Description and survey of methodologies for the determination of amorphous content via X-ray powder diffraction

Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie

Volumn 226, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 944-955

  Madsen, Ian C ^a   Scarlett, Nicola V Y ^a   Kern, Arnt ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b BRUKER AXS GMBH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 82255166985     PISSN: 00442968     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2011.1437     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Pecharsky, V. K.; Zavalij, P. Y.: Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterisation of Materials. 1 ed. 2003, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 713
2. Klug, H. P.; Alexander, L. E.: X-ray diffraction procedures: for polycrystalline and amorphous materials. 1974, New York: Wiley. 966
3. Cline, J. P., et al.: Addressing the Amorphous Content Issue in Quantitative Phase Analysis: The Certification of Nist Standard Reference Material 676a. Acta Crystallographica A67 (2011) 357-367
4. Klement Jr., W.; Willens, R. H.; Duwez, P.: Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified Gold-Silicon Alloys. Nature 187 (1960) 869-870
5. Telford, M.: The case for bulk metallic glass. Materials Today (2004) 36-43
6. Shafi, K. V. P. M., et al.: Sonochemical preparation of nanosized amorphous Fe-Ni alloys. J. Appl. Phys. 81(10) (1997) 6901-6905 (Pubitemid 127589905)
7. Wang, Y., et al.: Ductile crystalline-amorphous nanolaminates. PNAS 104(27) (2007) 11155-11160 (Pubitemid 47175110)
8. Conner, R. D.; Dandliker, R. B.; Johnson, W. L.: Mechanical properties of tungsten and steel fiber reinforced Zr41.25 Ti13.75 Cu12.5 Ni10 Be22.5 metallic glass matrix composites. Acta Materialia 46(17) (1998) 6089-6102 (Pubitemid 128415685)
9. Hancock, B. C.; Zografi, G.: Characteristics and Significance of the Amorphous State in Pharmaceutical Systems. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 86(1) (1997) 1-12
10. Phillips, E. M.: An approach to estimate the amorphous content of pharmaceutical powders using calorimetry with no calibration standards. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 149 (1997) 267-271 (Pubitemid 27193413)
11. Venkatesh, G. M., et al.: Detection of Low Levels of the Amorphous Phase in Crystalline Pharmaceutical Materials by Thermally Stimulated Current Spectrometry. Pharmaceutical Research 18(1) (2001) 98-103 (Pubitemid 32299628)
12. Bates, S., et al.: Analysis of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Solids from Their X-Ray Diffraction Patterns. Pharmaceutical Research 23(10) (2006) 2333-2348
13. Fix, I.; Steffens, K. J.: Quantifying low amorphous or crystalline amounts of alpha lactose monohydrate using X-ray powder diffraction and near infrared spectroscopy, in International Meeting on Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2004: Nuremberg
14. Chen, X.: Bates, S.; Morris, K. R.: Quantifying amorphous content of lactose using parallel beam X-ray powder diffraction and whole pattern fitting. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 26(1) (2001) 63-72 (Pubitemid 32635284)
15. Mazumder, S.; Mukherjee, B.: Quantitative determination of amorphous content in bioceramic hydroxyapatite (HAP) using X-ray powder diffraction data. Materials Research Bulletin 30(11) (1995) 1439-1445
16. Vander, I.; Cadieu, F. J.: Determination of the amorphous content of superconducting films by X-ray diffraction and its relation to transition temperature. Journal of Applied Physics 51(3) (1980) 1481-1483 (Pubitemid 11431825)
17. Chisholm, J.: Determination of cristobalite in respirable airborne dust using X-ray diffraction. Analytica Chimica Acta 286(1) (1994) 87-95 (Pubitemid 24050862)
18. Chisholm, J.: Comparison of Quartz Standards for X-ray Diffraction Analysis: HSE A9950 (Sikron F600) and NIST SRM 1878. Annuls of Occupational Hygiene 49(4) (2005) 351-358 (Pubitemid 40806925)
19. Morgan, L. E.; DiCarlo, L.: Quantitative determination of respirable quartz in bulk samples of organoclay by combined air classifictition/X-ray diffraction. Analytica Chimica Acta 286(1) (1994) 81-86
20. Fiebach, K.; Mutz, M.: Evaluation of Calorimetric and Gravimetric Methods to Quantify the Amorphous Content of Desferal. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 57 (1999) 75-85
21. Miller, R. G. J.; Willis, H. A.: An Independent Measurement of the Amorphous Content of Polymers. Journal of Polymer Science XIX (1956) 485-494
22. Loubser, M.; Verryn, S.: Combining XRF and XRD analyses and sample preparation to solve mineralogical problems. South African Journal of Geology 111 (2008) 229-238
23. Jones, R. C., Babcock, C. J.; Knowlton, W. B.: Estimation of the Total Amorphous Content of Hawai'i Soils by the Rietveld Method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64 (2000) 1108-1117
24. Sampath Kumar, P.; Kesavan Nair, P.: Effect of phosphorus content on the relative proportions of crystalline and amorphous phases in electroless NiP deposits. Journal of Materials Science Letters 13 (1994) 671-674
25. Walenta, G.; Füllmann, T.: Advances In Quantitative Xrd Analysis For Clinker, Cements, And Cementitious Additions. Advances in X-ray Analysis 47 (2004) 287-296
26. Bruker-AXS, Determination of the Amorphous Content in Nanocrystalline Silicon Powder with GADDS, in Lab Report XRD7. 1999, Bruker AXS
27. Rachek, O. P.: X-ray diffraction study of amorphous alloys Al-Ni-Ce-Sc with using Ehrenfest's formula. Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids 352 (2006) 3781-3786 (Pubitemid 44348984)
28. Madsen, I. C., et al.: Outcomes of the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction Round Robin on Quantitative Phase Analysis: Samples 1a to 1h. Journal of Applied Crystallography 34(4) (2001) 409-426 (Pubitemid 32852289)
29. Scarlett, N. V. Y., et al.: Outcomes of the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction Round Robin on Quantitative Phase Analysis: Samples 2, 3, 4, synthetic bauxite, natural granodiorite and pharmaceuticals. Journal of Applied Crystallography 35(4) (2002) 383-400
30. Rietveld, H. M.: A Profile Refinement Method for Nuclear and Magnetic Structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 (1969) 65-71
31. Young, R. A., ed.: The Rietveld Method. IUCr Monographs on Crystallography. 1993, Oxford University Press Inc.: New York
32. Bruker AXS, TOPAS V4.2: General Profile and Structure Analysis Software for Powder Diffraction Data, B. A. Karlsruhe, Editor. 2009
33. Cheary, R. W.; Coelho, A. A.: A Fundamental Parameters Approach to X-ray Line-profile Fitting. Journal of Applied Crystallography 25(2) (1992) 109-121
34. ICSD, ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. 2009, Fachinformationszentrum: Karlsruhe, Germany
35. Hill, R. J.; Howard, C. J.; Quantitative Phase Analysis from Neutron Powder Diffraction Data using the Rietveld Method. Journal of Applied Crystallography 20 (1987) 467-474
36. O'Connor, B. H.; Raven, M. D.: Application of the Rietveld Refinement Procedure in Assaying Powdered Mixtures. Powder Diffraction 3(1) (1988) 2-6
37. Scarlett, N. V. Y.; Madsen, I. C.: Quantification of phases with partial or no known crystal structures. Powder Diffraction 21(4) (2006) 278-284 (Pubitemid 44847830)
38. Riello, P.: Quantitative Analysis of Amorphous Fraction in the Study of the Microstructure of Semi-crystalline Materials, in Diffraction Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials E. J. Mittemeijer and P. Scardi, Editors. 2004, Springer Verlag
39. Williams, R. P.; Hart, R. D.; Van Riessen, A.: Quantification of the Extent of Reaction of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers Using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy- Dispersive Spectroscopy. J. Am. Ceram. Soc 94(8) (2011) 2663-2670.