Urban congestion charging: A second-best alternative

Journal of Transport Economics and Policy

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 345-369

  Santos, Georgina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONGESTION; ECONOMIC INSTRUMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT; URBAN TRANSPORT;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD;

EID: 8144226226     PISSN: 00225258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arnott, R. and R. Grieson (1981): "Optimal Fiscal Policy for a State or Local Government", Journal of Urban Economics, 9, 23-48.
2. Baumol, W. and W. Oates (1988): The Theory of Environmental Policy 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Button, K. (1993): Transport Economics, 2nd edition, Edward Elgar, Aldershot.
4. Button, K. and E. Verhoef (eds.) (1998): Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment, Edward Elgar, Lincolnshire. Chapter 1 (Introduction).
5. California Electric Transportation Coalition, "Upstream Emissions: More than the Exhaust from Your Tailpipe". www.evchargernews.com.
6. CASWEB, Web-based Interface to Census Area Statistics. http://census.ac.uk/casweb/ accessed from the Census Dissemination Unit (CDU): MIMAS, Manchester Computing Service. http://www.mimas.ac.uk/.
7. Clarkson, R. and K. Deyes (2002): "Estimating the Social Cost of Carbon Emissions", Government Economic Service Working Paper 140, London: HM Treasury. www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/documents/taxation
8. Daniel, J. and K. Bekka (2000): "The Environmental Impact of Highway Congestion Pricing", Journal of Urban Economics, 47, 180-215.
9. De Palma, A. Lindsay, R. and E. Quinet (2004): "Time-Varying Road Pricing and Choice of Toll Locations", in Santos, G. (ed.), Road Pricing: Theory and Evidence, Elsevier, Oxford.
10. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1996): Transport Statistics Report: National Travel Survey 1993/95, HMSO: London, July.
11. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998): Transport Statistics Great Britain 1998, The Stationery Office, London, September.
12. Dodgson, J., J. Young, and J. van der Veer (2002): Paying for Road Use, Technical Report, A Report to the Commission for Integrated Transport, National Economic Research Associates (NERA), London, February. http://www.cfit.gov.uk/research/pfru/pdf/pfru-tech.pdf
13. European Environment Agency (1999): EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Second Edition.
14. Flowerdew, A. D. (1993): Urban Traffic Congestion in Europe: Road Pricing and Public Transport Demand, Research Report, The Economics Intelligence Unit, London.
15. Glaister, S. (1981): Fundamentals of Transport Economics, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
16. Goodwin, P. (2003): "The Economic Cost of Congestion when Road Capacity is Constrained: Lessons from Congestion Charging in London" , CD-ROM 16th International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Budapest, October.
17. Han, T. (1998): "Congestion Pricing and Road Investment". In Button, K. J. and E. T. Verhoef (eds.) (1998): Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment, Edward Elgar, Lincolnshire.
18. Highways Agency, Scottish Office Development Department, The Welsh Office, The Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland and the Department of Transport (1996): "Highway Economics Note No. 2" , in Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, 13, HMSO, London.
19. Jones, P. (1998): "Urban Road Pricing: Public Acceptability and Barriers to Implementation", in Button and Verhoef (1998), op cit.
20. Maddison, D., D. Pearce, O. Johansson, E. Calthrop, T. Litman, and E. Verhoef (1996): Blueprint 5: The True Costs of Road Transport, Earthscan, London.
21. May, A. D., R. Liu, S. P. Shepherd, and A. Sumalee (2002): "The Impact of Cordon Design on the Performance of Road Pricing Schemes", Transport Policy, 9, 209-20.
22. McCubbin, D. and M. Delucchi (1999): "The Health Costs of Motor-Vehicle-Related Air Pollution", Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 33, 253-86.
23. Meteorological Office, UK Climate 1961-1990 Station Averages.
24. Milne, D. and D. Van Vliet (1993): "Implementing Road User Charging in SATURN", ITS Working Paper 410, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, December.
25. Morrison, S. A. (1986): "A Survey of Road Pricing", Transportation Research A, 20, 87-97.
26. Mun, S., K. Konishi, and K. Yoshikawa (2003): "Optimal Cordon Pricing", Journal of Urban Economics, 54, 21-38.
27. MVA (1995): The London Congestion Charging Research Programme, Final Report, Vol. 1: Text, Government Office for London, HMSO, London.
28. Nash, C. and T. Sansom (2001): "Pricing European Transport Systems", Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 35, 363-380.
29. Newbery, D. (1990): "Pricing and Congestion: Economic Principles Relevant to Pricing Roads", Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 6, 22-38.
30. Office for National Statistics (1998): New Earnings Survey, Part D: Analyses by Occupation, Newport, December.
31. Parry, I. and A. Bento (2001): "Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 103, 645-671.
32. Pearce, D. and R. Turner (1990): Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hertfordshire.
33. Pigou, A. (1920): The Economics of Welfare, 4th edition, Macmillan and Co., London.
34. Ramjerdi, F., H. Minken, and K. Østmoe (2004): "Norwegian Urban Tolls", in Santos, G. (ed.), Road Pricing: Theory and Evidence, Elsevier, Oxford.
35. Richardson, H. W. and C-H. C. Bae (1998): "The Equity Impacts of Road Congestion Pricing", in Button and Verhoef (1998), op cit.
36. Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1994): Transport and the Environment, 18th Report, HMSO, London.
37. Santos, G. (2002): "Double Cordon Tolls in Urban Areas to Increase Social Welfare", Transportation Research Record, 1812, 49-55.
38. Santos,. G. and L. Rojey (2004): "Distributional Impacts of Road Pricing: The Truth Behind the Myth", Transportation, 31, 21-42.
39. Santos, G., D. Newbery, and L. Rojey (2001): "Static vs. Demand Sensitive Models and the Estimation of Efficient Cordon Tolls: An Exercise for Eight English Towns", Transportation Research Record 1747, 44-50.
40. Santos, G., L. Rojey, and D. Newbery (2000): "The Environmental Benefits from Road Pricing", DAE Working Paper 0020, Department of Applied Economics, Cambridge, December.
41. Santos, G. and B. Shaffer (2004): "Preliminary Results of the London Congestion Charging Scheme", Public Works Management and Policy, forthcoming.
42. Shepherd, S. P. and A. Sumalee (2004): "A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach to Optimal Toll Level and Location Problem", Networks and Spatial Economics, 4, 161-79.
43. Small, K. (1983): "The Incidence of Congestion Tolls on Urban Highways", Journal of Urban Economics, 13, 90-111.
44. Transport Initiatives Edinburgh (2002): Integrated Transport Initiative for Edinburgh and South East Scotland. Edinburgh: Transport Initiatives Edinburgh. www.tiedinburgh.co.uk/iti/
45. Van Dender, K. (2003): "Transport Taxes with Multiple Trip Purposes", Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 105, 295-310.
46. Van Vliet, D. and M. Hall (1997): SATURN 9.3 - User Manual, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds.
47. Verhoef, E. (2002): "Second-best Congestion Pricing in General Networks. Heuristic Algorithms for Finding Second-best Optimal Toll Levels and Toll Points", Transportation Research B, 36, 707-29.
48. Vickrey, W. (1955): "Pricing in Transportation and Public Utilities: Some Implications of Marginal Cost Pricing for Public Utilities", American Economic Review, Supplement 1955-56, Papers and Proceedings, 605-20.
49. Walters, A. (1961): "The Theory and Measurement of Private and Social Cost of Highway Congestion", Econometrica, 29, 676-99.
50. Yang, H. and H.-J. Huang (1998): "Principle of Marginal Cost Pricing: How Does it Work in a General Road Network?", Transportation Research A, 32, 45-54.
51. Zhang, X. and H. Yang (2004): "The Optimal Cordon-based Network Congestion Pricing Problem", Transportation Research B, 38, 517-37.