Local anesthetics and their adjuncts

Paediatric Anaesthesia

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 31-38

  Mazoit, Jean Xavier ^a,b  

^a ASSISTANCE PUBLIQUE HÔPITAUX DE PARIS   (France)

^b Universite Paris Sud   (France)

Author keywords

local anesthetics; pharmacology; regional anesthesia

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMIDE; AMINO AMIDE; AMINO ESTER; BUPIVACAINE; CHOLINESTERASE; CLONIDINE; ESTER; KETAMINE; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; BLOOD COMPONENT; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; HUMAN; LIVER METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEREOSPECIFICITY;

ABSORPTION; ADJUVANTS, ANESTHESIA; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHILD; HUMANS; NERVE FIBERS; STEREOISOMERISM; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 82655173817     PISSN: 11555645     EISSN: 14609592     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03692.x     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Catterall WA,. Molecular mechanisms of gating and drug block of sodium channels. Novartis Found Symp 2002; 241: 206-218.
2. Mazoit JX, Dalens BJ,. Pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics in infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43: 17-32. (Pubitemid 38186931)
3. Nau C, Strichartz GR,. Drug chirality in anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 497-502. (Pubitemid 34847765)
4. Cartwright PD, Fyhr P,. The manufacture and storage of local anesthetics. Reg Anesth 1988; 13: 1-12.
5. Mazoit JX, Denson DD, Samii K,. Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine following caudal anesthesia in infants. Anesthesiology 1988; 68: 387-391. (Pubitemid 18081426)
6. Mazoit JX, Cao LS, Samii K,. Binding of bupivacaine to human serum proteins, isolated albumin and isolated alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Differences between the two enantiomers are partly due to cooperativity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 276: 109-115. (Pubitemid 26150954)
7. Meunier JF, Goujard E, Dubousset AM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after continuous epidural infusion in infants with and without biliary atresia. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 87-95. (Pubitemid 32623001)
8. Sitbon P, Laffon M, Lesage V, et al. Lidocaine plasma concentrations in pediatric patients after providing airway topical anesthesia from a calibrated device. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 1003-1006. (Pubitemid 26131031)
9. Taddio A, Ohlsson A, Einarson TR, et al. A systematic review of lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) in the treatment of acute pain in neonates. Pediatrics 1998; 101: E1.
10. Russell SC, Doyle E,. A risk-benefit assessment of topical percutaneous local anaesthetics in children. Drug Saf 1997; 16: 279-287. (Pubitemid 27186937)
11. Burm AGL,. Clinical pharmacokinetics of epidural and spinal anesthesia. Clin Pharmacokinet 1989; 16: 283-311. (Pubitemid 19146903)
12. Ecoffey C, Desparmet J, Berdeaux A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in children following caudal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 1399-1402. (Pubitemid 15209639)
13. Ecoffey C, Desparmet J, Berdeaux A, et al. Bupivacaine in children: pharmacokinetics following caudal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1985; 63: 447-448. (Pubitemid 16236063)
14. Chalkiadis GA, Eyres RL, Cranswick N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine 0.25% following caudal administration in children under 2 years of age. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 218-222. (Pubitemid 38159659)
15. Cortínez LI, Fuentes R, Solari S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine (2.5 mg/kg) after caudal administration in children younger than 3 years. Anesth Analg 2008; 107 (4): 1182-1184.
16. Desparmet J, Meistelman C, Barre J, et al. Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief in children. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 108-110. (Pubitemid 18003439)
17. Lerman J, Nolan J, Eyres R, et al. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of levobupivacaine with and without fentanyl after continuous epidural infusion in children: a multicenter trial. Anesthesiology 2003; 99 (5): 1166-1174. (Pubitemid 37339464)
18. Ala-Kokko TI, Partanen A, Karinen J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of 0.2% ropivacaine and 0.2% bupivacaine following caudal blocks in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 1099-1102.
19. Lonnqvist PA, Westrin P, Larsson BA, et al. Ropivacaine pharmacokinetics after caudal block in 1-8 year old children. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 506-511.
20. Emanuelsson BM, Persson J, Sandin S, et al. Intraindividual and interindividual variability in the disposition of the local anesthetic ropivacaine in healthy subjects. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19: 126-131. (Pubitemid 28056021)
21. Hansen TG, Ilett KF, Reid C, et al. Caudal ropivacaine in infants: population pharmacokinetics and plasma concentrations. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 579-584. (Pubitemid 32249615)
22. McCann ME, Sethna NF, Mazoit JX, et al. The pharmacokinetics of epidural ropivacaine in infants and young children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 893-897. (Pubitemid 32905974)
23. Bösenberg AT, Thomas J, Cronje L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine for continuous epidural infusion in neonates and infants. Pediatr Anesth 2005; 15: 739-749. (Pubitemid 43960890)
24. Rapp HJ, Molnar V, Austin S, et al. Ropivacaine in neonates and infants: a population pharmacokinetic evaluation following single caudal block. Pediatr Anesth 2004; 14: 724-732. (Pubitemid 39223083)
25. Berde CB, Yaster M, Meretoja O, et al. Stable plasma concentrations of unbound ropivacaine during postoperative epidural infusion for 24-72 hours in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2008; 25: 410-417. (Pubitemid 351465527)
26. Dalens B, Ecoffey C, Joly A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of ropivacaine following ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 415-420. (Pubitemid 32635318)
27. Arlander E, Ekström G, Alm C, et al. Metabolism of ropivacaine in humans is mediated by CYP1A2 and to a minor extent by CYP3A4: an interaction study with fluvoxamine and ketoconazole as in vivo inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 64: 484-491. (Pubitemid 28531592)
28. Gantenbein M, Attolini L, Bruguerolle B, et al. Oxidative metabolism of bupivacaine into pipecolylxylidine in humans is mainly catalyzed by CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 383-385. (Pubitemid 30185674)
29. Burm AG, van der Meer AD, van Kleef JW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of bupivacaine following intravenous administration of the racemate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38: 125-129. (Pubitemid 24247753)
30. Burm AGL, Vermeulen NPE, Van Kleef JW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine in surgical patients following epidural administration. Simultaneous investigation of absorption and disposition kinetics using stable isotopes. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987; 13: 191-203.
31. Burm AG, Stienstra R, Brouwer RP, et al. Epidural infusion of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia after major orthopedic surgery: pharmacokinetic evaluation. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 395-403. (Pubitemid 30620312)
32. Scott DB, Lee A, Fagan D, et al. Acute toxicity of ropivacaine compared with that of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 563-569. (Pubitemid 20043242)
33. Knudsen K, Beckman Suurküla M, Blomberg S, et al. Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i.v. infusions of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 507-514. (Pubitemid 27226361)
34. Bardsley H, Gristwood R, Baker H, et al. A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and rac-bupivacaine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 46: 245-249.
35. Stewart J, Kellett N, Castro D,. The central nervous system and cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 412-416. (Pubitemid 36899739)
36. Maxwell LG, Martin LD, Yaster M,. Bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity in neonates: successful treatment with intravenous phenytoin. Anesthesiology 1994; 80 (3): 682-686. (Pubitemid 24097702)
37. Hübler M, Gäbler R, Ehm B, et al. Successful resuscitation following ropivacaine-induced systemic toxicity in a neonate. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1137-1140.
38. Longobardo M, Delpon E, Caballero R, et al. Structural determinants of potency and stereoselective block of hKv1.5 channels induced by local anesthetics. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54: 162-169. (Pubitemid 28337599)
39. Gonzalez T, Arias C, Caballero R, et al. Effects of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine on HERG channels: stereoselective bupivacaine block. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137: 1269-1279. (Pubitemid 36071744)
40. Valenzuela C, Snyders DJ, Bennett PB, et al. Stereoselective block of cardiac sodium channels by bupivacaine in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation 1995; 92: 3014-3024.
41. Komai H, Lokuta AJ,. Interaction of bupivacaine and tetracaine with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 835-843. (Pubitemid 29113705)
42. Zapata-Sudo G, Trachez MM, Sudo RT, et al. Is comparative cardiotoxicity of S(-) and R(+) bupivacaine related to enantiomer-selective inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels? Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 496-501. (Pubitemid 32127643)
43. Raymond SA, Thalhammer JG, Strichartz GR,. Axonal excitability: endogenous and exogenous modulation, in Dimitrijevic Ed Altered sensation and Pain. Recent Achievement in Restorative Neurology, Vol 3, Karger Basel 1990, cited by Raymond SA and Strichartz GR. The long and short of differential block (Editorial). Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 725-728.
44. Vabnick I, Novakovic SD, Levinson SR, et al. The clustering of axonal sodium channels during development of the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4914-4922. (Pubitemid 26269653)
45. Rasband MN, Trimmer JS,. Developmental clustering of ion channels at and near the node of Ranvier. Dev Biol 2001; 236: 5-16.
46. Kohane DS, Sankar WN, Shubina M, et al. Sciatic nerve blockade in infant, adolescent, and adult rats: a comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine. Anesthesiology 1998; 89: 1199-1208. (Pubitemid 28516545)
47. Greitz D, Hannerz J,. A proposed model of cerebrospinal fluid circulation: observations with radionuclide cisternography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 431-438. (Pubitemid 26101944)
48. Wachi A, Kudo S, Sato K,. Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid circulation in infants as detected with MR velocity imaging. Childs Nerv Syst 1995; 11: 227-230.
49. Booth D, Evans DJ,. Anticonvulsants for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4: CD004218.
50. de La Coussaye J, Brugada J, Allessie MA,. Electrophysiologic and arrhythmogenic effects of bupivacaine. A study with high-resolution ventricular epicardial mapping in rabbit hearts. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 32-41.
51. Mazoit JX, Decaux A, Bouaziz H, et al. Comparative ventricular electrophysiologic effect of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine on the isolated rabbit heart. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 784-792.
52. Simon L, Kariya N, Edouard A, et al. Effect of bupivacaine on the isolated rabbit heart: developmental aspect on ventricular conduction and contractility. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 937-944. (Pubitemid 39288044)
53. Odoom JA, Sturk A, Dokter PWC, et al. The effects of bupivacaine and pipecoloxylidide on platelet function in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989; 33: 385-388. (Pubitemid 19191450)
54. Hollmann MW, Gross A, Jelacin N, et al. Local anesthetic effects on priming and activation of human neutrophils. Anesthesiology 2001; 95: 113-122. (Pubitemid 32623004)
55. Beloeil H, Asehnoune K, Moine P, et al. Bupivacaine's action on the carrageenan-induced inflammatory response in mice: cytokine production by leukocytes after ex-vivo stimulation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1081-1086. (Pubitemid 40404215)
56. Leduc C, Gentili ME, EstÃbe JP, et al. Inhibition of peroxydation by local anesthetic in an inflammatory rat model with carrageenan. Anesth Analg 2002; 95: 992-996.
57. Rowbotham MC, Reisner-Keller LA, Fields HL,. Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1991; 41: 1024-1028.
58. Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1331-1338.
59. Linchitz RM, Raheb JC,. Subcutaneous infusion of lidocaine provides effective pain relief for CRPS patients. Clin J Pain 1999; 15: 67-72. (Pubitemid 29142748)
60. Dadure C, Motais F, Ricard C, et al. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home for treatment of recurrent complex regional pain syndrome I in children. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 387-391. (Pubitemid 40189088)
61. Popitz-Bergez FA, Leeson S, Strichartz GR, et al. Relation between functional deficit and intraneural local anesthetic during peripheral nerve block. A study in the rat sciatic nerve. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 583-592.
62. Zink W, Missler G, Sinner B, et al. Differential effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine enantiomers on intracellular Ca2+ regulation in murine skeletal muscle fibers. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 793-798. (Pubitemid 40462859)
63. Nouette-Gaulain K, Sirvent P, Canal-Raffin M, et al. Effects of intermittent femoral nerve injections of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine on mitochondrial energy metabolism and intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat psoas muscle. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 1026-1034. (Pubitemid 46684071)
64. Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA, et al. Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 321-328.
65. Di Gregorio G, Neal JM, Rosenquist RW, et al. Clinical presentation of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a review of published cases, 1979 to 2009. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35: 181-187.
66. Weinberg GL,. Treatment of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35: 188-193.
67. Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, et al. Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 217-218. (Pubitemid 44305211)
68. Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, et al. Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 800-801. (Pubitemid 44027411)
69. Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M, et al. Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1572-1574. (Pubitemid 351571095)
70. Mazoit JX, Le Guen R, Beloeil H, et al. Binding of long-lasting local anesthetics to lipid emulsions. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 380-386.
71. Flandin-Bléty C, Barrier G,. Accidents following extradural analgesia in children. The results of a retrospective study. Paediatr Anaesth 1995; 5: 41-46.
72. Jamali S, Monin S, Begon C, et al. Clonidine in pediatric caudal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 663-666. (Pubitemid 24112422)
73. Hansen TG, Henneberg SW, Walther-Larsen S, et al. Caudal bupivacaine supplemented with caudal or intravenous clonidine in children undergoing hypospadias repair: a double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 223-227. (Pubitemid 38159660)
74. De Negri P, Ivani G, Visconti C, et al. How to prolong postoperative analgesia after caudal anaesthesia with ropivacaine in children: S-ketamine versus clonidine. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 679-683. (Pubitemid 33033474)
75. Braun S, Gaza N, Werdehausen R, et al. Ketamine induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in human lymphocytes and neuronal cells. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 347-354.
76. Eisenach JC, Yaksh TL,. Epidural ketamine in healthy children-what's the point? Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 626.
77. Lejus C, Surbled M, Schwoerer D, et al. Postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl: hourly pain assessment in 348 paediatric cases. Paediatr Anaesth 2001; 11: 327-332. (Pubitemid 32434160)
78. Luz G, Innerhofer I, Bachmann B, et al. Bupivacaine plasma concentrations during continuous epidural anesthesia in infants and children. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 231-234. (Pubitemid 26055006)