메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 139, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 3139-3162

The characteristics of numerically simulated supercell storms situated over statically stable boundary layers

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLD POOL; CONTROL SIMULATION; CONVECTIVE INHIBITION; GRID LEVELS; LAPSE RATE; MESOSCALE; NEAR-SURFACE; NEAR-SURFACE CIRCULATION; NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYERS; STABLE BOUNDARY LAYER; STABLE LAYER; SUPER CELL; SUPERCELL STORMS; SUPERCELL THUNDERSTORMS; SURFACE-BASED; TORNADOGENESIS; VERTICAL VORTICITY;

EID: 81355139173     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-10-05087.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0033509981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution
    • Atkins, N. T., M. L. Weisman, and L. J. Wicker, 1999: The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2910-2927.
    • (1999) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.127 , pp. 2910-2927
    • Atkins, N.T.1    Weisman, M.L.2    Wicker, L.J.3
  • 2
    • 81355142527 scopus 로고
    • Updraftmeasurements beneath the base of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds
    • Auer,A.H., andW. Sand, 1966:Updraftmeasurements beneath the base of cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 461-466.
    • (1966) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.5 , pp. 461-466
    • Auer, A.H.1    Sand, W.2
  • 3
    • 23144444441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of moisture flux convergence in forecasting convective initiation: Historical and operational perspectives
    • Banacos, P. C., and D. M. Schultz, 2005: The use of moisture flux convergence in forecasting convective initiation: Historical and operational perspectives. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 351-366.
    • (2005) Wea. Forecasting , vol.20 , pp. 351-366
    • Banacos, P.C.1    Schultz, D.M.2
  • 4
    • 0000938673 scopus 로고
    • Oklahoma thunderstorms on 29-30 April 1970. Part I: Morphology of a tornadic storm
    • Barnes, S. L., 1978: Oklahoma thunderstorms on 29-30 April 1970. Part I: Morphology of a tornadic storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 673-684.
    • (1978) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 673-684
    • Barnes, S.L.1
  • 5
    • 0002623184 scopus 로고
    • Astudy of updraft-downdraft interaction based on perturbation pressure and single-Doppler radar data
    • Bonesteele,R.G., andY. J. Lin, 1978:Astudy of updraft-downdraft interaction based on perturbation pressure and single-Doppler radar data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 62-68.
    • (1978) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 62-68
    • Bonesteele, R.G.1    Lin, Y.J.2
  • 6
    • 0019678043 scopus 로고
    • Finestructure of the Del City-Edmond tornadic mesocirculation
    • Brandes, E. A., 1981: Finestructure of the Del City-Edmond tornadic mesocirculation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 635-647.
    • (1981) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 635-647
    • Brandes, E.A.1
  • 7
    • 0001411553 scopus 로고
    • Airflow and precipitation trajectories within severe local storms which travel to the right of the winds
    • Browning, K. A., 1964: Airflow and precipitation trajectories within severe local storms which travel to the right of the winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 634-639.
    • (1964) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.21 , pp. 634-639
    • Browning, K.A.1
  • 8
    • 0001478539 scopus 로고
    • Some inferences about the updraft within a severe local storm
    • Browning, K. A., 1965: Some inferences about the updraft within a severe local storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 669-677.
    • (1965) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 669-677
    • Browning, K.A.1
  • 10
    • 0002031945 scopus 로고
    • Airflow and structure of a tornadic storm
    • Browning, K. A., and R. J. Donaldson, 1963: Airflow and structure of a tornadic storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 533-545.
    • (1963) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 533-545
    • Browning, K.A.1    Donaldson, R.J.2
  • 12
    • 0036965888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models
    • Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 2002: A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2917-2928.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 2917-2928
    • Bryan, G.H.1    Fritsch, J.M.2
  • 13
    • 0025662241 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology
    • Colman, B. R., 1990a: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part I: A climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1103-1121.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1103-1121
    • Colman, B.R.1
  • 14
    • 0025662242 scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: Organization and instability mechanisms
    • Colman, B. R., 1990b: Thunderstorms above frontal surfaces in environments without positive CAPE. Part II: Organization and instability mechanisms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1123-1144.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 1123-1144
    • Colman, B.R.1
  • 15
    • 65549131344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated convection and castellanus: Ambiguities, significance, and questions
    • Corfidi, S. F., S. J. Corfidi, and D. M. Schultz, 2008: Elevated convection and castellanus: Ambiguities, significance, and questions. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 1280-1303.
    • (2008) Wea. Forecasting , vol.23 , pp. 1280-1303
    • Corfidi, S.F.1    Corfidi, S.J.2    Schultz, D.M.3
  • 16
    • 33745871396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baseline climatology of sounding derived parameters associated with deep, moist convection
    • Craven, J. P., and H. E. Brooks, 2004: Baseline climatology of sounding derived parameters associated with deep, moist convection. Natl. Wea. Dig., 28, 13-24.
    • (2004) Natl. Wea. Dig. , vol.28 , pp. 13-24
    • Craven, J.P.1    Brooks, H.E.2
  • 17
    • 4444274056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells
    • Davies, J. M., 2004: Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 714-726.
    • (2004) Wea. Forecasting , vol.19 , pp. 714-726
    • Davies, J.M.1
  • 20
    • 77953029093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms
    • Dawson, D. T., II, M. Xue, J. A. Milbrandt, and M. K. Yau, 2010: Comparison of evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1152-1171.
    • (2010) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.138 , pp. 1152-1171
    • Dawson II, D.T.1    Xue, M.2    Milbrandt, J.A.3    Yau, M.K.4
  • 21
    • 0036821655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of negative mesoscale factors for severe-weather potential: A case study
    • Doswell, C. A., D. V. Baker, and C. A. Liles, 2002: Recognition of negative mesoscale factors for severe-weather potential: A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 937-954.
    • (2002) Wea. Forecasting , vol.17 , pp. 937-954
    • Doswell, C.A.1    Baker, D.V.2    Liles, C.A.3
  • 22
    • 3943064234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: Comparisions between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics
    • Gilmore, M. S., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2004: Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms: Comparisions between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1897-1916.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 1897-1916
    • Gilmore, M.S.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 23
    • 0002768713 scopus 로고
    • The high speed updraft-he key to the severe thunderstorm
    • Goldman, J. L., 1968: The high speed updraft-The key to the severe thunderstorm. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 222-248.
    • (1968) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 222-248
    • Goldman, J.L.1
  • 24
    • 0342625641 scopus 로고
    • Elevated cold-sector severe thunderstorms: A preliminary study
    • Grant, B. N., 1995: Elevated cold-sector severe thunderstorms: A preliminary study. Natl. Wea. Dig., 19, 25-31.
    • (1995) Natl. Wea. Dig. , vol.19 , pp. 25-31
    • Grant, B.N.1
  • 25
    • 33846681857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS
    • Grzych, M. L., B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 240-246
    • Grzych, M.L.1    Lee, B.D.2    Finley, C.A.3
  • 26
    • 52149112873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface analysis of the rear-flank downdraft outflow in two tornadic supercells
    • Hirth, B. D., J. L. Schroeder, and C. C. Weiss, 2008: Surface analysis of the rear-flank downdraft outflow in two tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2344-2363.
    • (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 2344-2363
    • Hirth, B.D.1    Schroeder, J.L.2    Weiss, C.C.3
  • 27
    • 35948970693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A five-year climatology of elevated severe convective storms in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains
    • Horgan, K. L., D. M. Schultz, R. H. Johns, J. E. Hales, and S. F. Corfidi, 2007: A five-year climatology of elevated severe convective storms in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 1031-1044.
    • (2007) Wea. Forecasting , vol.22 , pp. 1031-1044
    • Horgan, K.L.1    Schultz, D.M.2    Johns, R.H.3    Hales, J.E.4    Corfidi, S.F.5
  • 28
    • 77955532463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nocturnal tornado climatology
    • Kis, A. K., and J. M. Straka, 2010: Nocturnal tornado climatology. Wea. Forecasting, 25, 545-561.
    • (2010) Wea. Forecasting , vol.25 , pp. 545-561
    • Kis, A.K.1    Straka, J.M.2
  • 29
    • 84983092849 scopus 로고
    • The simulation of threedimensional convective storm dynamics
    • Klemp, J. B., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978: The simulation of threedimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070-1096.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1070-1096
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Wilhelmson, R.B.2
  • 30
    • 0018720292 scopus 로고
    • Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis
    • Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.
    • (1979) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.107 , pp. 1184-1197
    • Lemon, L.R.1    Doswell, C.A.2
  • 31
    • 0001219695 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vertical stability on tornadogenesis
    • Leslie, L. M., and R. K. Smith, 1978: The effect of vertical stability on tornadogenesis. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1281-1288.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1281-1288
    • Leslie, L.M.1    Smith, R.K.2
  • 32
    • 0020968202 scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model
    • Lin, Y. L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1065-1092
    • Lin, Y.L.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 33
    • 0019179584 scopus 로고
    • A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries
    • Maddox, R. A., L. R. Hoxit, and C. F. Chappell, 1980: A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 322-336.
    • (1980) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 322-336
    • Maddox, R.A.1    Hoxit, L.R.2    Chappell, C.F.3
  • 34
    • 0032173186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries duringVORTEX-95
    • Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and J. M. Straka, 1998: The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries duringVORTEX-95. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 852-859.
    • (1998) Wea. Forecasting , vol.13 , pp. 852-859
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Rasmussen, E.N.2    Straka, J.M.3
  • 35
    • 0036645999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells
    • Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 1692-1721
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 36
    • 0348074676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations
    • Markowski, P. M., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2003: Tornadogenesis resulting from the transport of circulation by a downdraft: Idealized numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 795-823.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 795-823
    • Markowski, P.M.1    Straka, J.M.2    Rasmussen, E.N.3
  • 38
    • 0001572201 scopus 로고
    • Trajectories within the weak echo regions of hailstorms
    • Marwitz, J. D., 1973: Trajectories within the weak echo regions of hailstorms. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 1174-1182.
    • (1973) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.12 , pp. 1174-1182
    • Marwitz, J.D.1
  • 39
    • 0000598143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy precipitation associated with elevated thunderstorms formed in a convectively unstable layer aloft
    • Moore, J. T., A. C. Czarnetzki, and P. S. Market, 1998: Heavy precipitation associated with elevated thunderstorms formed in a convectively unstable layer aloft. Meteor. Appl., 5, 373-384.
    • (1998) Meteor. Appl. , vol.5 , pp. 373-384
    • Moore, J.T.1    Czarnetzki, A.C.2    Market, P.S.3
  • 40
    • 0344441431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The environment of warm-season elevated thunderstorms associated with heavy rainfall over the central United States
    • Moore, J. T., F. H. Glass, C. E. Graves, S. M. Rochette, and M. J. Singer, 2003: The environment of warm-season elevated thunderstorms associated with heavy rainfall over the central United States. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 861-878.
    • (2003) Wea. Forecasting , vol.18 , pp. 861-878
    • Moore, J.T.1    Glass, F.H.2    Graves, C.E.3    Rochette, S.M.4    Singer, M.J.5
  • 41
    • 79955145164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of twomoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations
    • Morrison, H., and J. A. Milbrandt, 2011: Comparison of twomoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1103-1130.
    • (2011) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.139 , pp. 1103-1130
    • Morrison, H.1    Milbrandt, J.A.2
  • 42
    • 45849125794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of simulated squall lines to low-level cooling
    • Parker, M. D., 2008: Response of simulated squall lines to low-level cooling. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1323-1341.
    • (2008) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 1323-1341
    • Parker, M.D.1
  • 43
    • 0032434901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters
    • Rasmussen, E. N., and D. O. Blanchard, 1998: A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1148-1164.
    • (1998) Wea. Forecasting , vol.13 , pp. 1148-1164
    • Rasmussen, E.N.1    Blanchard, D.O.2
  • 45
    • 34047212331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of horizontal environmental variability on numerically simulated convective storms. Part I: Variations in vertical shear
    • Richardson, Y. P., K. K. Droegemeier, and R. P. Davies-Jones, 2007: The influence of horizontal environmental variability on numerically simulated convective storms. Part I: Variations in vertical shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3429-3455.
    • (2007) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 3429-3455
    • Richardson, Y.P.1    Droegemeier, K.K.2    Davies-Jones, R.P.3
  • 46
    • 0020468897 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the shearinduced pressure gradient on thunderstorm motion
    • Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The influence of the shearinduced pressure gradient on thunderstorm motion. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 136-150.
    • (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 136-150
    • Rotunno, R.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 47
    • 0022264220 scopus 로고
    • On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms
    • Rotunno, R., and J. B. Klemp, 1985: On the rotation and propagation of simulated supercell thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 271-292.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 271-292
    • Rotunno, R.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 48
    • 33744763994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface in situ observations within the outflow of forward-flank downdrafts of supercell thunderstorms
    • Shabbott, C. J., and P. M. Markowski, 2006: Surface in situ observations within the outflow of forward-flank downdrafts of supercell thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 1422-1441.
    • (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 1422-1441
    • Shabbott, C.J.1    Markowski, P.M.2
  • 49
    • 61349091742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of microphysical drop size distribution on tornadogenesis in supercell thunderstorms
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL035866
    • Snook, N., and M. Xue, 2008: Effects of microphysical drop size distribution on tornadogenesis in supercell thunderstorms. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L24803, doi:10.1029/2008GL035866.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Snook, N.1    Xue, M.2
  • 50
    • 53649102494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells
    • Straka, J. M., E. N. Rasmussen, R. P. Davies-Jones, and P. M. Markowski, 2007: An observational and idealized numerical examination of low-level counter-rotating vortices toward the rear flank of supercells. Electron. J. Severe Storms Meteor., 2, 1-22.
    • (2007) Electron. J. Severe Storms Meteor , vol.2 , pp. 1-22
    • Straka, J.M.1    Rasmussen, E.N.2    Davies-Jones, R.P.3    Markowski, P.M.4
  • 51
    • 0002992682 scopus 로고
    • The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description
    • Tao, W. K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 4, 19-51.
    • (1993) Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 19-51
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 52
    • 0001557184 scopus 로고
    • Tornado spin-up beneath a convective cell: Required basic structure of the near-field boundary layerwinds
    • Amer. Geophys. Union
    • Walko, R. L., 1993: Tornado spin-up beneath a convective cell: Required basic structure of the near-field boundary layerwinds. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, andHazards, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 89-95.
    • (1993) The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, andHazards, Geophys. Monogr , vol.79 , pp. 89-95
    • Walko, R.L.1
  • 53
    • 0001483804 scopus 로고
    • An interesting mesoscale storm-environment interaction observed just prior to changes in severe storm behavior
    • Weaver, J. F., and J. F. W. Purdom, 1995: An interesting mesoscale storm-environment interaction observed just prior to changes in severe storm behavior. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 449-453.
    • (1995) Wea. Forecasting , vol.10 , pp. 449-453
    • Weaver, J.F.1    Purdom, J.F.W.2
  • 54
    • 0020434898 scopus 로고
    • The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy
    • Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
    • (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 504-520
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 55
    • 0001337312 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of isolated convective storms
    • P. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc.
    • Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of isolated convective storms. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 331-358.
    • (1986) Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting , pp. 331-358
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Klemp, J.B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.