Tissue Engineering for Skin Transplantation

Tissue Engineering

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 507-532

  Price, Richard ^a   Anthony, Edwin ^b   Myers, Simon ^a   Navsaria, Harshad ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 81155154048     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-370869-4.00017-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Anthony E.T., Syed M., et al. The development of novel dermal matrices for cutaneous wound repair. Drug Discov Today 2006, 3:81-86.
2. Aubock J., Irschick E., et al. Rejection, after a slightly prolonged survival time, of Langerhans cell-free allogeneic cultured epidermis used for wound coverage in humans. Transplantation 1988, 45:730-737.
3. Badiavas E., Mehta P.P., et al. Retrovirally mediated gene transfer in a skin equivalent model of chronic wounds. J Dermatol Sci 1996, 13:56-62.
4. Barnes D., Sato G. Methods for growth of cultured cells in serum-free medium. Anal Biochem 1980, 102:255-270.
5. Bauer F.W., Grood R.M. Impulse cytophotometry in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1975, 93:225-227.
6. Bell E., Ivarsson B., et al. Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979, 76:1274-1278.
7. Bell E., Ehrlich H.P., et al. Living tissue formed in vitro and accepted as skin-equivalent tissue of full thickness. Science 1981, 211:1052-1054.
8. Bell E., Sher S., et al. The reconstitution of living skin. J Invest Dermatol 1983, 81(1 Suppl):2s-10s.
9. Berry D.P., Harding K.G., et al. Human wound contraction: collagen organization, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998, 102:124-131. discussion 132-134.
10. Bianco P., Robey P.G. Stem cells in tissue engineering. Nature 2001, 414:118-121.
11. Billingham R.E., Reynolds J. Transplantation studies on sheets of pure epidermal epithelium and on epidermal cell suspensions. Br J Plast Surg 1952, 5:25-36.
12. Blight A., Mountford E.M., et al. Treatment of full skin thickness burn injury using cultured epithelial grafts. Burns 1991, 17:495-498.
13. Boyce S.T., Ham R.G. Calcium-regulated differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in chemically defined clonal culture and serum-free serial culture. J Invest Dermatol 1983, 81(1 Suppl):33s-40s.
14. Boyce S.T., Hansbrough J.F. Biologic attachment, growth, and differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes on a graftable collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate substrate. Surgery 1988, 103:421-431.
15. Boyce S.T., Glatter R., et al. Case studies: treatment of chronic wounds with cultured skin substitutes. Ostomy Wound Manage 1995, 41:26-28. 30, 32 passim.
16. Boyce S.T., Goretsky M.J., et al. Comparative assessment of cultured skin substitutes and native skin autograft for treatment of full-thickness burns. Ann Surg 1995, 222:743-752.
17. Brain A., Purkis P., et al. Survival of cultured allogeneic keratinocytes transplanted to deep dermal bed assessed with probe specific for Y chromosome. Br Med J 1989, 298:917-919.
18. Brem H., Balledux J., et al. Healing of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers with human skin equivalent: a new paradigm in wound healing. Arch Surg 2000, 135:627-634.
19. Briggaman R.A., Wheeler C.E. Epidermal-dermal interactions in adult human skin: role of dermis in epidermal maintenance. J Invest Dermatol 1968, 51:454-465.
20. Bruce S.A., Deamond S.F. Longitudinal study of in vivo wound repair and in vitro cellular senescence of dermal fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 1991, 26:17-27.
21. Burke J.F., Quinby W.C., et al. 1981 - approach to burn therapy. Surg Annu 1981, 13:1-14.
22. Burke J.F., Yannas I.V., et al. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg 1981, 194:413-428.
23. Burt A.M., Pallett C.D., et al. Survival of cultured allografts in patients with burns assessed with probe specific for Y chromosome. Br Med J 1989, 298:915-917.
24. Carver N., Leigh I.M. Keratinocyte grafts and skin equivalents. Int J Dermatol 1991, 30:540-551.
25. Carver N., Navsaria H.A., et al. Acute rejection of cultured keratinocyte allografts in nonimmunosuppressed pigs. Transplantation 1991, 52:918-921.
26. Carver N., Navsaria H.A., et al. Restoration of basement membrane structure in pigs following keratinocyte autografting. Br J Plast Surg 1993, 46:384-392.
27. Chen W.Y., Abatangelo G. Functions of hyaluronan in wound repair. Wound Repair Regen 1999, 7:79-89.
28. Coleman C., Tuan T.L., et al. Contractility, transforming growth factor-beta, and plasmin in fetal skin fibroblasts: role in scarless wound healing. Pediatr Res 1998, 43:403-409.
29. Compton C.C., Gill J.M., et al. Skin regenerated from cultured epithelial autografts on full-thickness burn wounds from 6 days to 5 years after grafting. A light, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Lab Invest 1989, 60:600-612.
30. Cooper M.L., Hansbrough J.F., et al. In vivo optimization of a living dermal substitute employing cultured human fibroblasts on a biodegradable polyglycolic acid or polyglactin mesh. Biomaterials 1991, 12:243-248.
31. Coulomb B., Friteau L., et al. Advantage of the presence of living dermal fibroblasts within in vitro reconstructed skin for grafting in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998, 101:1891-1903.
32. Cruickshank C.N., Cooper J.R., et al. The cultivation of cells from adult epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1960, 34:339-342.
33. Cuono C.B., Langdon R., et al. Use of cultured epidermal autografts and dermal allografts as skin replacement after burn injury. Lancet 1986, i:1123-1124.
34. Cuono C.B., Langdon R., et al. Composite autologous-allogeneic skin replacement: development and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987, 80:626-637.
35. Das S.K., Brantley S.K., et al. Wound tensile strength in the hairless guinea pig following irradiation with pure ultraviolet-A light. Br J Plast Surg 1991, 44:509-513.
36. De Luca M., Albanese E., et al. Multicentre experience in the treatment of burns with autologous and allogenic cultured epithelium, fresh or preserved in a frozen state. Burns 1989, 15:303-309.
37. De Luca M., Bondanza S., et al. Permanent coverage of full skin thickness burns with autologous cultured epidermis and reepithelialization of partial skin thickness lesions induced by allogeneic cultured epidermis: a multicentre study in the treatment of children. Burns 1992, 18(Suppl 1):S16-S19.
38. De Vries H.J., Middelkoop E., et al. Stromal cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue seeded in a native collagen/elastin dermal substitute reduce wound contraction in full thickness skin defects. Lab Invest 1995, 73:532-540.
39. De Vries H.J., Zeegelaar J.E., et al. Reduced wound contraction and scar formation in punch biopsy wounds. Native collagen dermal substitutes. A clinical study. Br J Dermatol 1995, 132:690-697.
40. Demarchez M., Asselineau D., et al. Migration of Langerhans cells into the epidermis of human skin grafted into nude mice. J Invest Dermatol 1992, 99:54S-55S.
41. Desmouliere A. Factors influencing myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing and fibrosis. Cell Biol Int 1995, 19:471-476.
42. Donati L., Magliacani G., et al. Clinical experiences with keratinocyte grafts. Burns 1992, 18(Suppl 1):S19-S26.
43. Eaglstein W.H., Iriondo M., et al. A composite skin substitute (graftskin) for surgical wounds. A clinical experience. Dermatol Surg 1995, 21:839-843.
44. Earle W.R., Bryant J.C., et al. Certain factors limiting the size of the tissue culture and the development of massive cultures. Ann NY Acad Sci 1954, 58:1000-1011.
45. Eldad A., Burt A., et al. Cultured epithelium as a skin substitute. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1987, 13:173-180.
46. Ernesti A.M., Swiderek M., et al. Absorption and metabolism of topically applied testosterone in an organotypic skin culture. Skin Pharmacol 1992, 5:146-153.
47. Fahmy F.S., Navsaria H.A., et al. Skin graft storage and keratinocyte viability. Br J Plast Surg 1993, 46:292-295.
48. Falanga V., Margolis D., et al. Rapid healing of venous ulcers and lack of clinical rejection with an allogeneic cultured human skin equivalent. Human Skin Equivalent Investigators Group. Arch Dermatol 1998, 134:293-300.
49. Faure M., Mauduit G., et al. Growth and differentiation of human epidermal cultures used as auto- and allografts in humans. Br J Dermatol 1987, 116:161-170.
50. Franzi A.T., D'Anna F., et al. Histological evaluation of human cultured epithelium before and after grafting. Burns 1992, 18(Suppl 1):S26-S31.
51. Fratianne R., Papay F., et al. Keratinocyte allografts accelerate healing of split-thickness donor sites: applications for improved treatment of burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1993, 14(2 Pt 1):148-154.
52. Freeman A.E., Igel H.J., et al. Growth and characterization of human skin epithelial cell cultures. In vitro 1976, 12:352-362.
53. Gallico G.G. Biologic skin substitutes. Clin Plast Surg 1990, 17:519-526.
54. Gallico G.G., O'Connor N.E., et al. Permanent coverage of large burn wounds with autologous cultured human epithelium. N Engl J Med 1984, 311:448-451.
55. Gallico G.G., O'Connor N.E., et al. Cultured epithelial autografts for giant congenital nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989, 84:1-9.
56. Gilchrest B.A. In vitro assessment of keratinocyte aging. J Invest Dermatol 1983, 81(1 Suppl):184s-189s.
57. Granstein R.D., Smith L., et al. Prolongation of murine skin allograft survival by the systemic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). J Invest Dermatol 1987, 88:424-429.
58. Green H., Kehinde O., et al. Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979, 76:5665-5668.
59. Green H., Rheinwald J.G., et al. Properties of an epithelial cell type in culture: the epidermal keratinocyte and its dependence on products of the fibroblast. Prog Clin Biol Res 1977, 17:493-500.
60. Hankins C.L., Tang X.Q., et al. Hot beverage burns: an 11-year experience of the Yorkshire Regional Burns Centre. Burns 2006, 32:87-91.
61. Hansbrough J.F., Boyce S.T., et al. Burn wound closure with cultured autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts attached to a collagen-glycosaminoglycan substrate. J Am Med Ass 1989, 262:2125-2130.
62. Hansbrough J.F., Cooper M.L., et al. Evaluation of a biodegradable matrix containing cultured human fibroblasts as a dermal replacement beneath meshed skin grafts on athymic mice. Surgery 1992, 111:438-446.
63. Hansbrough J.F., Dore C., et al. Clinical trials of a living dermal tissue replacement placed beneath meshed, split-thickness skin grafts on excised burn wounds. J Burn Care Rehabil 1992, 13:519-529.
64. Hansbrough J.F., Morgan J., et al. Evaluation of Graftskin composite grafts on full-thickness wounds on athymic mice. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994, 15:346-353.
65. Harris P.A., Leigh I.M., et al. Pre-confluent keratinocyte grafting: the future for cultured skin replacements?. Burns 1998, 24:591-593.
66. Harvima I.T., Virnes S., et al. Cultured allogeneic skin cells are effective in the treatment of chronic diabetic leg and foot ulcers. Acta Derm Venereol 1999, 79:217-220.
67. Hasan A., Murata H., et al. Dermal fibroblasts from venous ulcers are unresponsive to the action of transforming growth factor-beta 1. J Dermatol Sci 1997, 16:59-66.
68. Hasselgren P.O. Burns and metabolism. J Am Coll Surg 1999, 188:98-103.
69. He C., Hughes M.A., et al. Effects of chronic wound fluid on the bioactivity of platelet-derived growth factor in serum-free medium and its direct effect on fibroblast growth. Wound Repair Regen 1999, 7:97-105.
70. Heck E.L., Bergstresser P.R., et al. Composite skin graft: frozen dermal allografts support the engraftment and expansion of autologous epidermis. J Trauma 1985, 25:106-112.
71. Hefton J.M., Amberson J.B., et al. Loss of HLA-DR expression by human epidermal cells after growth in culture. J Invest Dermatol 1984, 83:48-50.
72. Hehenberger K., Heilborn J.D., et al. Inhibited proliferation of fibroblasts derived from chronic diabetic wounds and normal dermal fibroblasts treated with high glucose is associated with increased formation of L-lactate. Wound Repair Regen 1998, 6:135-141.
73. Heimbach D., Luterman A., et al. Artificial dermis for major burns. A multi-center randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 1988, 208:313-320.
74. Heimbach D.M., Warden G.D., et al. Multicenter postapproval clinical trial of Integra dermal regeneration template for burn treatment. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003, 24:42-48.
75. Hennings H., Michael D., et al. Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of mouse epidermal cells in culture. Cell 1980, 19:245-254.
76. Higgins C.R., Navsaria H., et al. Use of two stage keratinocyte-dermal grafting to treat the separation site in conjoined twins. J R Soc Med 1994, 87:108-109.
77. Hollander D., Stein M., et al. Autologous keratinocytes cultured on benzylester hyaluronic acid membranes in the treatment of chronic full-thickness ulcers. J Wound Care 1999, 8:351-355.
78. Horch R.E., Bannasch H., et al. Single-cell suspensions of cultured human keratinocytes in fibrin-glue reconstitute the epidermis. Cell Transplant 1998, 7:309-317.
79. Jackson D.M. The diagnosis of the depth of burning. Br J Surg 1953, 40:588-596.
80. Jones I., James S.E., et al. Upward migration of cultured autologous keratinocytes in Integra artificial skin: a preliminary report. Wound Repair Regen 2003, 11:132-138.
81. Kaiser H.W., Stark G.B., et al. Cultured autologous keratinocytes in fibrin glue suspension, exclusively and combined with STS-allograft (preliminary clinical and histological report of a new technique). Burns 1994, 20:23-29.
82. Kangesu T., Navsaria H.A., et al. Kerato-dermal grafts: the importance of dermis for the in vivo growth of cultured keratinocytes. Br J Plast Surg 1993, 46:401-409.
83. Karasek M.A. Growth and differentiation of transplanted epithelial cell cultures. J Invest Dermatol 1968, 51:247-252.
84. Kirsner R.S. The use of Apligraf in acute wounds. J Dermatol 1998, 25:805-811.
85. Lamme E.N., de Vries H.J., et al. Extracellular matrix characterization during healing of full-thickness wounds treated with a collagen/elastin dermal substitute shows improved skin regeneration in pigs. J Histochem Cytochem 1996, 44:1311-1322.
86. Lamme E.N., van Leeuwen R.T., et al. Living skin substitutes: survival and function of fibroblasts seeded in a dermal substitute in experimental wounds. J Invest Dermatol 1998, 111:989-995.
87. Landeen L.K., Zeigler F.C., et al. Characterization of a human dermal replacement. Wounds 1992, 4:167-175.
88. Langdon J.D., Leigh I.M., et al. Autologous oral keratinocyte grafts in the mouth. Lancet 1990, 335:1472-1473.
89. Lattari V., Jones L.M., et al. The use of a permanent dermal allograft in full-thickness burns of the hand and foot: a report of three cases. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997, 18:147-155.
90. Leigh I.M., Purkis P.E., et al. Treatment of chronic venous ulcers with sheets of cultured allogenic keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 1987, 117:591-597.
91. Lofts J.A. Cost analysis of a major burn. NZ Med J 1991, 104:488-490.
92. Marston W.A., Carlin R.E., et al. Healing rates and cost efficacy of outpatient compression treatment for leg ulcers associated with venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 1999, 30:491-498.
93. Maruguchi T., Maruguchi Y., et al. A new skin equivalent: keratinocytes proliferated and differentiated on collagen sponge containing fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994, 93:537-544. discussion 545-546.
94. McGrath J.A., Schofield O.M., et al. Cultured keratinocyte allografts and wound healing in severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993, 29:407-419.
95. McManus W.F., Pruitt B.A. Thermal injuries. Trauma 1996, 937-949. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT. D.V. Feliciano, E.E. Moore, K.L. Mattox (Eds.).
96. Michel M., Torok N., et al. Keratin 19 as a biochemical marker of skin stem cells in vivo and in vitro: keratin 19 expressing cells are differentially localized in function of anatomic sites, and their number varies with donor age and culture stage. J Cell Sci 1996, 109:1017-1028.
97. Moiemen N.S., Staiano J.J., et al. Reconstructive surgery with a dermal regeneration template: clinical and histologic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 108:93-103.
98. Morhenn V.B., Benike C.J., et al. Cultured human epidermal cells do not synthesize HLA-DR. J Investig Dermatol 1982, 78:32-37.
99. Morrell C.J., Walters S.J., et al. Cost effectiveness of community leg ulcer clinics: randomized controlled trial. Br Med J 1998, 316:1487-1491.
100. Myers S., Navsaria H., et al. Transplantation of keratinocytes in the treatment of wounds. Am J Surg 1995, 170:75-83.
101. Myers S.R., Grady J., et al. A hyaluronic acid membrane delivery system for cultured keratinocytes: clinical take rates in the porcine kerato-dermal model. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997, 18:214-222.
102. Myers S.R., Machesney M.R., et al. Skin storage. Br Med J 1996, 313:439.
103. Naughton G., Mansbridge J., et al. A metabolically active human dermal replacement for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Artif Organs 1997, 21:1203-1210.
104. Nguyen T.T., Gilpin D.A., et al. Current treatment of severely burned patients. Ann Surg 1996, 223:14-25.
105. Nuzzo I., Sanges M.R., et al. Apoptosis of human keratinocytes after bacterial invasion. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000, 27:235-240.
106. O'Connor N., Mulliken J., et al. Grafting of burns with cultured epithelium prepared from autologous epidermal cells. Lancet 1981, 317:75-78.
107. Odessey R. Addendum: multicenter experience with cultured epidermal autograft for treatment of burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1992, 13:174-180.
108. Okamoto E., Kitano Y. Expression of basement membrane components in skin equivalents - influence of dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 1993, 5:81-88.
109. Ossevoort M.A., Lorre K., et al. Prolonged skin graft survival by administration of anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody with cyclosporin A. J Immunother 1999, 22:381-389.
110. Ozcan G., Shenaq S., et al. Ultraviolet-A induced delayed wound contraction and decreased collagen content in healing wounds and implant capsules. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993, 92:480-484.
111. Paddle-Ledinek J.E., Cruickshank D.G., et al. Skin replacement by cultured keratinocyte grafts: an Australian experience. Burns 1997, 23:204-211.
112. Pandya A.N., Woodward B., et al. The use of cultured autologous keratinocytes with integra in the resurfacing of acute burns. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998, 102:825-858. discussion 829-930.
113. Parenteau N.L., Nolte C.M., et al. Epidermis generated in vitro: practical considerations and applications. J Cell Biochem 1991, 45:245-251.
114. Parenteau N.L., Bilbo P., et al. The organotypic culture of human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts to achieve form and function. Cytotechnology 1992, 9:163-171.
115. Pellegrini G., Dellambra E., et al. p63 identifies keratinocyte stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:3156-3161.
116. Penneys N.S., Fulton J.E., et al. Location of proliferating cells in human epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1970, 101:323-327.
117. Perry V.P., Evans V.J., et al. Long-term tissue culture of human skin. Am J Hyg 1956, 63:52-58.
118. Petri J.B., Schurk S., et al. Cyclosporine A delays wound healing and apoptosis and suppresses activin beta-A expression in rats. Eur J Dermatol 1998, 8:104-113.
119. Pittelkow M.R., Scott R.E. New techniques for the in vitro culture of human skin keratinocytes and perspectives on their use for grafting of patients with extensive burns. Mayo Clin Proc 1986, 61:771-777.
120. Premachandra D.J., Woodward B.M., et al. Treatment of postoperative otorrhoea by grafting of mastoid cavities with cultured autologous epidermal cells. Lancet 1990, 335:365-367.
121. Pruniéras M., Mathivon M.F., et al. Euploid culture of adult epidermal cells in monocellular layers. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1965, 108:149-165.
122. Pruniéras M., Régnier M., et al. Nouveau procédé de culture des cellules épidermiques humaines sur derme homologue ou hétérologue: préparation de greffons recombinés. Ann Chir Plast 1983, (Suppl):28s-33s.
123. Puck T.T., Marcus P.I., et al. Clonal growth of mammalian cells in vitro; growth characteristics of colonies from single HeLa cells with and without a feeder layer. J Exp Med 1956, 103:273-283.
124. Reagan B.J., Madden M.R., et al. Analysis of cellular and decellular allogeneic dermal grafts for the treatment of full-thickness wounds in a porcine model. J Trauma 1997, 43:458-466.
125. Regan M.C., Kirk S.J., et al. The wound environment as a regulator of fibroblast phenotype. J Surg Res 1991, 50:442-448.
126. Rennekampff H.O., Hansbrough J.F., et al. Wound closure with human keratinocytes cultured on a polyurethane dressing overlaid on a cultured human dermal replacement. Surgery 1996, 120:16-22.
127. Rheinwald J.G., Green H. Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma. Cell 1975, 6:317-330.
128. Rheinwald J.G., Green H. Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Nature 1977, 265:421-424.
129. Rigal C., Pieraggi M.-T., et al. Healing of full-thickness cutaneous wounds in the pig. I. Immunohistochemical study of epidermo-dermal junction regeneration. J Invest Dermatal, 1991, 96:777-785.
130. Robbins P.B., Lin Q., et al. In vivo restoration of laminin 5 beta 3 expression and function in junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:5193-5198.
131. Romagnoli G., De Luca M., et al. Treatment of posterior hypospadias by the autologous graft of cultured urethral epithelium. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:527-530.
132. Rose J.K., Herndon D.N. Advances in the treatment of burn patients. Burns 1997, 23(Suppl 1):S19-S26.
133. Roseeuw D.I., De Coninck A., et al. Allogeneic cultured epidermal grafts heal chronic ulcers although they do not remain as proved by DNA analysis. J Dermatol Sci 1990, 1:245-252.
134. Soeda J., Inokuchi S., et al. Use of cultured human epidermal allografts for the treatment of extensive partial thickness scald burn in children. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1993, 18:65-70.
135. Staiano-Coico L., Hefton J.M., et al. Growth of melanocytes in human epidermal cell cultures. J Trauma 1990, 30:1037-1042. discussion 1043.
136. Stanley A.C., Park H.Y., et al. Reduced growth of dermal fibroblasts from chronic venous ulcers can be stimulated with growth factors. J Vasc Surg 1997, 26:994-999. discussion 999-1001.
137. Stoner M.L., Wood F.M. Systemic factors influencing the growth of cultured epithelial autograft. Burns 1996, 22:197-199.
138. Takeda A., Kadoya K., et al. Pretreatment of human keratinocyte sheets with laminin 5 improves their grafting efficiency. J Invest Dermatol 1999, 113:38-42.
139. Tatnall F.M., Leigh I.M., et al. Comparative study of antiseptic toxicity on basal keratinocytes, transformed human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Skin Pharmacol 1990, 3:157-163.
140. Teepe R.G., Kreis R.W., et al. The use of cultured autologous epidermis in the treatment of extensive burn wounds. J Trauma 1990, 30:269-275.
141. Tenchini M.L., Ranzati C., et al. Culture techniques for human keratinocytes. Burns 1992, 18(Suppl 1):S11-S16.
142. Tsai C.Y., Ueda M., et al. Clinical results of cultured epithelial cell grafting in the oral and maxillofacial region. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1997, 25:4-8.
143. Tsao M.C., Walthall B.J., et al. Clonal growth of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in a defined medium. J Cell Physiol 1982, 110:219-229.
144. Tseng S.C., Kruse F.E., et al. Comparison between serum-free and fibroblast-cocultured single-cell clonal culture systems: evidence showing that epithelial anti-apoptotic activity is present in 3T3 fibroblast-conditioned media. Curr Eye Res 1996, 15:973-984.
145. Unemori E.N., Ehsani N., et al. Interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-alpha: synergistic stimulation of metalloproteinases, PGE2, and proliferation in human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1994, 210:166-171.
146. Van de Berg J.S., Rudolph R., et al. Fibroblast senescence in pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 1998, 6:38-49.
147. Veves A., Falanga V., et al. Graftskin, a human skin equivalent, is effective in the management of noninfected neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:290-295.
148. Wainwright D.J. Use of an acellular allograft dermal matrix (AlloDerm) in the management of full-thickness burns. Burns 1995, 21:243-248.
149. Wallace A.F. The Progress of Plastic Surgery 1982, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
150. Wassermann D., Schlotterer M., et al. Preliminary clinical studies of a biological skin equivalent in burned patients. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1988, 14:326-330.
151. Wedler V., Kunzi W., et al. Care of burns victims in Europe. Burns 1999, 25:152-157.
152. Wendt J.R., Ulich T.R., et al. Indefinite survival of human skin allografts in patients with long-term immunosuppression. Ann Plast Surg 1994, 32:411-417.
153. Wheeler C.E., Canby C.M., et al. Long-term tissue culture of epithelial-like cells from human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1957, 29:383-391. discussion 391-392.
154. Wisser D., Steffes J. Skin replacement with a collagen based dermal substitute, autologous keratino-cytes and fibroblasts in burn trauma. Burns 2003, 29:375-380.
155. Wright K.A., Nadire K.B., et al. Alternative delivery of keratinocytes using a polyurethane membrane and the implications for its use in the treatment of full-thickness burn injury. Burns 1998, 24:7-17.
156. Yannas I.V., Burke J.F. Design of an artificial skin. I. Basic design principles. J Biomed Mater Res 1980, 14:65-81.