Review of the reproductive biology of amphipods and their endocrine regulation: Identification of mechanistic pathways for reproductive toxicants

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Volumn 30, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 2647-2657

  Hyne, Ross V ^a  

^a OFFICE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Fertilization; Molt cycle; Oogenesis; Spermatogenesis

Indexed keywords

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS; FERTILIZATION; MOLT CYCLE; OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS;

BIOCHEMISTRY; CADMIUM; FUNGICIDES; METABOLISM; TOXICITY;

HORMONES;

CADMIUM; ECDYSTEROID; ECDYSTERONE; FENARIMOL; PONASTERONE A; VITELLOGENIN;

AMPHIPOD; BIOMARKER; COPULATION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; INHIBITION; LITERATURE REVIEW; METABOLISM; MOLT; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY; REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE; STEROID; TOXICITY TEST; XENOBIOTICS;

AMPHIPODA; COPULATION; ESTRUS CYCLE; GENOMICS; HORMONE METABOLISM; MOLTING; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; OVARY CYCLE; OVULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPERMATOGENESIS; VITELLOGENESIS;

AMPHIPODA; ANIMALS; ARTHROPODS; CRUSTACEA; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; ECDYSTEROIDS; ECDYSTERONE; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; FEMALE; HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES; MALE; MOLTING; REPRODUCTION; VITELLOGENESIS; VITELLOGENINS; XENOBIOTICS;

AMPHIPODA; ARTHROPODA; CRUSTACEA; GAMMARIDEA;

EID: 81155155546     PISSN: 07307268     EISSN: 15528618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/etc.673     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Barnard JL, Karaman GS. 1991. The families and genera of marine gammaridean amphipoda (except marine gammaroids). Rec Aust Mus Suppl 13: 1-866.
2. Swartz RC, Deben WA, Sercu KA, Lamberson JO. 1982. Sediment toxicity and the distribution of amphipods in Commencement Bay, Washington, USA. Mar Pollut Bull 13: 359-364.
3. Dauvin J-C. 1998. The fine sand Abra alba community of the Bay of Morlaix twenty years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Mar Pollut Bull 36: 669-676.
4. Warwick RM. 2001. Evidence for the effects of metal contamination on the intertidal macrobenthic assemblages of the Fal Estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 42: 145-148.
5. American Society for Testing and Materials. 2005. Standard test method for measuring the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants with freshwater invertebrates. E 1706-05e1. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.06. West Conshohocken, PA, pp 1-117.
6. American Society for Testing and Materials. 2008. Standard test method for measuring the toxicity of sediment-associated contaminants with estuarine and marine invertebrates. E 1367-03 (re-approved 2008). In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.06. West Conshohocken, PA, pp 1-62.
7. Kunz PY, Kienle C, Gerhardt A. 2010. Gammarus spp. in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment: Toward integrated multilevel tests. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 205: 1-76.
8. Long ER, MacDonald DD, Smith SL, Calder FD. 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manag 19: 81-97.
9. MacDonald DD, Carr RS, Calder FD, Long ER, Ingersoll CG. 1996. Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 5: 253-278.
10. Wenning RJ, Ingersoll CG, eds. 2002. Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines and Related Tools for the Assessment of Contaminated Sediments. SETAC, Pensacola, FL, USA.
11. Batley GE, Burton GA, Chapman PM, Forbes VE. 2002. Uncertainties in sediment quality weight-of-evidence (WOE) assessments. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 7: 1517-1547.
12. Ingersoll CG, Brunson EL, Dwyer FJ, Hardesty DK, Kemble NE. 1998. Use of sublethal endpoints in sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 1508-1523.
13. Burton GA Jr. 2010. Metal bioavailability and toxicity in sediments. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 40: 852-907.
14. Ford AT, Fernandes TF, Rider SA, Read PA, Robinson CD, Davies IM. 2003. Measuring sublethal impacts of pollution on reproductive output of marine Crustacea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 265: 303-309.
15. Ingersoll CG, Wang N, Hayward JMR, Jones JR, Jones SB, Ireland DS. 2005. A field assessment of long-term laboratory sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Chem 24: 2853-2870.
16. Gale SA, King CK, Hyne RV. 2006. Chronic sublethal sediment toxicity testing using the estuarine amphipod, Melita plumulosa (Zeidler): Evaluation using metal-spiked and field-contaminated sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 25: 1887-1898.
17. Ringenary MJ, Molof AH, Tanacredi JT, Schreibman MP, Kostarelos K. 2007. Long-term sediment bioassay of lead toxicity in two generations of the marine amphipod Elasmopus laevis. Environ Toxicol Chem 26: 1700-1710.
18. Van den Heuvel-Greve M, Postma J, Jol J, Kooman H, Dubbeldam M, Schipper C, Kater B. 2007. A chronic bioassay with the estuarine amphipod Corophium volutator: Test method description and confounding factors. Chemosphere 66: 1301-1309.
19. Mann RM, Hyne RV, Spadaro DA, Simpson SL. 2009. Development and application of a rapid amphipod reproduction test for sediment quality assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 28: 1244-1254.
20. Sundelin B, Eriksson Wiklund A-K, Ford AT. 2008. Biological effects of contaminants: The use of embryo aberrations in amphipod crustaceans for measuring effects of environmental stressors. ICES 41. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
21. Mann RM, Hyne RV, Ascheri LME. 2011. Foraging, feeding and reproduction on silica substrate increases the toxicity of waterborne zinc to the estuarine epibenthic amphipod Melita plumulosa. Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 1649-1658.
22. Forbes VE, Calow P, Sibly RM. 2001. Are current species extrapolation models a good basis for ecological risk assessment? Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 442-447.
23. Borowsky B, Aitken-Ander P, Tanacredi JT. 1993. The effects of low doses of waste crankcase oil on Melita nitida Smith (Crustacea:Amphipoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 166: 39-46.
24. Borowsky B, Aitken-Ander P, Tanacredi JT. 1997. Changes in reproductive morphology and physiology observed in the amphipod crustacean, Melita nitida Smith, maintained in the laboratory on polluted estuarine sediments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 214: 85-95.
25. Zulkosky AM, Ferguson PL, McElroy AE. 2002. Effects of sewage-impacted sediment on reproduction in the benthic crustacean Leptocheirus plumulosus. Mar Environ Res 54: 615-619.
26. Subramoniam T. 2000. Crustacean ecdysteroids in reproduction and embryogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 125: 135-156.
27. Grafen A, Ridley M. 1983. A model of mate guarding. J Theor Biol 102: 549-567.
28. Sainte-Marie B. 1991. A review of the reproductive bionomics of aquatic gammaridean amphipods: Variation of life history traits with latitude, depth, salinity and superfamily. Hydrobiologia 223: 189-227.
29. Borowsky B. 1988. Delaying copulation in the amphipod crustacean Gammarus palustris: Effects on female fecundity and consequences for the frequency of amplexus. Mar Behav Physiol 13: 359-368.
30. Charniaux-Legrand H. 1952. Le cycle d'intermue des amphipodes et ses particularités chez les formes terrestres (Talitridae). Arch Zool Exp Gen 88: 178-204.
31. Martin AL. 1965. The histology of the moulting cycle in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda). J Zool 147: 185-200.
32. Graf F. 1986. Fine determination of the molt cycle stages in Orchestia cavimana Heller (Crustacea:Amphipoda). J Crust Biol 6: 666-678.
33. Graf F, Meyran J-C. 1983. Premolt calcium secretion in midgut posterior caeca of the crustacean Orchestia: Ultrastructure of the epithelium. J Morphol 177: 1-23.
34. Havemann J, Müller U, Berger J, Schwarz H, Gerberding M, Moussian B. 2008. Cuticle differentiation in the embryo of the amphipod crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Cell Tissue Res 332: 359-370.
35. Charniaux-Cotton H, Payen G. 1985. Sexual differentiation. In Bliss DE, Mantel LH, eds, The Biology of Crustacea, Vol 9-Integument, Pigments, and Hormonal Processes. Academic, New York, NY, USA, pp 217-299.
36. Ford AT, Rodgers-Gray TP, Davies IM, Dunn AM, Read PA, Robinson CD, Smith JE, Fernandes TF. 2005. Abnormal gonadal morphology in intersex, Echinogammarus marinus (Amphipoda): A possible cause of reduced fecundity? Mar Biol 147: 913-918.
37. Kruschwitz LG. 1978. Environmental factors controlling reproduction of the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Proc Okla Acad Sci 58: 16-21.
38. Geffard O, Xuereb B, Chaumot A, Geffard A, Biagianti S, Noël C, Abbaci K, Garric J, Charmantier G, Charmantier-Daures M. 2010. Ovarian cycle and embryonic development in Gammarus fossarum: Application for reproductive toxicity assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 29: 2249-2259.
39. Zerbib C. 1980. Ultrastructural observation of oogenesis in the crustacea amphipoda Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas). Tissue Cell 12: 47-62.
40. Charniaux-Cotton H. 1985. Vitellogenesis and its control in malacostracan crustacea. Am Zool 25: 197-206.
41. Hyne RV, Sánchez-Bayo F, Bryan AD, Johnston EL, Mann RM. 2009. Fatty acid composition of the estuarine amphipod, Melita plumulosa (Zeidler): Link between diet and fecundity. Environ Toxicol Chem 28: 123-132.
42. Marsh AG, Tenore KR. 1990. The role of nutrition in regulating the population dynamics of opportunistic, surface deposit feeders in a mesohaline community. Limnol Oceanogr 35: 710-724.
43. Sundelin B, Rosa R, Eriksson Wiklund A-K. 2008. Reproduction disorders in the benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis: An effect of low food resources. Aquat Biol 2: 179-190.
44. Mathieu-Capderou C. 1980. Relation entre la maturation ovocytaire et l'exuviation chez le Crustacè amphipode Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas). C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 290: 1495-1498.
45. Hartnoll RG, Smith SM. 1978. Pair formation and the reproductive cycle in Gammarus duebeni. J Nat Hist 12: 501-511.
46. Sheader M. 1983. The reproductive biology and ecology of Gammarus duebeni (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in southern England. J Mar Biol Ass U K 63: 517-540.
47. Sheader M. 1996. Factors influencing egg size in the gammarid amphipod Gammarus insensibilis. Mar Biol 124: 519-526.
48. Geisler FS. 1944. Studies on the postembryonic development of Hyalella azteca (Saussure). Biol Bull 86: 6-22.
49. Borowsky B. 1991. Patterns of reproduction of some amphipod crustaceans and insights into their stimuli. In Bauer RT, Martin JW, eds, Crustacean Sexual Biology. Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, pp 33-49.
50. Moore PG. 1981. The life histories of the amphipods Lembos websteri Bate and Corophium bonnelii Milne Edwards in kelp holdfasts. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 49: 1-50.
51. Sutcliffe DW. 1992. Reproduction in Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda): Male strategies. Freshwater Forum 3: 97-109.
52. Lemaître J-F, Rigaud T, Cornet S, Bollache L. 2009. Sperm depletion, male mating behaviour and reproductive "time-out" in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Anim Behav 77: 49-54.
53. Dunn AM, Andrews T, Ingrey H, Riley J, Wedell N. 2006. Strategic sperm allocation under parasitic sex-ratio distortion. Biol Lett 2: 78-80.
54. Yang G, Kille P, Ford AT. 2008. Infertility in a marine crustacean: Have we been ignoring pollution impacts on male invertebrates? Aquat Toxicol 88: 81-87.
55. McCurdy DG, Forbes MR, Logan SP, Kopec MT, Mautner SI. 2004. The function significance of intersexes in the intertidal amphipod Corophium volutator. J Crust Biol 24: 261-265.
56. Sexton EW. 1935. Fertilisation of successive broods of Gammarus chevruui. Nature 136: 477.
57. Borowsky B. 1987. The effects of embryos of different developmental stages on reproductive behavior and physiology in brooding females of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus palustris. Biol Bull 172: 155-160.
58. Borowsky B. 1980. The physiological control of reproduction in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Crustacea: Amphipoa). J Exp Zool 213: 399-403.
59. Borowsky B, Borowsky R. 1987. The reproductive behaviors of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus palustris (Bousfield) and some insights into the nature of their stimuli. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 107: 131-144.
60. Iribarne O, Fernandez M, Armstrong D. 1995. Precopulatory guarding-time of the male amphipod Eogammarus oclairi: Effect of population structure. Mar Biol 124: 219-223.
61. Mills EL. 1967. The biology of an ampeliscid amphipod crustacean sibling species pair. J Fish Res Board Can 24: 305-355.
62. Fish JD, Mills A. 1979. The reproductive biology of Corophium volutator and C. arenarium (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J Mar Biol Assoc U K 59: 355-368.
63. Borowsky B. 1980. The pattern of tube-sharing in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Anim Behav 28: 790-797.
64. Forbes MR, Boates JS, McNeil NL, Brison AE. 1996. Mate searching by males of the intertidal amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas). Can J Zool 74: 1479-1484.
65. Krång A-S, Baden SP. 2004. The ability of the amphipod Corophium volutator (Pallas) to follow chemical signals from con-specifics. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 310: 195-206.
66. Bauer RT. 1986. Phylogenetic trends in sperm transfer and storage complexity in decapod crustaceans. J Crust Biol 6: 313-325.
67. Hess GS, Bauer RT. 2002. Spermatophore transfer in the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Crustacea, Anomura, Diogenidae). J Morphol 253: 166-175.
68. Hastings MH. 1981. Intersex specimens of the amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis (Costa). Crustaceana 41: 199-205.
69. Reger JF, Fain-Maurel M-C. 1973. A comparative study on the origin, distribution, and fine structure of extracellular tubules in the male reproductive system of species of isopods, amphipods, schizopods, copepods, and cumacea. J Ultrastruct Res 44: 235-252.
70. Sundelin B, Eriksson A-K. 1998. Malformations in embryos of the deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis in the Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 171: 165-180.
71. Reger JF. 1966. A comparative study on the fine structure of developing spermatozoa in the isopod, Oniscus asellus, and the amphipod, Orchestoidea sp. Z Zellforschung 75: 579-590.
72. Williamson DI. 1951. On the mating and breeding of some semi-terrestrial amphipods. King's College Dove Marine Laboratory Report. Series 3, 12:49-62. Cullercoats, Northumberland, United Kingdom.
73. Blanchard RE, Lewin RA, Philpott DE. 1960. Fine structure of sperm tails of isopods. Crustaceana 2: 16-22.
74. Power R, Moore PG. 1991. The breeding cycles of females of seven species of amphipod (Crustacea) from the Clyde Sea area. J Nat Hist 25: 435-479.
75. Steele DH. 1967. The life cycle of the marine amphipod Stegocephalus inflatus Krøyer in the northwest Atlantic. Can J Zool 45: 623-628.
76. Chan S-M, Gu P-L, Chu K-H, Tobe SS. 2003. Crustacean neuropeptide genes of the CHH/MIH/GIH family: Implications from molecular studies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 134: 214-219.
77. Bliss DE, Welsh JH. 1952. The neurosecretory system of brachyuran crustacea. Biol Bull 103: 157-169.
78. Charniaux-Cotton H, Payen G. 1988. Crustacean reproduction. In Laufer H, Downer RGH, eds, Endocrinology of Selected Invertebrate Types. Alan R. Liss, New York, NY, USA, pp 279-303.
79. Dahl E. 1965. Frontal organs and protocerebral neurosecretory systems in crustacea and insecta. Gen Comp Endocrinol 5: 614-617.
80. Baid IC, Dabbagh SA. 1972. On the neurosecretory system of Rivulogammarus syriacus Chevreux. Biol Bull 142: 370-384.
81. LeBlanc GA. 2007. Crustacean endocrine toxicology: A review. Ecotoxicology 16: 61-81.
82. Rodríguez EM, Medesani DA, Fingerman M. 2007. Endocrine disruption in crustaceans due to pollutants: A review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 146: 661-671.
83. Mazurová E, Hilscherová K, Triebskorn R, Köhler H-R, Maršálek B, Bláha L. 2008. Endocrine regulation of the reproduction in crustaceans: Identification of potential targets for toxicants and environmental contaminants. Biologia 63: 139-150.
84. De Kleijn DPV, Van Herp F. 1995. Molecular biology of neurohormone precursors in the eyestalk of crustacea. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 112: 573-579.
85. Gabe M. 1953. Sur l'éxistence, chez quelque crustacés malacostracés, d'un organe comparable à la glande de la mue des insectes. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 237: 1111-1113.
86. Lachaise A, Le Roux A, Hubert M, Lafont R. 1993. The molting gland of crustaceans: Localization, activity, and endocrine control (a review). J Crust Biol 13: 198-234.
87. Merzendorfer H, Zimoch L. 2003. Chitin metabolism in insects: Structure, function and regulation of chitin synthases and chitinases. J. Exp Biol 206: 4393-4412.
88. Blanchet M-F. 1972. Effect sur la mue et sur la vitellogenèse de la beta ecdysone introduite aux étapes A et D2 du cycle d'intermue chez Orchestia gammarella Pallas (Crustacé Amphipode). Comparasion avec les effets de la beta et de l'alpha ecdysone aux autres étapes de l'intermue. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 274: 3015-3018.
89. Blanchet-Tournier M-F. 1982. Some aspects of hormonal interactions between molting and vitellogenesis in Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Reprod Nutr Dev 22: 325-344.
90. Graf F, Delbecque JP. 1987. Ecdysteroid titers during the molt cycle of Orchestia cavimana (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Gen Comp Endocrinol 65: 23-33.
91. Meusy J-J, Blanchet M-F, Junera H. 1977. Mue et vitellogenèse chez le crustacé amphipode Orchestia gammarella Pallas. II. Etude de la synthèse de la vitellogénine ("fraction protéique femelle" de l'hémolymphe) après destruction des organes Y. Gen Comp Endocrinol 33: 35-40.
92. Block DS, Bejarano AC, Chandler GT. 2003. Ecdysteroid concentrations through various life-stages of the meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis and the benthic estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 132: 151-160.
93. Croisille Y, Junéra H. 1980. Recherche du lieu de synthèse de la vitellogénine chez le crustacé amphipode Orchestia gammarella (Pallas). Démonstration, à l'aide d'anticorps spécifiques, de la présence de la vitellogénine dans le tissu adipeux sous-épidermique des femelles en vitellogenèse secondaire. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 290: 1487-1490 [English summary].
94. Meusy J-J, Zerbib C, Dacheux F, Dubois MP. 1983. Subcellular localization of vitellogenin in crustacean adipocytes by the unlabelled antibody enzyme method. Tissue Cell 15: 301-310.
95. Junéra H, Zerbib C, Martin M, Meusy J-J. 1977. Evidence for control of vitellogenin synthesis by an ovarian hormone in Orchestia gammarella (Pallas), Crustacea; Amphipoda. Gen Comp Endocrinol 31: 457-462.
96. Charniaux-Cotton H. 1954. Découverte chez un Crustacé Amphipode (Orchestia gammarella) d'une glande endocrine responsable de la différenciation de caractères sexuels primaires et secondaires mâles. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 239: 780-782.
97. Hasegawa Y, Hirose E, Katakura Y. 1993. Hormonal control of sexual differentiation and reproduction in crustacea. Am Zool 33: 403-411.
98. Martin G, Sorokine O, Moniatte M, Bulet P, Hetru C, Van Dorsselaer A. 1999. The structure of a glycosylated protein hormone responsible for sex determination in the isopod, Armadillidium vulgare. Eur J Biochem 262: 727-736.
99. Rodgers-Gray TP, Smith JE, Ashcroft AE, Isaac RE, Dunn AM. 2004. Mechanisms of parasite-induced sex reversal in Gammarus duebeni. Int J Parasitol 34: 747-753.
100. Le Roux A. 1968. Description d'organes mandibulaires nouveaux chez les crustacés décapodes. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser D 266: 1414-1417.
101. Laufer H, Borst D, Baker FC, Carrasco C, Sinkus M, Rueter CC, Tsai LW, Schooley DA. 1987. Identification of a juvenile hormone-like compound in a crustacean. Science 235: 202-205.
102. Homola E, Chang ES. 1997. Methyl farnesoate: Crustacean juvenile hormone in search of functions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 117: 347-356.
103. Wainwright G, Webster SG, Wilkinson MC, Chung JS, Rees HH. 1996. Structure and significance of mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone in the crab, Cancer pagurus. J Biol Chem 271: 12749-12754.
104. Laufer H, Biggers WJ. 2001. Unifying concepts learned from methyl farnesoate for invertebrate reproduction and post-embryonic development. Am Zool 41: 442-457.
105. Mak ASC, Choi CL, Tiu SHK, Hui JHL, He J-G, Tobe SS, Chan S-M. 2005. Vitellogenesis in the red crab Charybdis feriatus: Hepatopancreas-specific expression and farnesoic acid stimulation of vitellogenin gene expression. Mol Reprod Dev 70: 288-300.
106. Kalavathy Y, Mamatha P, Reddy PS. 1999. Methyl farnesoate stimulates testicular growth in the freshwater crab Oziotelphusa senex senex fabricius. Naturwissenschaften 86: 394-395.
107. Olmstead AW, LeBlanc GA. 2002. Juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate is a sex determinant in the crustacean Daphnia magna. J Exp Zool 293: 736-739.
108. Sundelin B, Ryk C, Malmberg G. 2000. Effects on the sexual maturation of the sediment-living amphipod Monoporeia affinis. Environ Toxicol 15: 518-526.
109. Ford A, Fernandes TF, Rider SA, Read PA, Robinson CD, Davies IM. 2004. Endocrine disruption in a marine amphipod? Field observations of intersexuality and de-masculinisation. Mar Environ Res 58: 169-173.
110. Mu X, Leblanc GA. 2004. Synergistic interaction of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Model development using an ecdysone receptor antagonist and a hormone synthesis inhibitor. Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 1085-1091.
111. Williams DR, Fisher MJ, Rees HH. 2000. Characterization of ecdysteroid 26-hydroxylase: An enzyme involved in molting hormone inactivation. Arch Biochem Biophys 376: 389-398.
112. Nakanishi K. 1992. Past and present studies with ponasterones, the first insect molting hormones from plants. Steroids 57: 649-657.
113. Chang ES, Mykles DL. 2011. Regulation of crustacean molting: A review and our perspectives. Gen Comp Endocrinol 172: 323-330.
114. Jacobson T, Sundelin B. 2006. Reproductive effects of the endocrine disruptor fenarimol on a Baltic amphipod Monoporeia affinis. Environ Toxicol Chem 25: 1126-1131.
115. Schirling M, Jungmann D, Ladewig V, Nagel R, Triebskorn R, Köhler H-R. 2005. Endocrine effects in Gammarus fossarum (Amphipoda): Influence of wastewater effluents, temporal variability, and spatial aspects on natural populations. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 49: 53-61.
116. Gross MY, Maycock DS, Thorndyke MC, Morritt D, Crane M. 2001. Abnormalities in sexual development of the amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) found below sewage treatments work. Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 1792-1797.
117. Matthiessen P, Allen Y, Bamber S, Craft J, Hurst M, Hutchinson T, Feist S, Katsiadaki I, Kirby M, Robinson C, Scott S, Thain J, Thomas K. 2002. The impact of oestrogenic and androgenic contamination on marine organisms in the United Kingdom-Summary of the EDMAR programme. Mar Environ Res 54: 645-649.
118. Kato Y, Kobayashi K, Oda S, Tatarazako N, Watanabe H, Iguchi T. 2007. Cloning and characterization of the ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle protein from the water flea Daphnia magna. J Endocrinol 193: 183-194.
119. Cronauer MV, Braun S, Tremmel C, Kröncke K-D, Spindler-Barth M. 2007. Nuclear localization and DNA binding of ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 65: 125-133.
120. Predki PF, Sarkar B. 1992. Effect of replacement of "zinc finger" zinc on estrogen receptor DNA interactions. J Biol Chem 267: 5842-5846.
121. Quintal SM, dePaula QA, Farrell NP. 2011. Zinc finger proteins as templates for metal ion exchange and ligand reactivity. Chemical and biological consequences. Metallomics 3: 121-139.
122. Hannas BR, LeBlanc GA. 2010. Expression and ecdysteroid responsiveness of the nuclear receptors HR3 and E75 in the crustacean Daphnia magna. Mol Cell Endocrinol 315: 208-218.
123. Gagné F, Blaise C, Pellerin J. 2005. Altered exoskeleton composition and vitellogenesis in the crustacean Gammarus sp. collected at polluted sites in the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada. Environ Res 98: 89-99.
124. Espie PJ, Roff JC. 1995. Characterization of chitobiase from Daphnia magna and its relation to chitin flux. Physiol Zool 68: 727-748.
125. Zou E, Fingerman M. 1999. Chitobiase activities in the epidermis and hepatopancreas of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, during the molting cycle. Mar Biol 133: 97-101.
126. Zou E, Fingerman M. 1999. Patterns of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase isoenzymes in the epidermis and hepatopancreas and induction of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity by 20-hydroxyecdysone in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 124: 345-349.
127. Tokishita S, Kato Y, Kobayashi T, Nakamura S, Ohta T, Yamagata H. 2006. Organization and repression by juvenile hormone of a vitellogenin gene cluster in the crustacean, Daphnia magna. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345: 362-370.
128. Hannas HR, Wang YH, Thomson S, Kwon G, Li H, LeBlanc GA. 2011. Regulation and dysregulation of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in daphnids (Daphnia magna). Aquat Toxicol 101: 351-357.
129. Xuereb B, Bezin L, Chaumot A, Budzinski H, Augagneur S, Tutundjian R, Garric J, Geffard O. 2011. Vitellogenin-like gene expression in freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1835): Functional characterization in females and potential for use as an endocrine disruption biomarker in males. Ecotoxicology 20: 1286-1299.
130. Simon R, Jubeaux G, Chaumot A, Lemoine J, Geffard O, Salvador A. 2010. Mass spectrometry assay as an alternative to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for biomarker quantitation in ecotoxicology: Application to vitellogenin in Crustacea (Gammarus fossarum). J Chromatogr A 1217: 5109-5115.
131. Ford AT, Sambles C, Kille P. 2008. Intersexuality in crustaceans: Genetic, individual and population level effects. Mar Environ Res 66: 146-148.
132. Dowling VA, Sheehan D. 2006. Proteomics as a route to identification of toxicity targets in environmental toxicology. Proteomics 6: 5597-5604.
133. Nesatyy VJ, Suter MJ-F. 2007. Proteomics for the analysis of environmental stress responses in organisms. Environ Sci Technol 41: 6891-6900.
134. Sanchez BC, Ralston-Hooper K, Sepúlveda MS. 2011. Review of recent proteomic applications in aquatic toxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 274-282.
135. Leroy D, Haubruge E, De Pauw E, Thomé JP, Francis F. 2010. Development of ecotoxicoproteomics on the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex: Identification of PCB biomarkers in glycolysis and glutamate pathways. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73: 343-352.
136. Ponton F, Lefevre T, Lebarbenchon C, Thomas F, Loxdale HD, Marché L, Renault L, Perrot-Minnot MJ, Biron DG. 2006. Do distantly related parasites rely on the same proximate factors to alter the behaviour of their hosts? Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 273: 2869-2877.
137. Ralston-Hooper KJ, Sanchez BC, Adamec J, Sepúlveda MS. 2011. Proteomics in aquatic amphipods: Can it be used to determine mechanisms of toxicity and interspecies responses after exposure to atrazine? Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 1197-1203.
138. Swartz RC, Cole FA, Lamberson JO, Ferraro SP, Schults DW, DeBen WA, Lee H, Ozretich RJ. 1994. Sediment toxicity, contamination and amphipod abundance at a DDT- and dieldrin-contaminated site in San Francisco Bay. Environ Toxicol Chem 13: 949-962.
139. Long ER, Hong CB, Severn CG. 2001. Relationships between acute sediment toxicity in laboratory tests and abundance and diversity of benthic infauna in marine sediments: A review. Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 46-60.
140. McGee BL, Fisher DJ, Wright DA, Yonkos LT, Ziegler GP, Turley SD, Farrar JD, Moore DW, Bridges TS. 2004. A field test and comparison of acute and chronic sediment toxicity tests with the estuarine amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 1751-1761.
141. Chapman PM, Ho KT, Munns WR Jr, Solomon K, Weinstein MP. 2002. Issues in sediment toxicity and ecological risk assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 44: 271-278.