Is the tropopause higher over the Tibetan Plateau? Observational evidence from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) data

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 116, Issue 21, 2011, Pages

  Feng, Sha ^a   Fu, Yunfei ^a   Xiao, Qingnong ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; DROPS; IONOSPHERE; IONOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT; METEOROLOGY; PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES;

BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION; BOREAL WINTERS; COLD POINT; CONSTELLATION OBSERVING SYSTEM FOR METEOROLOGY , IONOSPHERE , AND CLIMATES; HEAT SOURCES; HEIGHT VARIATION; LAPSE RATE; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; POSITIVE CORRELATIONS; RADIO OCCULTATIONS; SEASONAL VARIATION; STRONG CORRELATION; SUBTROPICAL JET; TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE; TIBETAN PLATEAU;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

AIR TEMPERATURE; CORRELATION; COSMIC; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT; PROBABILITY; RADIO; SATELLITE DATA; SEA SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TROPOPAUSE;

CHINA; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 81255210998     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016140     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Añel, J. A., J. C. Antuña, L. de la Torre, J. M. Castanheira, and L. Gimeno (2008), Climatological features of global multiple tropopause events, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00B08, doi:10.1029/2007JD009697. [Printed 114(D7), 2009.]
2. Anthes, R. A., et al. (2008), The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission: Early results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 313-333, doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-3-313. (Pubitemid 351756666)
3. Bischoff, S. A., P. O. Canziani, and A. E. Yuchechen (2007), The tropopause at southern extratropical latitudes: Argentine operational rawinsonde climatology, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 189-209, doi:10.1002/joc.1385.
4. Chang, C.-P., S. C. Hou, H. C. Kuo, and G. T. J. Chen (1998), The development of an intense East Asian summer monsoon disturbance with strong vertical coupling, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 2692-2712, doi:10.1175/1520- 0493(1998)126<2692:TDOAIE>2.0.CO;2.
5. Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel (1991), Potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1929-1953, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991) 119<1929:PVDOC>2.0.CO;2.
6. de F. Forster, P. M., and K. P. Shine (1999), Stratospheric water vapor changes as a possible contributor to observed stratospheric cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3309-3312, doi:10.1029/1999GL010487. (Pubitemid 30081354)
7. Duan, A., and G. Wu (2005), Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia, Clim. Dyn., 24, 793-807, doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0488-8.
8. Duan, A., G. Wu, Q. Zhang, and Y. Liu (2006), New proofs of the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the increasing greenhouse gases emissions, Chin. Sci. Bull., 51, 1396-1400, doi:10.1007/s11434-006-1396-6. (Pubitemid 44432220)
9. Fu, R., Y. Hu, J. S. Wright, J. H. Jiang, R. E. Dickinson, M. Chen, M. Filipiak, W. G. Read, J. W. Waters, and D. L. Wu (2006), Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 5664-5669, doi:10.1073/pnas.0601584103.
10. Fueglistaler, S., A. E. Dessler, T. J. Dunkerton, I. Folkins, Q. Fu, and P. W. Mote (2009), Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, doi:10.1029/2008RG000267.
11. Gettelman, A., and P. M. de F. Forster (2002), A climatology of the tropical tropopause layer, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 911-924, doi:10.2151/jmsj.80.911. (Pubitemid 36196008)
12. Highwood, E. J., and B. J. Hoskins (1998), The tropical tropopause, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124, 1579-1604, doi:10.1002/qj.49712454911. (Pubitemid 28497179)
13. Hoinka, K. P. (1998), Statistics of the global tropopause pressure, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 3303-3325, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1998) 126<3303: SOTGTP>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128585152)
14. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister (1995), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, doi:10.1029/95RG02097. (Pubitemid 26444698)
15. Huang, C.-Y., Y.-H. Kuo, S.-H. Chen, and F. Vandenberghe (2005), Improvements in typhoon forecasts with assimilated GPS occultation refractivity, Weather Forecasting, 20, 931-953, doi:10.1175/WAF874.1. (Pubitemid 43193376)
16. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1996) 077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2.
17. Kochanski, A. (1955), Cross sections of the mean zonal flow and temperature along 80°N, J. Meteorol., 12, 95-106, doi:10.1175/1520-0469 (1955)012<0095:CSOTMZ>2.0.CO;2.
18. Kuo, Y. H., T. K. Wee, S. Sokolovskiy, C. Rocken, W. Schreiner, D. Hunt, and R. A. Anthes (2004), Inversion and error estimation of GPS radio occultation data, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 507-531, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2004.507. (Pubitemid 38762390)
19. Kursinski, E. R., et al. (1996), Initial results of radio occultation observations of Earth's atmosphere using the Global Positioning System, Science, 271, 1107-1110, doi:10.1126/science.271.5252.1107.
20. Kursinski, E. R., G. A. Hajj, J. T. Schofield, R. P. Linfield, and K. R. Hardy (1997), Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements using the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,429-23,465, doi:10.1029/97JD01569.
21. Liu, C., and E. J. Zipser (2005), Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D23104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006063. (Pubitemid 43141246)
22. Liu, H., J. L. Anderson, Y.-H. Kuo, and K. Raeder (2007), Importance of forecast error multivariate correlations in idealized assimilations of GPS radio occultation data with the ensemble adjustment filter, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 173-185, doi:10.1175/MWR3270.1. (Pubitemid 46188850)
23. Liu, H., J. Anderson, Y.-H. Kuo, C. Snyder, and A. Caya (2008), Evaluation of a nonlocal quasi-phase observation operator in assimilation of CHAMP radio occultation refractivity with WRF, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 242-256, doi:10.1175/2007MWR2042.1. (Pubitemid 351308467)
24. Liu, X., and B. Chen (2000), Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1729-1742, doi:10.1002/1097- 0088(20001130)20:14<1729::AID-JOC556>3.0.CO;2-Y. (Pubitemid 32065367)
25. Liu, X., and M. Zhang (1998), Contemporary climatic change over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its response to the green-house effect, Chin. Geogr. Sci., 8, 289-298, doi:10.1007/s11769-997-0034-9. (Pubitemid 29040358)
26. Luo, H., and M. Yanai (1984), The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. part II: Heat and moisture budgets, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 966-989, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0966:TLSCAH>2.0.CO;2.
27. Ma, Z., Y.-H. Kuo, B. Wang, W.-S. Wu, and S. Sokolovskiy (2009), Comparison of local and nonlocal observation operators for the assimilation of GPS RO data with the NCEP GSI System: An OSSE study, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3575-3587, doi:10.1175/2009MWR2809.1.
28. Pan, L. L., W. J. Randel, B. L. Gary, M. J. Mahoney, and E. J. Hintsa (2004), Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004982. (Pubitemid 40318552)
29. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, and D. J. Gaffen (2000), Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,509-15,523, doi:10.1029/2000JD900155.
30. Randel, W. J., D. J. Seidel, and L. L. Pan (2007), Observational characteristics of double tropopauses, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007904. (Pubitemid 46916227)
31. Randel, W. J., et al. (2009), An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02107, doi:10.1029/2008JD010421.
32. Rocken, C., Y. H. Kuo, W. S. Schreiner, D. Hunt, S. Sokolovskiy, and C. McCormick (2000), COSMIC system description, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 11, 21-52.
33. Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, J. S. Boyle, D. J. Gaffen, J. J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D. E. Parker, and K. E. Taylor (2000), Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average atmospheric temperature time series, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7337-7356, doi:10.1029/1999JD901105.
34. Santer, B. D., et al. (2003), Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, and observations: Decadal changes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D1), 4002, doi:10.1029/2002JD002258.
35. Sausen, R., and D. Santer (2003), Use of changes in tropopause height to detect influences on climate, Meteorol. Z., 12, 131-136, doi:10.1127/0941-2948/ 2003/0012-0131.
36. Schmidt, T., J. Wickert, G. Beyerle, and C. Reigber (2004), Tropical tropopause parameters derived from GPS radio occultation measurements with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13105, doi:10.1029/2004JD004566. (Pubitemid 39320246)
37. Schmidt, T., G. Beyerle, S. Heise, J. Wickert, and M. Rothacher (2006), A climatology of multiple tropopauses derived from GPS radio occultations with CHAMP and SAC-C, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04808, doi:10.1029/2005GL024600.
38. Seidel, D. J., and W. J. Randel (2006), Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21101, doi:10.1029/2006JD007363. (Pubitemid 46978579)
39. Seidel, D. J., R. J. Ross, J. K. Angell, and G. C. Reid (2001), Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7857-7878, doi:10.1029/2000JD900837.
40. Selkirk, H. B. (1993), The tropopause cold trap in the Australian monsoon during STEP/AMEX 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8591-8610, doi:10.1029/92JD02932. (Pubitemid 23382983)
41. Selkirk, H. B., H. Vömel, J. M. Valverde Canossa, L. Pfister, J. A. Diaz, W. Fernández, J. Amador, W. Stolz, and G. S. Peng (2010), Detailed structure of the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere as revealed by balloon sonde observations of water vapor, ozone, temperature, and winds during the NASA TCSP and TC4 campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J19, doi:10.1029/2009JD013209.
42. Staten, P. W., and T. Reichler (2008), Use of radio occultation for long-term tropopause studies: Uncertainties, biases, and instabilities, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00B05, doi:10.1029/2008JD009886. [Printed 114(D7), 2009.]
43. Staten, P. W., and T. Reichler (2009), Apparent precision of GPS radio occultation temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24806, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL041046.
44. Wang, P. K. (2003), Moisture plumes above thunderstorm anvils and their contributions to cross-tropopause transport of water vapor in midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D6), 4194, doi:10.1029/2002JD002581.
45. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (1957), Meteorology, A threedimensional science: Second session of the Commission for Aerology, WMO Bull., IV(4), pp. 134-138.
46. Xu, X., C. Lu, X. Shi, and S. Gao (2008), World water tower: An atmospheric perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20815, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL035867.
47. Ye, D.-Z., and G.-X. Wu (1998), The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181-198, doi:10.1007/BF01277509.
48. Zou, X., Y.-H. Kuo, and Y.-R. Guo (1995), Assimilation of atmospheric radio refractivity using a nonhydrostatic adjoint model, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 2229-2250, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<2229: AOARRU>2.0.CO;2.