L., Jhala, N., and Talley , L. (2002). Molecular staging of colorectal cancer in African-American and Caucasian patients using phenotypic expression of p53, BcI-2, MDC-I AND p27(kip-I). Int J Cancer 97, 403409
172. Joensuu , H., Pylkkanen, L., and Toikkanen, S. (1994). BcI-2 protein expression and long-Term survival in breast cancer. Am J Pathol145, 1191-1198
173. Lipponen, P., Pietilainen, T., Kosma, V.M., Aaltomaa, S., Eskelinen , M., and Syrjanen, K. (1995). Apoptosis suppressing protein bcl-2 is expressed in welldifferentiated breast carcinomas with favourable prognosis. J Pathol 177,49-55
174. Silvestrini, R., Veneroni, S., Da idone, M.G., Benini, E., Boracchi, P., Mezzetti, M., Di Fronzo, G., Rilke, F., and Veronesi, D. (1994). The BcI-2 protein: A prognostic indicator strongly related to p53 protein in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 86, 499-504
175. Bhargava, V., Kell, D.L., van De Rijn, M., and Warnke, RA (1994). Bcl-2 immunoreactivity in breast carcinoma correlates with hormone receptor positivity. Am J Pathol 145,535-540
176. Krajewski , S., Blomqvist, e., Franssila, K., Krajewska, M., Wasenius, V.M., Niskanen, E., Nordling, S., and Reed, J.e. (1995). Reduced expression ofproapoptotic gene BAX is associated with poor response rates to combination chemotherapy and shorter survival in women with metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 55, 4471-4478
177. Reed, J.C. (1996). Balancing cell life and De ath: Bax, apoptosi s, and breast cancer. J Clin Invest 97, 2403-2404