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Volumn 271, Issue 5252, 1996, Pages 1107-1110

Initial results of radio occultation observations of Earth's atmosphere using the global positioning system

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PROFILE; GPS; RADIO OCCULTATION; STRATOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE PROFILE;

EID: 0029728951     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.271.5252.1107     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (256)

References (32)
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    • note
    • Atmospheric radio occultation observations using a GPS receiver in low Earth orbit were proposed and developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Earth Observing System in 1988 (22), but the concept became a reality with the launch of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) GPS-MET experiment on 3 April 1995 (23).
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    • A. C. Lorenc, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 701 (1981): D B Shaw, P Lonnberg, A. Hollingsworth, P. Unden, Q. J. R Meteorol. Soc. 113, 533 (1987 )
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    • note
    • To obtain the accuracies necessary for atmospheric work, we used a modified version of the GIPSY-OASIS II system developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX/Poseidon) to determine receiver and transmitter orbits, and to calibrate and remove receiver and transmitter clock biases and instabilities (9, 24). Vertical smoothing, decreasing from ∼1.4 km in the stratosphere to ∼0.5 km near the surface, was also applied to the Doppler frequency measurements to make them consistent with the Fresnel diffraction resolution limit (3, 7). Finally, unwanted dispersive ionospheric contributions to bending were removed by forming a linear combination of the bending angles estimated independently for each of the two GPS signal frequencies (25)
  • 16
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    • D P Hinson and G. L. Tyler, Icarus 54, 337 (1983); D. P. Hinson and J. A. Magalhaes, ibid. 105, 142 (1993), D. P. Hinson and J. M. Jenkins, ibid 114, 310 (1995).
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    • D P Hinson and G. L. Tyler, Icarus 54, 337 (1983); D. P. Hinson and J. A. Magalhaes, ibid. 105, 142 (1993), D. P. Hinson and J. M. Jenkins, ibid 114, 310 (1995).
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    • D P Hinson and G. L. Tyler, Icarus 54, 337 (1983); D. P. Hinson and J. A. Magalhaes, ibid. 105, 142 (1993), D. P. Hinson and J. M. Jenkins, ibid 114, 310 (1995).
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    • E R. Kursinski, G A. Hajj, K R. Hardy, Eos 72, 372 (1991); M. Bevis et al., J. Geophys Res 97, 15787 (1992); L. L. Yuan et al., ibid. 98, 14925 (1993).
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    • note
    • The research described here was largely performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, supported jointly by NASA and the California Institute of Technology through the Caltech President's fund. We are grateful to our collaborators, GPS-MET principal investigator R Ware and project manager M. Exner, of the UCAR, Boulder, CO, for providing us with access to raw flight data from the GPS-MET experiment. We also thank the ECMWF for providing us with atmospheric data, software, and assistance with data interpretation and M. E. Gelman of the National Meteorological Center (NMC) for many useful discussions on the NMC radiosonde data set.


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