Predictors of the first onset of a major depressive episode and changes in depressive symptoms across adolescence: Stress and negative cognitions

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 120, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 779-796

  Carter, Jocelyn Smith ^a   Garber, Judy ^b  

^a DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Depression; Negative cognitions; Stress

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT STRESS; ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL STRESS; INTERVIEW; LIFE EVENT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MATERNAL DISEASE; NEGATIVE COGNITION; ONSET AGE; PREDICTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK; SAMPLE SIZE; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; STRESS; SYMPTOM;

EID: 82855161001     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0025441     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Abela J.R.Z. The hopelessness theory of depression: A test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29:241-254. doi: 10.1023/A:1010333815728.
2. Abela J.R.Z., Aydin C., Auerbach R.P. Operationalizing the " vulnerability" and " stress" components of the hopelessness theory of depression: A multi-wave longitudinal study. Behavior Research and Therapy 2006, 44:1565-1583. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.010.
3. Abela J.R.Z., Hankin B.L. Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children and adolescence: A developmental psychopathology approach. Handbook of child and adolescent depression 2008, 35-78. Guilford Press, New York, NY. J.R.Z. Abela, B.L. Hankin (Eds.).
4. Abela J.R.Z., McGirr A. Operationalizing cognitive vulnerability and stress from the perspective of the hopelessness theory: A multi-wave longitudinal study of children of affectively ill parents. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2007, 46:377-395. doi: 10.1348/014466507X192023.
5. Abela J.R.Z., Payne A.V.L. A test of the integration of the hopelessness and self-esteem theories of depression in schoolchildren. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2003, 27:519-535. doi: 10.1023/A:1026303020478.
6. Abela J.R.Z., Skitch S.A. Dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and hassles: Cognitive vulnerability to depression in children of affectively ill parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:1127-1140. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.011.
7. Abela J.R.Z., Skitch S.A., Adams P., Hankin B.L. The timing of parent and child depression: A hopelessness theory perspective. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2006, 35:253-263.
8. Abela J.R.Z., Veronneau-McArdle M. The relationship between self-complexity and depressive symptoms in third and seventh grade children: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2002, 30:155-166. doi: 10.1023/A:1014705316224.
9. Abramson L.Y., Alloy L.B., Metalsky G.I. Hopelessness depression. Explanatory style 1995, 113-134. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. G.M. Buchanan, M.E.P. Seligman (Eds.).
10. Abramson L.Y., Metalsky G.I., Alloy L.B. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 1989, 96:358-372. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358.
11. Abramson L.Y., Seligman M.E.P., Teasdale J.D. Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1978, 87:49-74. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49.
12. Adams P., Abela J.R.Z., Hankin B.L. Factorial categorization of depression-related constructs in early adolescents. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2007, 21:123-139. doi: 10.1891/088983907780851540.
13. Aiken L.S., West S.G., Reno R.R. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
14. Akaike H. Information theory as an extension of the maximum-likelihood principle. Second International Symposium on Information Theory 1973, 267-328. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary. B.N. Petrov, F. Caski (Eds.).
15. Allgood-Merten B., Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H. Sex differences in adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1990, 99:55-63. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.99.1.55.
16. Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y., Whitehouse W.G., Hogan M.E., Panzarella C., Rose D.T. Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal 2006, 115:145-156. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.145.
17. Alloy L.B., Lipman A.J., Abramson L.Y. Attributional style as a vulnerability factor for depression: Validation by past history of mood disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1992, 16:391-407. doi: 10.1007/BF01183164.
18. Ambrosini P.J. Historical development and present status of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2000, 39:49-58. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200001000-00016.
19. Avenevoli S., Steinberg L. The continuity of depression across the adolescent transition. Advances in child development and behavior 2001, 28:139-173. Academic Press, New York, NY. H. Reese, R. Kail (Eds.).
20. Barnett P.A., Gotlib I.H. Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, consequences, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin 1988, 104:97-126. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.97.
21. Beardslee W.R., Versage E.M., Gladstone T.R. Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37:1134-1141. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199811000-00012.
22. Beck A.T. Depression: Clinical, experiential, and theoretical aspects 1967, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
23. Beck A.T. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders 1976, Meridian, New York.
24. Beck A.T. Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist 1991, 46:368-375.
25. Beck A.T. Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches 1983, 265-290. Raven Press, New York, NY. P.J. Clayton, J.E. Barrett (Eds.).
26. Beck A.T., Ward C.F., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erlbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961, 4:53-63.
27. Brennan P.A., Le Brocque R., Hammen C. Maternal depression, parent-child relationships and resilient outcomes in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2003, 42:1469-1477. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200312000-00014.
28. Brown G.W., Bifulco A., Harris T.O. Life events, vulnerability and onset of depression: Some refinements. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1987, 150:30. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.1.30.
29. Brown G.W., Harris T.O. Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women 1978, Free Press, New York, NY.
30. Brown G.W., Harris T.O. Depression. Life Events and Illness 1989, 49-93. Guilford Press, New York. G.W. Brown, T.O. Harris (Eds.).
31. Calvete E., Cardenoso O. Gender differences in cognitive vulnerability to depression and behavior problems in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2005, 33:179-192. doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-1826-y.
32. Chambers W.J., Puig-Antich J., Hirsch M., Paez P., Ambrosini P.J., Tabrizi M.A., Davies M. The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985, 42:696-702.
33. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960, 20:37-46. doi: 10.1177/001316446002000104.
34. Cole D.A., Hoffman K., Tram J.M., Maxwell S.E. Structural differences in parent and child reports of children's symptoms of depression and anxiety. Psychological Assessment 2000, 12:174-185. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.174.
35. Compas B.E., Ey S., Grant K.E. Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 1993, 114:323-344. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.323.
36. Compas B.E., Forehand R., Keller G., Champion J.E., Rakow A., Reeslund K.L., Hardcastle E. Randomized controlled trial of a family cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention for children of depressed parents. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2009, 77:1007. doi: 10.1037/a0016930.
37. Compas B.E., Slavin L.A., Wagner B.M., Vannatta K. Relationship to life events and social support with psychological dysfunction among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1986, 15:205-221. doi: 10.1007/BF02139123.
38. Conley C.S., Haines B.A., Hilt L.M., Metalsky G.I. The Children's Attributional Style Interview: Developmental tests of cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29:445-463. doi: 10.1023/A:1010451604161.
39. Connell A.M., Goodman S.H. The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2002, 128:746-773. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746.
40. Costello E.J., Erkanli A., Angold A. Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:1263-1271.
41. Coyne J.C., Gotlib I.H. The role of cognition in depression: A critical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin 1983, 94:472-505.
42. Coyne J.C., Whiffen V.E. Issues in personality as diathesis for depression: The case of sociotropy-dependency and autonomy-self-criticism. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 118:358-378. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.358.
43. Cummings E.M., Keller P.S., Davies P.T. Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005, 46:479-489. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00368.x.
44. Duggal S., Malkoff-Schwartz S., Birmaher B., Anderson B.P., Matty M.K., Houck P.R., Frank E. Assessment of life stress in adolescents: Self-report versus interview methods. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2000, 39:445-452. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200004000-00013.
45. Essau C.A., Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Sasagawa S. Gender differences in the developmental course of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 2010, 127:185-190. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.016.
46. Flett G.L., Vredenburg K., Krames L. The continuity of depression in clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Bulletin 1997, 121:395-416. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.395.
47. Foster C., Webster M., Weissman M., Pilowsky D., Wickramaratne P., Rush A., King C.A. Course and severity of maternal depression: Associations with family functioning and child adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2008, 37:906-916. doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9216-0.
48. Garber J. Depression in children and adolescents: Linking risk research and prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006, 31:104-125. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.007.
49. Garber J. Depression in youth: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Multilevel dynamics in developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future 2007, 34:181-242. Erlbaum, New York, NY. A. Masten, A. Sroufe (Eds.).
50. Garber J., Clarke G., Weersing V.R., Beardslee W.R., Brent D., Gladstone T., Iyengar S. Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2009, 301:2215-2224. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.788.
51. Garber J., Kaminski K.M. Laboratory and performance-based measures of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2000, 29:509-525. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_5.
52. Garber J., Keiley M.K., Martin N.C. Developmental trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms: Predictors of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002, 70:79-95. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.79.
53. Garber, J., & Robinson, N. (1997). Development and validation of the Life Events Interview for Adolescents. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, DC.
54. Gibb B.E., Alloy L.B. A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2006, 35:264-274. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_10.
55. Gillham J.E., Hamilton J., Freres D.R., Patton K., Gallop R. Preventing depression among early adolescents in the primary care setting: A randomized controlled study of the Penn Resiliency Program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2006, 34:203-219. doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-9014-7.
56. Ginsburg G.S., Silva S.G., Jacobs R.H., Tonev S., Hoyle R.H., Kingery J.N., March J.S. Cognitive measures of adolescent depression: Unique or unitary constructs?. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2009, 38:790-802. doi: 10.1080/15374410903259015.
57. Gladstone T.R., Kaslow N.J. Depression and attributions in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1995, 23:597-606. doi: 10.1007/BF01447664.
58. Gladstone T.R., Kaslow N.J., Seeley J.R., Lewinsohn P.M. Sex differences, attributional styles, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1997, 25:297-305. doi: 10.1023/A:1025712419436.
59. Goodman S.H., Adamson L.B., Riniti J., Cole S. Mothers' expressed attitudes: Associations with maternal depression and children's self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1994, 33:1265-1274. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199411000-00007.
60. Goodman S.H., Gotlib I.H. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological review 1999, 106:458. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458.
61. Gotlib I.H., Hammen C.L. Psychological aspects of depression: Toward a cognitive-interpersonal integration 1992, Wiley, New York, NY.
62. Gotlib I.H., Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Rohde P., Redner J.E. Negative cognitions and attributional style in depressed adolescents: An examination of stability and specificity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:607-615. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.102.4.607.
63. Grant K.E., Compas B.E., Thurm A.E., McMahon S.D., Gipson P. Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2004, 33:412-425. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23.
64. Grant K.E., McMahon S. Conceptualizing the role of stressors in the development of psychopathology. Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective 2005, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. B.L. Hankin, J.R.Z. Abela (Eds.).
65. Haeffel G.J., Abramson L.Y., Voelz Z., Metalsky G.I., Halberstadt L., Dykman B., Alloy L.B. Cognitive vulnerability to depression and lifetime history of axis I psychopathology: A comparison of Negative Cognitive Styles (CSQ) and Dysfunctional Attitudes (DAS). Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly 2003, 17:3-22. doi: 10.1891/jcop.17.1.3.58269.
66. Halligan S.L., Murray L., Martins C., Cooper P.J. Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: A 13-year longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2007, 97:145-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.010.
67. Hammen C. Self-cognitions, stressful events, and the prediction of depression in children of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1988, 16:347-360. doi: 10.1007/BF00913805.
68. Hammen C. Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991, 100:555. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555.
69. Hammen C., Adrian C., Gordon D., Burge D., Jaenicke C., Hiroto D. Children of depressed mothers: Maternal strain and symptom predictors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1987, 96:190-198. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.96.3.190.
70. Hammen C., Adrian C., Hiroto D. A longitudinal test of the attributional vulnerability model in children at risk for depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1988, 27:37-46. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00751.x.
71. Hammen C., Shih J., Altman T., Brennan P.A. Interpersonal impairment and the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescent children of depressed and nondepressed mothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2003, 42:571-577. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000046829.95464.E5.
72. Hammen C., Shih J.H., Brennan P.A. Intergenerational transmission of depression: Test of an interpersonal stress model in a community sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004, 72:511-522. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.511.
73. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y. Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:773-796. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773.
74. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y. Measuring cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence: Reliability, validity, and gender differences. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2002, 31:491-504.
75. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Miller N., Haeffel G.J. Cognitive vulnerability-stress theories of depression: Examining affective specificity in the prediction of depression versus anxiety in three prospective studies. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2004, 28:309-345. doi: 10.1023/B:COTR.0000031805.60529.0d.
76. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Moffitt T.E., Silva P.A., McGee R., Angell K.A. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10 year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107:128-141. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.128.
77. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Siler M. A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2001, 25:607-632. doi: 10.1023/A:1005561616506.
78. Hankin B.L., Fraley R.C., Lahey B.B., Waldman I.D. Is youth depression best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2005, 114:96-110. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.96.
79. Hankin B.L., Mermelstein R., Roesch L. Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development 2007, 78:279-295. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x.
80. Harter S. Self-Perception profile for children: Revision of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (manual) 1985, University of Denver, Denver, CO.
81. Hilsman R., Garber J. A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence and control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69:370-380. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.370.
82. Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four-factor index of social status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University. New Haven, CT.
83. Holmbeck G.N. Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2002, 27:87-96. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87.
84. Hyde J.S., Mezulis A.H., Abramson L.Y. The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review 2008, 115:291-313. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291.
85. Jacobs R.H., Reinecke M.A., Gollan J.K., Kane P. Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 28:759-782. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.006.
86. Jaenicke C., Hammen C., Zupan B., Hiroto D., Gordon D., Adrian C. Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1987, 15:559-572. doi: 10.1007/BF00917241.
87. Jaser S.S., Langrock A.M., Keller G., Merchant M.J., Benson M.A., Reeslund K., Compas B.E. Coping with the stress of parental depression II: Adolescent and parent reports of coping and adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005, 34:193-205. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_18.
88. Jaycox L.H., Reivich K.J., Gillham J., Seligman M.E.P. Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994, 32:801-816. doi: 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90160-0.
89. Joiner T.E., Coyne J.C. The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches 1999, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, doi: 10.1037/10311-000.
90. Kane P.P., Garber J. The relation between fathers' depression and children's externalizing and internalizing symptoms and conflict: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2004, 24:339-360. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.03.004.
91. Kaufman J., Birmaher B., Brent D., Rao U., Hammen C., Daley S.E., Flynn C., Moreci P., Ryan N. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997, 36:980-988. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.
92. Keller M.B., Lavori P.W., Friedman B., Nielsen E., Endicott J., McDonald-Scott P., Andreasen N.C. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation: A comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987, 44:540-548.
93. Kendler K.S., Karkowski L.M., Prescott C.A. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:837.
94. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1981, 46:305-315.
95. Kovacs M. The Children's Depression Inventory. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1985, 21:995-998.
96. Kraaij V., Garnefski N., van de Wilde E.J., Dijkstra A., Gebhardt W., Maes S., ter Doest L. Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors?. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2003, 32:185-193. doi: 10.1023/A:1022543419747.
97. Lakdawalla Z., Hankin B.L., Mermelstein R. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents: A conceptual and quantitative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2007, 10:1-24. doi: 10.1007/s10567-006-0013-1.
98. Langrock A.M., Compas B.E., Keller G., Merchant M.J., Copeland M.E. Coping with the stress of parental depression: Parents' reports of children's coping, emotional, and behavioral problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2002, 31:312-324.
99. Lewinsohn P.M., Joiner T.E., Rohde P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting Major Depressive Disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110:203-215. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.110.2.203.
100. Lewinsohn P.M., Rohde P., Gau J.M. Comparability of self-report checklist and interview data in the assessment of stressful life events in young adults. Psychological Reports 2003, 93:459-471. doi: 10.2466/PR0.93.6.459-471.
101. Little S.A., Garber J. Interpersonal and achievement orientations and specific stressors predict depressive and aggressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescent Research 2004, 19:63-84. doi: 10.1177/0743558403258121.
102. McClelland G.H., Judd C.M. Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin 1993, 114:376-377. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376.
103. McMahon S.D., Grant K.E., Compas B.E., Thurm A.E., Ey S. Stress and psychopathology in children and adolescents: Is there evidence of specificity?. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines: Annual Research Review 2003, 44:107-133.
104. McQuaid J.R., Monroe S.M., Roberts J.E., Kupfer D.J., Frank E. A comparison of two life stress assessment approaches: Prospective prediction of treatment outcome in recurrent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2000, 109:787-791. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.4.787.
105. Monroe S.M., Rohde P., Seeley J.R., Lewinsohn P.M. Life events and depression in adolescence: Relationship loss as a prospective risk factor for first onset of major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1999, 108:606-614. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.108.4.606.
106. Monroe S.M., Simons A.D. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: Implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological Bulletin 1991, 110:406-425. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406.
107. Morris M.C., Ciesla J.A., Garber J. A prospective study of stress autonomy versus stress sensitization in adolescents at varied risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:341-354. doi: 10.1037/a0019036.
108. Natsuaki M.N., Klimes-Dougan B., Ge X., Shirtcliff E.A., Hastings P.D., Zahn-Waxler C. Early pubertal maturation and internalizing problems in adolescence: Sex differences in the role of cortisol reactivity to interpersonal stress. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2009, 38:513-524. doi: 10.1080/15374410902976320.
109. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Girgus J.S. The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 1994, 115:424-443. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.424.
110. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Girgus J.S., Seligman M.E. Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1992, 101:405-422. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.101.3.405.
111. Nunnally J.C., Bernstein I.H. Psychometric Theory 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
112. Panak W.F., Garber J. Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the prediction of depression in children. Development and Psychopathology 1992, 4:145-165. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400005617.
113. Pawlby S., Hay D.F., Sharp D., Waters C.S., O'Keane V. Antenatal depression predicts depression in adolescent offspring: Prospective longitudinal community-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders 2009, 113:236-243. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.018.
114. Prinstein M.J., Aikins J.W. Cognitive moderators of the longitudinal association between peer rejection and adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2004, 32:147-158. doi: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000019767.55592.63.
115. Prinstein M.J., Cheah C.S.L., Guyer A.E. Peer victimization, cue interpretation, and internalizing symptoms: Concurrent and longitudinal findings for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005, 34:11-24. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_2.
116. Reinecke M.A., Ryan N.E., DuBois D.L. Cognitive-behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37:26-34. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199801000-00013.
117. Roberts J.E., Monroe S.M. A multidimensional model of self-esteem in depression. Clinical Psychology Review 1994, 14:161-181. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(94)90006-X.
118. Roberts J.E., Monroe S.M. Vulnerable self-esteem and social processes in depression: Toward an interpersonal model of self-esteem regulation 1999.
119. Robins C.J., Hinkley K. Social-cognitive processing and depressive symptoms in children: A comparison of measures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1989, 17:29-36. doi: 10.1007/BF00910768.
120. Rudolph K.D. Gender differences in emotional responses to interpersonal stress during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health 2002, 30:3-13. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00383-4.
121. Rudolph K.D. Developmental influences on interpersonal stress generation in depressed youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:673. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.673.
122. Rudolph K.D., Hammen C. Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective. Child Development 1999, 70:660-677. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00048.
123. Rudolph K.D., Hammen C., Burge D. A cognitive-interpersonal approach to depressive symptoms in preadolescent children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1997, 25:33-45. doi: 10.1023/A:1025755307508.
124. Rudolph K.D., Hammen C., Burge D., Lindberg N., Herzberg D., Daley S.E. Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: The developmental context of stress generation. Development and Psychopathology 2000, 12:215-234. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400002066.
125. Ruscio J., Ruscio A.M. Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2000, 109:473-487. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.473.
126. Sandberg S., Rutter M., Pickles A., McGuinness D., Angold A. Do high-threat life events really provoke the onset of psychiatric disorder in children?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001, 42:523-532. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00746.
127. Seiffge-Krenke I., Stemmler M. Factors contributing to gender differences in depressive symptoms: A test of three developmental models. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2002, 31:405-417. doi: 10.1023/A:1020269918957.
128. Seligman M.E.P., Peterson C., Kaslow N.J., Tanenbaum R.L., Alloy L.B., Abramson L.Y. Attributional style and depressive symptoms among children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1984, 93:235-238. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.93.2.235.
129. Shih J.H. Sex differences in stress generation: An examination of sociotropy/autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:434. doi: 10.1177/0146167205282739.
130. Singer J.D., Willett J.B. Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling event change and event occurrence 2003, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
131. Smucker M.R., Craighead W.E., Craighead L.W., Green B.J. Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1986, 14:25-39. doi: 10.1007/BF00917219.
132. Southall D., Roberts J.E. Attributional style and self-esteem in vulnerability to adolescent depressive symptoms following life stress: A 14-week prospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2002, 26:563-579. doi: 10.1023/A:1020457508320.
133. Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Gibbon M., First M.B. User's Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R 1990, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
134. Thompson M., Kaslow N.J., Weiss B., Nolen-Hoeksema S. Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire - Revised: Psychometric examination. Psychological Assessment 1998, 10:166-170. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.166.
135. Tompson M., Pierre C., Boger K., McKowen J., Chan P., Freed R. Maternal depression, maternal expressed emotion, and youth psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2009, 38:105-117. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9349-6.
136. Turner J.E., Cole D.A. Development differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1994, 22:15-32. doi: 10.1007/BF02169254.
137. Williamson D.E., Birmaher B., Frank E., Anderson B.P., Matty M.K., Kupfer D.J. Nature of life events and difficulties in depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1998, 37:1049-1057. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199810000-00015.
138. Young J.F., Mufson L., Davies M. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training: An indicated preventive intervention for depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:1254-1262.
139. Zuroff D.C., Mongrain M., Santor D.A. Conceptualizing and measuring personality vulnerability to depression: Comment on Coyne and Whiffen (1995). Psychological Bulletin 2004, 130:489-511.