Italian industrial districts as cognitive systems: Are they still reproducible?

Entrepreneurship and Regional Development

Volumn 23, Issue 9-10, 2011, Pages 815-852

  Camuffo, Arnaldo ^a   Grandinetti, Roberto ^b  

^a BOCCONI UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Absorptive capacity; Globalization; Industrial district; Knowledge combination; Knowledge gatekeeper; Knowledge transfer

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; GLOBALIZATION; HUMAN RESOURCE; INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT; KNOWLEDGE;

ITALY;

PYRONIA TITHONUS;

EID: 81855179949     PISSN: 08985626     EISSN: 14645114     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2011.577815     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Agarwal, R., R. Echambadi, A.M. Franco, and M. Sarkar. 2004. Knowledge transfer through inheritance: Spin-out generation, development, and survival. Academy of Management Journal 47: 501-22.
2. Alberti, F.G. 2006. The decline of the industrial district of Como: Recession, relocation or reconversion? Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18: 473-501.
3. Albino, V., A.C. Garavelli, and G. Schiuma. 1999. Knowledge transfer and inter-firm relationships in industrial districts: The role of the leader firm. Technovation 19: 53-63.
4. Antonelli, C. 2000. Collective knowledge communication and innovation: The evidence of technological districts. Regional Studies 34: 535-47.
5. Arikan, A.T. 2009. Inter firm knowledge exchanges and the knowledge creation capability of clusters. Academy of Management Review 34: 658-76.
6. Asheim, B.T. 1996. Industrial districts as 'learning regions': A condition for prosperity. European Planning Studies 4: 379-400.
7. Bahlmann, M.D., and M.H. Huysman. 2008. The emergence of a knowledge-based view of clusters and its implications for cluster governance. The Information Society 24: 304-18.
8. Bair, J., and G. Gereffy. 2001. Local clusters in global chains: The causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon's blue jeans industry. World Development 29: 1885-903.
9. Baker, G., R. Gibbons, and K.J. Murphy. 2002. Relational contracts and the theory of the firm. Quarterly Journal of Economics 117: 39-84.
10. Baldwin, T.T., and J.K. Ford. 1988. Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41: 63-105.
11. Barabel, M., I. Huault, and O. Meier. 2007. Changing nature and sustainability of the industrial district model: The case of Technic Valley in France. Growth and Change 38: 595-620.
12. Bathelt, H., A. Malmberg, and P. Maskell. 2004. Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography 28: 31-56.
13. Becattini, G. 1989. Sector and/or districts: Some remarks on the conceptual foundations of industrial economics. In Small firms and industrial districts in Italy, eds. E. Goodman, J. Bamford, and P. Saynor, 123-35. London: Routledge.
14. Becattini, G. 1990. The Marshallian industrial district as a socioeconomic notion. In Industrial districts and inter-firm cooperation in Italy, eds. F. Pyke, G. Becattini, and W. Sengerberger, 37-51. Geneva: International Institute of Labour Studies.
15. Becattini, G. 1991. Italian industrial districts: Problems and perspectives. International Studies of Management and Organization 21: 83-90.
16. Becattini, G., and E. Rullani. 1996. Local systems and global connections: The role of knowledge. In Local and regional response to global pressure: The case of Italy and its industrial districts, eds. F. Cossentino, F. Pyke, and E. Sengenberger, 159-74. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
17. Bell, S.J., P. Tracey, and J.B. Heide. 2009. The organization of regional clusters. Academy of Management Review 34: 623-42.
18. Bellagamba, A. 2002. Lo sviluppo industriale del distretto delle cappe da cucina. Piccola Impresa/Small Business 15: 13-34.
19. Bellandi, M. 1996. Innovation and change in the Marshallian industrial district. European Planning Studies 4: 357-68.
20. Bellandi, M. 2003. The incentives to decentralised industrial creativity in local systems of small firms. In From industrial districts to local development: An itinerary of research, eds. G. Becattini, M. Bellandi, G. Dei Ottati, and F. Sforzi, 95-107. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
21. Belussi, F. 1999. Path-dependency vs. industrial dynamics: An analysis of two heterogeneous districts. Human Systems Management 18: 161-74.
22. Belussi, F., ed. 2000. Tacchi a spillo. Il distretto calzaturiero della Riviera del Brenta come forma organizzata di capitale sociale. Padua: Cleup.
23. Belussi, F., and K. Caldari. 2009. At the origin of the industrial district: Alfred Marshall and the Cambridge school. Cambridge Journal of Economics 33: 335-55.
24. Belussi, F., and G. Gottardi. 2000. Models of localized technological change. In Evolutionary patterns of local industrial systems: Towards a cognitive approach to the industrial district, eds. F. Belussi and G. Gottardi, 13-48. Aldershot: Ashgate.
25. Belussi, F., and L. Pilotti. 2002. Knowledge creation, learning and innovation in Italian industrial districts. Geografiska Annaler 84 B: 125-39.
26. Berger, S. 2006. How we compete: What companies around the world are doing to make it in today's global economy. New York: Random House.
27. Berger, S., and R. Locke. 2001. Il caso italiano and globalization. Daedalus 130: 85-104.
28. Bettencourt, L.A., A.L. Ostrom, S.W. Brown, and R.I. Roundtree. 2002. Client co-production in knowledge-intensive business services. California Management Review 44: 100-28.
29. Biggiero, L. 2002. The location of multinationals in industrial districts: Knowledge transfer in biomedicals. Journal of Technology Transfer 27: 111-22.
30. Biggiero, L. 2006. Industrial and knowledge relocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalization: The move of small and medium enterprises among territorial systems. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18: 443-71.
31. Blume, B.D., J.K. Ford, T.T. Baldwin, and J.L. Huang. 2010. Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management 36: 1065-105.
32. Boari, C., and A. Lipparini. 1999. Networks within industrial districts: Organising knowledge creation and transfer by means of moderate hierarchies. Journal of Management and Governance 3: 339-60.
33. Bocconcelli, R., and A. Tunisini. 2001. La costellazione del mobile nel pesarese: Un'analisi interpretativa. Piccola Impresa/Small Business 14: 83-112.
34. Bortoluzzi, G., and M. Civiero. 2006. Processi di internazionalizzazione nel distretto del mobile del Livenza-Quartier del Piave. In Andarsene per continuare a crescere. La delocalizzazione internazionale come strategia competitiva, eds. G. Tattara, G. Coro, and M. Volpe, 251-80. Rome: Carocci.
35. Bortoluzzi, G., A. Furlan, and R. Grandinetti. 2006. Il distretto della componentistica e della meccanica in provincia di Pordenone. Relazioni locali e apertura internazionale. Milan: Franco Angeli.
36. Boschma, R.A. 2005. Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Studies 39: 61-74.
37. Boschma, R.A., and J.G. Lambooy. 2002. Knowledge, market structure, and economic coordination: Dynamics of industrial districts. Growth and Change 33: 291-311.
38. Boschma, R.A., and A.L.J. Ter Wal. 2007. Knowledge networks and innovative performance in an industrial district: The case of a footwear district in the South of Italy. Industry and Innovation 14: 177-199.
39. Breschi, S., and F. Lissoni. 2001. Knowledge spillovers and local innovation systems: A critical survey. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 975-1005.
40. Brunetti, G., and A. Camuffo. 2000. Del Vecchio e Luxottica. Come si diventa leader mondiali. Turin: Isedi.
41. Brusco, S. 1982. The Emilian model: Productive de centralization and social integration. Cambridge Journal of Economics 6: 167-84.
42. Brusco, S., and S. Paba. 1997. Per una storia dei distretti industriali italiani dal secondo dopoguerra ad oggi. In Storia del capitalismo italiano, ed. F. Barca, 265-333. Rome: Donzelli.
43. Bursi, T. 1997. Strategie di crescita ed acquisizioni nell'industria ceramica italiana. Turin: Giappichelli.
44. Bursi, T., and G. Nardin. 2008. Il distretto delle piastrelle di ceramica di Sassuolo tra identitàe cambiamento. Milan: Franco Angeli.
45. Cainelli, G. 2008. Spatial agglomeration, technological innovations, and firm productivity: Evidence from Italian industrial districts. Growth and Change 39: 414-35.
46. Cainelli, G., D. Iacobucci, and E. Morganti. 2006. Spatial agglomeration and business groups: New evidence from Italian industrial districts. Regional Studies 40: 507-18.
47. Camuffo, A. 2003. Transforming industrial districts: Large firms and small business networks in the Italian eyewear industry. Industry and Innovation 10: 377-401.
48. Camuffo, A., and F. Gerli. 2007. Competent production supervisors. Industrial Relations 46: 728-37.
49. Camuffo, A., and R. Grandinetti. 2005. Distretti industriali in evoluzione: Il ruolo dei knowledge-intensive business services. Quaderni di Management 3: 25-34.
50. Camuffo, A., A. Furlan, P. Romano, and A. Vinelli. 2007. Routes towards supplier and production network internationalisation. International Journal of Operations and Production Management 27: 371-87.
51. Carbonara, N., and G. Schiuma. 2004. The new product development process within industrial districts: A cognitive approach. International Journal of Product Development 1: 92-106.
52. Chiarvesio, M., E. Di Maria, and S. Micelli. 2004. From local networks of SMEs to virtual districts? Evidence from recent trends in Italy. Research Policy 33: 1509-28.
53. Chiarvesio, M., and P. Guerra. 2002. Il quadro dei processi evolutivi nei distretti mobilieri. Economia e Societa' Regionale 20: 221-50.
54. Chiarvesio, M., P. Guerra, and R. Tabacco. 2001. Le fasi specializzate della filiera produttiva. In Conoscenze, relazioni e tecnologie di rete nelle filiere distrettuali. Il caso del distretto della sedia, eds. A. De Toni and R. Grandinetti, 56-99. Milan: Franco Angeli.
55. Codara, L., and E. Morato. 2002. Il distretto di Montebelluna tra locale e globale. In Le istituzioni dello sviluppo. I distretti industriali tra storia, sociologia ed economia, ed. G. Provasi, 99-143. Rome: Donzelli.
56. Cohen, W.L., and D.A. Levinthal. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 128-52.
57. Cohendet, P., and F. Meyer-Krahmer. 2001. The theoretical and policy implications of knowledge codification. Research Policy 30: 1563-91.
58. Corno, F., P. Reinmoeller, and I. Nonaka. 1999. Knowledge creation within industrial systems. Journal of Management and Governance 3: 379-94.
59. Coro, G., and R. Grandinetti. 1999. Evolutionary patterns of Italian industrial districts. Human Systems Management 18: 117-29.
60. Coro, G., and R. Grandinetti. 2001. Industrial districts responses to the network economy: Vertical integration versus pluralist global exploration. Human Systems Management 20: 189-99.
61. Coro, G., P. Gurisatti, and A. Rossi. 1998. Il distretto sport system di Montebelluna. In Percorsi locali di internazionalizzazione. Competenze e auto-organizzazione nei distretti industriali del Nord-Est, eds. G. Coro and E. Rullani, 57-148. Milan: Franco Angeli.
62. Cowan, R., P.D. David, and D. Foray. 2000. The explicit economics of knowledge codification and tacitness. Industrial and Corporate Change 9: 211-53.
63. Davenport, T.H., and L. Prusak. 1998. Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
64. Dei Ottati, G. 1995. Tra mercato e gerarchia: aspetti concettuali e ricerche empiriche sul distretto industriale. Milan: Franco Angeli.
65. Dei Ottati, G. 2003a. The governance of transactions in the industrial district: The community market. In From industrial districts to local development: An itinerary of research, eds. G. Becattini, M. Bellandi, G. Dei Ottati, and F. Sforzi, 73-94. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
66. Dei Ottati, G. 2003b. Trust, interlinking transactions and credit in the industrial district. In From industrial districts to local development: An itinerary of research, eds. G. Becattini, M. Bellandi, G. Dei Ottati, and F. Sforzi, 108-30. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
67. Elfring, T., and W. Hulsing. 2003. Networks in entrepreneurship: The case of high-technology firms. Small Business Economics 21: 409-22.
68. Ernst, D., and L. Kim. 2002. Global production networks, knowledge diffusion, and local capability formation. Research Policy 31: 1417-29.
69. Fontana, G.L. 1998. Lázienda incubatrice: Luigi Voltan e la nascita dell'industria calzaturiera italiana. In 100 anni di industria calzaturiera nella Riviera del Brenta, eds. G.L. Fontana, G. Franceschetti, and G. Roverato, 35-100. Stra: Consorzio Maestri Calzaturieri del Brenta.
70. Furlan, A., R. Grandinetti, and A. Camuffo. 2007. How do subcontractors evolve? International Journal of Operations and Production Management 27: 69-89.
71. Furlan, A., R. Grandinetti, and A. Camuffo. 2009. Business relationship portfolios and subcontractors' capabilities. Industrial Marketing Management 38: 937-45.
72. Garofoli, G. 1991. Modelli locali di sviluppo. Milan: Franco Angeli.
73. Garofoli, G. 1992. New firm formation and local development: The Italian experience. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 4: 101-25.
74. Garofoli, G. 1994. The industrial district of Lecco: Innovation and transformation processes. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 6: 371-93.
75. Garofoli, G. 2002. Local development in Europe: Theoretical models and international comparisons. European Urban and Regional Studies 9: 225-39.
76. Giuliani, E. 2007. The selective nature of knowledge networks in clusters: Evidence from the wine industry. Journal of Economic Geography 7: 139-68.
77. Goodman, E., J. Bamford, and P. Saynor. 1989. Small firms and industrial districts in italy. London: Routledge.
78. Gottardi, G. 2000. Innovation and the creation of knowledge in Italian industrial districts: A system model. In Evolutionary patterns of local industrial systems: towards a cognitive approach to the industrial district, eds. F. Belussi, and G. Gottardi, 49-70. Aldershot: Ashgate.
79. Gottardi, G. 2009. Reti internazionali nelle calzature di alta gamma. La Riviera del Brenta. In Nuovi modelli di gestione dell'impresa. Governare le reti internazionali di conoscenza, ed. G. Gottardi, 266-94. Rome: Carocci.
80. Gottardi, G., and E. Scarso. 2009. Reti internazionali nelle calzature sportive. In Nuovi modelli di gestione dell'impresa. Governare le reti internazionali di conoscenza, ed. G. Gottardi, 200-65. Rome: Carocci.
81. Grandinetti, R. 2003. The chair manufacturing district of Manzano: Evolutionary processes and the role of institutions. In The technological evolution of industrial districts, eds. F. Belussi, G. Gottardi, and E. Rullani, 463-79. Boston: Kluwer.
82. Grandinetti, R. 2010. I territori delle imprese nell'economia globale. In La crisi italiana nel mondo globale. Economia e societàdel Nord, eds. P. Perulli and A. Pichierri, 69-111. Turin: Einaudi.
83. Grandinetti, R., G. Nassimbeni, and M. Sartor. 2009. Foreign direct investments in manufacturing by district firms: Evidences from the Italian chair district. Production Planning & Control 20: 403-19.
84. Grandinetti, R., and E. Rullani. 1994. Sunk internationalization: Small firms and global knowledge. Revue d'économie Industrielle 18: 238-54.
85. Grandinetti, R., and R. Tabacco. 2003. I distretti industriali come laboratori cognitivi. Sviluppo Locale 10: 49-83.
86. Grant, R.M. 1996. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 17: 109-22.
87. Guerra, P. 1998. I sistemi produttivi mobilieri del Livenza e del Quartier del Piave. In Percorsi locali di internazionalizzazione. Competenze e auto-organizzazione nei distretti industriali del Nord-Est, eds. G. Coro and E. Rullani, 149-215. Milan: Franco Angeli.
88. Hakansson, H., and I. Snehota. 1995. Developing relationships in business networks. London: Routledge.
89. Helper, S., J.P. MacDuffie, and C. Sabel. 2000. Pragmatic collaborations: Advancing knowledge while controlling opportunism. Industrial and Corporate Change 9: 443-83.
90. Klepper, S. 2009. Spinoffs: A review and synthesis, European. Management Review 6: 159-71.
91. Klepper, S., and S. Sleeper. 2005. Entry by spinoffs. Management Science 51: 1291-306.
92. Knoben, J., and L. Oerlemans. 2006. Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration: A literature review. International Journal of Management Reviews 8: 71-89.
93. Langlois, R.N. 2002. Modularity in technology and organization. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 49: 19-37.
94. Lazerson, M.H., and G. Lorenzoni. 1999. The firms that feed industrial districts: A return to the Italian source. Industrial and Corporate Change 8: 235-66.
95. Lechner, C., and M. Dowling. 1999. The evolution of industrial districts and regional networks: The case of the biotechnology region Munich/Martinsried. Journal of Management and Governance 3: 309-38.
96. Leonard, D., and S. Sensiper. 1998. The role of tacit knowledge in group innovation. California Management Review 40: 112-32.
97. Lipparini, A. 1995. Imprese, relazioni tra imprese e posizionamento competitivo. Milan: Etas.
98. Lipparini, A., and A. Lomi. 1999. Interorganizational relations in the modena biomedical industry: A case study in local economic development. In Interfirm networks. Organization and industrial competitiveness, ed. A. Grandori, 120-50. London: Routledge.
99. Lissoni, F. 2001. Knowledge codification and the geography of innovation: The case of Brescia mechanical cluster. Research Policy 30: 1479-1500.
100. Lissoni, F., and M. Pagani. 2003. How many networks in a local cluster? Textile machine production and innovation in Brescia. In Cooperation, networks and institutions in regional innovation systems, eds. D. Fornhal and T. Brenner, 220-46. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
101. Lorentzen, A. 2008. Knowledge netwoks in local and global spaces. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 20: 533-45.
102. Lorenzoni, G., and A. Lipparini. 1999. The leveraging of inter firm relationships as a distinctive organizational capability: A longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal 20: 317-38.
103. Malmberg, A., and P. Maskell. 2002. The elusive concept of localization economies: Towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering. Environment and Planning A 34: 429-49.
104. Malmberg, A., and P. Maskell. 2006. Localized learning revisited. Growth and Change 37: 1-18.
105. Marchi, G. 1999. Reti e sistemi di piccole imprese. I produttori di macchine e impianti nel distretto ceramico di Sassuolo. Milan: Franco Angeli.
106. Mariotti, S., M. Mutinelli, and L. Piscitello. 2008. The Internationalization of production by Italian industrial districts' firms: Structural and behavioral determinants. Regional Studies 42: 719-35.
107. Markusen, A. 1996. Sticky places in slippery space: A tipology of industrial districts. Economic Geography 72: 293-313.
108. Marshall, A. 1919. Industry and trade. London: MacMillan.
109. Maskell, P. 2001. Towards a knowledge-based theory of the geographical cluster. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 921-43.
110. Maskell, P., and A. Malmberg. 1999. Localized learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics 23: 167-85.
111. Molina-Morales, F.X. 2005. The territorial agglomerations of firms: A social capital perspective from the Spanish tile industry. Growth and Change 36: 74-99.
112. Molina-Morales, F.X., and M.T. Martinez-Fernandez. 2006. Industrial districts: Something more than a neighbourhood. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18: 503-24.
113. Morrison, A. 2008. Gatekeepers of knowledge within industrial districts: Who they are, how they interact. Regional Studies 42: 817-35.
114. Muller, E., and A. Zenker. 2001. Business services as actors of knowledge transformation: The role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems. Research Policy 30: 1501-16.
115. Nassimbeni, G. 2003. Local manufacturing systems and global economy: Are they compatible? The case of the Italian eyewear district. Journal of Operations Management 21: 151-71.
116. Nonaka, I. 1994. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science 5: 14-37.
117. Nonaka, I., and H. Takeuchi. 1995. The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
118. Nooteboom, B. 1999. Innovation, learning and industrial organization. Cambridge Journal of Economics 23: 127-50.
119. Nooteboom, B. 2000. Learning by interaction: Absorptive capacity, cognitive distance and governance. Journal of Management and Governance 4: 69-92.
120. Nooteboom, B., W. van Haverbeke, G. Duysters, V. Gilsing, and A. van Den Ord. 2007. Optimal cognitive distance and absorptive capacity. Research Policy 36: 1016-34.
121. Paniccia, I. 2002. Industrial districts: Evolution and competitiveness in Italian firms. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
122. Parri, L. 2002. Le istituzioni nello sviluppo economico: I distretti italiani a confronto con il modello tedesco e il sistema giapponese. In Le istituzioni dello sviluppo. I distretti industriali tra storia, sociologia ed economia, ed. G. Provasi, 3-39. Rome: Donzelli.
123. Patrucco, P.P. 2003. Institutional variety, networking and knowledge exchange: Communication and innovation in the case of the Brianza technological district. Regional Studies 37: 159-72.
124. Pilotti, L. 2000. Evolutionary and adaptive local systems in Northeast Italy: Strategies of learning, leadership, and cooperation. In The technological evolution of industrial districts, eds. F. Belussi, G. Gottardi, and E. Rullani, 147-69. Boston: Kluwer.
125. Piore, M.J., and C.F. Sabel. 1984. The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
126. Polanyi, M. 1967. The tacit dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
127. Pontarollo, E., and G. Martini. 1989. Distretti industriali e tessuti economici circostanti: Il caso di Como. In Distretti e sistemi produttivi alla soglia degli anni'90, ed. F. Gobbo, 91-139. Milan: Franco Angeli.
128. Porter, M.E. 1990. The competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press.
129. Porter, M.E. 1998a. Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review 76: 77-90.
130. Porter, M.E. 1998b. Clusters and competition: New agendas for companies, governments, and institutions. In On competition, ed. M.E. Porter, 197-288. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing.
131. Rabellotti, R., A. Carabelli, and G. Hirsch. 2009. Italian industrial districts on the move: Where are they going? European lanning Studies 17: 19-41.
132. Reed, R., and R.J. DeFillippi. 1990. Causal ambiguity, barriers to imitation, and sustainable competitive advantage. The Academy of Management Review 15: 88-102.
133. Rivkin, J.W. 2001. Reproducing knowledge: Replication without imitation at moderate complexity. Organization Science 12: 274-93.
134. Rullani, E. 2003. The industrial district as a cognitive system. In The technological evolution of industrial districts, eds. F. Belussi, G. Gottardi, and E. Rullani, 63-87. Boston: Kluwer.
135. Sammarra, A. 2003. Lo sviluppo dei distretti industriali. Percorsi evolutivi fra globalizzazione e localizzazione. Bologna: Carocci.
136. Sammarra, A., and F. Belussi. 2006. Evolution and relocation in fashion-led Italian districts: Evidence from two case-studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 18: 543-62.
137. Saxenian, A. 1994. Regional advantage: Culture and competition in silicon valley and route 128. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
138. Sciascia, C. 2008. Geox. In EntrepSeneurial growth in industrial districts. Four Italian cases, eds. F.G. Alberti, S. Sciascia, C. Tripodi, and F. Visconti, 113-28. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
139. Sforzi, F. 2003. Local development in the experience of Italian industrial districts. In From industrial districts to local development: An itinerary of research, eds. G. Becattini, M. Bellandi, G. Dei Ottati, and F. Sforzi, 157-83. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
140. Soli, V. 1998. Il sistema produttivo inox di Conegliano. In Percorsi locali di internaziona-lizzazione. Competenze e auto-organizzazione nei distretti industriali del Nord-Est, eds. G. Coro and E. Rullani, 217-52. Milano: Franco Angeli.
141. Sorenson, O. 2003. Social networks and industrial geography. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 13: 513-27.
142. Spender, J.C. 1996a. Competitive advantage from tacit knowledge? Unpacking the concept and its strategic implications. In Organizational learning and competitive advantage, eds. B. Moingeon and A. Edmondson, 56-73. London: Sage.
143. Spender, J.C. 1996b. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic management journal 17: 45-62.
144. Strambach, S. 2001. Innovation processes and the role of knowledge-intensive business services. In Innovation networks: Concepts and challenges in the European perspective, eds. K. Koschatzky, M. Kulicke, and A. Zenker, 53-68. Heidelberg: Physica.
145. Teece, D.J. 1986. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing, and public policy. Research Policy 15: 285-305.
146. Tripodi, C. 2008. Luxottica. In Entrepreneurial growth in industrial districts. Four Italian cases, eds. F.G. Alberti, S. Sciascia, C. Tripodi, and F. Visconti, 145-62. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
147. von Hippel, E. 1987. Cooperation between rivals: Informal know-how trading. Research Policy 16: 291-302.
148. von Krogh, G., and J. Roos. 1996. Imitation of knowledge: A sociology of knowledge perspective. In Managing knowledge: Perspectives on cooperation and competition, eds. G. Von Krogh and J. Roos, 32-54. London: Sage.
149. Winther, L. 2003. Local production systems and organizational change: Hierarchization and competing firm networks in Marinha Grande, Portugal. European Planning Studies 2: 171-92.
150. Zahra, S.A., and G. George. 2002. Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review 27: 185-203.
151. Zollo, M., and S.J. Winter. 2002. Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science 13: 339-51.
152. Zucchella, A. 2006. Local cluster dynamics: Trajectories of mature industrial districts between decline and multiple embeddedness. Journal of Institutional Economics 2: 21-44.