Cancer-immune equilibrium: Questions unanswered

Cancer Microenvironment

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 209-217

  Bhatia, Alka ^a   Kumar, Yashwant ^a  

^a POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Elimination; Escape; Immune equilibrium; Immunoediting; Mechanisms

Indexed keywords

KI 67 ANTIGEN; PROTEIN P120;

CANCER CELL; CANCER INVASION; CANCER STAGING; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INVASION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; INNATE IMMUNITY; KRAS GENE; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ONCOGENE; P53 GENE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUMOR IMMUNITY;

EID: 81855185485     PISSN: 18752292     EISSN: 18752284     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0065-8     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2004) The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol 22:329-360 (Pubitemid 38680426)
2. Teng MWL, Swann JB, Koebel MC, Schreiber RD, Smyth JM (2008) Immune-mediated dormancy: an equilibrium with cancer. J Leukocyte Biol 84:988-993
3. Kauffman HM, McBride MA, Delmonico FL (2000) First report of the United Network for Organ Sharing Transplant Tumor Registry: donors with a history of cancer. Transplantation 70:1747-1751 (Pubitemid 32064830)
4. Myron KH, McBride MA, Cherikh WS, Spain PC, Marks WH, Roza AM (2002) Transplant tumor registry: donor related malignancies. Transplantation 74:358-362
5. MacKie MR, Reid R, Junor B (2003) Fatal melanoma transferred in a donated kidney 16 years after melanoma surgery. N Eng J Med 348:567-568 (Pubitemid 36159900)
6. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak MF et al (2002) A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Eng J Med 346:564-569 (Pubitemid 34438817)
7. Dhodapkar MV, Krasovsky J, Osman K, Geller MD (2003) Vigorous premalignancy-specific effector T cell response in the bone marrow of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. J Exp Med 198:1753-1757 (Pubitemid 37494167)
8. Koebel CM, Vermi W, Swann JB, Zerafa N, Rodig SJ, Old LJ et al (2007) Adaptive immunity maintains occult cancer in an equilibrium state. Nature 450:903-907 (Pubitemid 350231320)
9. Naumov GN, MacDonald IC, Chambers AF, Groom AC (2001) Solitary cancer cells as a possible source of tumour dormancy? Semin Cancer Biol 11:271-276 (Pubitemid 32799904)
10. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med 1:149-153
11. Ehrlich P (1909) Ueber den jetzigen Stand der Karzinomforschung. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 5(Part 1):273-290
12. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K (2008) Cancer immunoediting from immune surveillance to immune escape. Immunology 121:1-14
13. Bernardone IS (2008) Role of NK cells and adaptive immunity in "immunoediting": recent developments. Immunologia 27:141-146
14. Drake CG, Jaffee E, Pardoll DM (2006) Mechanisms of immune evasion by tumors. Adv Immunol 90:51-81 (Pubitemid 43765799)
15. Dunn GP, Koebel CM, Schreiber RD (2006) Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting. Nat Rev Immunol 6:836-848 (Pubitemid 44631652)
16. Zhang L, Conejo-Garcia JR, Katsaros D, Gimotty PA, Massobrio M, Regnani G et al (2003) Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. N Eng J Med 348:203-213 (Pubitemid 36077915)
17. Galon J, Costes A, Sanchez-Cabo F, Kirilovsky A, Mlecnik B, Lagorce-Pagès C et al (2006) Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 313:1960-1964 (Pubitemid 44498003)
18. Mahnke YD, Schwendemann J, Beckhove P, Schirrmacher V (2005) Maintenance of long term tumor-specific T-cell memory by residual dormant tumor cells. Immunology 115:325-336 (Pubitemid 40896031)
19. Farrar JD, Katz KH, Windsor J, Thrush G, Scheuermann RH, Uhr JW et al (1999) Cancer dormancy. VII. A regulatory role for CD8 + T cells and IFN-in establishing and maintaining the tumordormant state. J Immunol 162:2842-2849 (Pubitemid 29309310)
20. Hermelink MN, Braumuller H, Pichler B, Wieder T, Mailhammer R, Schaak K et al (2008) Tnfr1 signaling and IFN-G signaling determine whether T cells induce tumor dormancy or promote multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 13:507-518 (Pubitemid 351763899)
21. Dunn GP, Koebel CM, Schreiber RD (2006) Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting. Nat Rev Immunol 6:836-848 (Pubitemid 44631652)
22. Baguley BC (2006) Tumor stem cell niches: a new functional framework for the action of anticancer drugs. Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery 1:121-127
23. Ziegler A, Heidenreich R, Braumüller H, Wolburg H, Weidemann S, Mocikat R et al (2009) EpCAM, a human tumor-associated antigen promotes Th2 development and tumor immune evasion. Blood 113:3494-3502
24. Ishigami S, Natsugoe S, Tokuda K, Nakajo A, Che X, Iwashige H et al (2000) Prognostic value of intratumoral natural killer cells in gastric carcinoma. Cancer 88:577-583 (Pubitemid 30056932)
25. Kondo E, Koda K, Takiguchi N, Oda K, Seike K, Ishizuka M et al (2003) Preoperative natural killer cell activity as a prognostic factor for distant metastasis following surgery for colon cancer. Dig Surg 20:445-451 (Pubitemid 37116950)
26. Villegas FR, Coca S, Villarrubia VG, Jimenez R, Chillon MJ, Jareno J et al (2002) Prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating natural killer cells subset CD57 in patients with squamous cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 35:23-28 (Pubitemid 34028087)
27. Zhang B, Zhang Y, Bowerman NA, Schietinger A, Fu YX, Kranz DM et al (2008) Equilibrium between host and cancer caused by effector T cells killing tumor stroma. Cancer Res 68:1563-1571 (Pubitemid 351346866)
28. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57-70 (Pubitemid 30046295)
29. Tammela T, Zarkada G, Wallgard E, Murtomäki A, Suchting S, Wirzenius M et al (2008) Blocking VEGFR-3 suppresses angiogenic sprouting and vascular network formation. Nature 454:656-660
30. Wikman H, Vessella R, Pantel K (2008) Cancer micrometastasis and tumor dormancy. APMIS 116:754-770
31. Felsher DW (2006) Tumor dormancy: death and resurrection of cancer as seen through transgenic mouse models. Cell Cycle 5:1808-1811 (Pubitemid 44435323)
32. Holmgren L, O'Reilly MS, Folkman J (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. Nat Med 1:149-153
33. Yu P, Lee Y, Liu W, Krausz T, Chong A, Schreiber H et al (2005) Intratumor depletion of CD4+ cells unmasks tumor immunogenicity leading to the rejection of late-stage tumors. J Exp Med 201:779-791 (Pubitemid 40395122)
34. Hakansson L (2009) The capacity of the immune system to control cancer. Eur J Cancer 45:2068-2070
35. Vence LA, Palucka K, Fay JW, Ito T, Liu Y, Banchereau J et al (2007) Circulating tumor antigen-specific regulatory T cells in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:20884-20889
36. Cruz-Merino LDL, Grande-Pulido E, Albero-Tamarit A, Villenaa MEC (2008) Cancer and immune response: old and new evidence for future challenges. The Oncologist 13:000-000
37. Rouas-Freiss N, Moreau P, Ferrone S, Carosella ED (2005) HLA-G proteins in cancer: do they provide tumor cells with an escape mechanism? Cancer Res 65(22):10139-10144 (Pubitemid 41743699)
38. Frey AB (2006) Myeloid suppressor cells regulate the adaptive immune response to cancer. J Clin Invest 116:2587-2590 (Pubitemid 44511621)
39. Folkman J (1971) Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Eng J Med 285:1182-1186
40. Aguirre-Ghiso JA (2007) Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy. Nat Rev Cancer 7:834-846 (Pubitemid 350006258)
41. Beitsch JF, Leitch PD, Hoover M, Euhus S, Haley D, Morrison B et al (2004) Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy. Clin Cancer Res 10:8152-8162
42. Braun S, Vogl FD, Naume B, Janni W, Osborne MP, Coombes RC et al (2005) A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Eng J Med 353:793-802 (Pubitemid 41215488)
43. Vredenburgh JJ, Silva O, Tyer C, DeSombre K, Bou-Ghalia A, Cook M et al (1996) A comparison of immunohistochemistry, two color immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry with cell sorting for the detection of micrometastatic breast cancer in the bone marrow. J Hematother 5:57-62
44. Naume B, Borgen E, Tossvik S, Pavlak N, Oates D, Nesland JM (2004) Detection of isolated tumor cells in peripheral blood and in BM: evaluation of a new enrichment method. Cytotherapy 6:244-252 (Pubitemid 38868097)
45. Fodstad O, Hoifodt HK, Rye PD, Trones GE, Beiske K (1996) New immunobead techniques for sensitive detection of malignant cells in blood and bone marrow. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 37:214
46. Griwatz C, Brandt B, Assmann G, Zanker KS (1995) An immunological enrichment method for epithelial cells from peripheral blood. J Immunol Methods 183:251-265
47. Arbab AS, Liu W, Frank JA (2006) Cellular magnetic resonance imaging: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices 3:427-439 (Pubitemid 44144978)
48. Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH (2004) Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat Rev Cancer 4:448-456 (Pubitemid 38745530)
49. Harper J, Naumov GN, Exarhopoulos A, Bender E, Louis G, Folkman J, et al (2006) Predicting the switch to the angiogenic phenotype in a human tumor model. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research 837
50. Klement G, Kikuchi L, Kieran M, Almog N, Yip TT, Folkman J (2004) Early tumor detection using platelet uptake of angiogenesis regulators. Blood 104:239a
51. Cervi D, Yip TT, Bhattacharya N, Podust VN, Peterson J, Abou-Slaybi et al (2008) Platelet-associated PF-4 as a biomarker of early tumor growth. Blood 111:1201-1207 (Pubitemid 351213401)
52. Felsher DW (2006) Tumor dormancy: death and resurrection of cancer as seen through transgenic mouse models. Cell Cycle 5:1808-1811 (Pubitemid 44435323)
53. Pantel K, Brakenhoff RH (2004) Dissecting the metastatic cascade. Nat Rev Cancer 4:448-456 (Pubitemid 38745530)
54. Demicheli R (2001) Tumor dormancy: findings and hypotheses from clinical research on breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 11:297-306
55. Barrett AJ, Savani BN (2009) Does chemotherapy modify the immune surveillance of hematological malignancies? Leukemia 23:53-58
56. Gilboa E (2007) DC-based cancer vaccines. J Clin Invest 117:1195-1203 (Pubitemid 46718404)
57. Korman AJ, Peggs KS, Allison JP (2006) Checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy. Adv Immunol 90:297-339 (Pubitemid 43765802)
58. Favaro E, Amadori A, Indraccolo S (2008) Cellular interactions in the vascular niche: implications in the regulation of tumor dormancy. APMIS 116:648-659
59. Clemente CG, Mihm JMC, Bufalino R, Zurrida S, Collini P, Cascinelli N (1996) Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 77:1303-1310 (Pubitemid 26102328)
60. Schumacher K, Haensch W, Roefzaad C, Schlag PM (2001) Prognostic significance of activated CD8 (+) T cell infiltrations within esophageal carcinomas. Cancer Res 61:3932-3936 (Pubitemid 32720953)
61. Zhang L, Conejo-Garcia JR, Katsaros D, Gimotty PA, Massobrio M, Regnani G et al (2003) Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. N Eng J Med 348:203-213 (Pubitemid 36077915)
62. Dieu-Nosjean MC, Antoine M, Danel C, Heudes D, Wislez M, Poulot V et al (2008) Long-term survival for patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer with intratumoral lymphoid structures. J Clin Oncol 26:4410-4417
63. Tsutsui S, Yasuda K, Suzuki K, Tahara K, Higashi H, Era S (2005) Macrophage infiltration and its prognostic implications in breast cancer: the relationship with VEGF expression and microvessel density. Oncol Rep 14(2):425-431
64. Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P et al (2004) Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med 10:942-949 (Pubitemid 39273735)
65. Carreras J, Lopez-Guillermo A, Fox BC, Colomo L, Martinez A, Roncador G et al (2006) High numbers of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells are associated with improved overall survival in follicular lymphoma. Blood 108:2957-2964
66. Tzankov A, Meier C, Hirschmann P, Went P, Pileri SA, Dirnhofer S (2008) Correlation of high numbers of intratumoral FOXP3 + regulatory T cells with improved survival in germinal center-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica 93:193-200