Expertise-dependent visual attention strategies develop over time during debugging with multiple code representations

International Journal of Human Computer Studies

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 143-155

  Bednarik, Roman ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Expertise in programming; Program debugging; Visual attention

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT; EYE-TRACKING; GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS; INFORMATION SOURCES; MAINTENANCE TASKS; MULTIPLE CODES; MULTIPLE REPRESENTATION; REPETITIVE PATTERN; SOFTWARE DEVELOPER; TIME SPENT; VISUAL ATTENTION; VISUAL ATTENTION STRATEGY;

CODES (SYMBOLS); COMPUTER SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE; SOFTWARE DESIGN;

PROGRAM DEBUGGING;

EID: 80855156566     PISSN: 10715819     EISSN: 10959300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.09.003     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bednarik, R., Myller, N., Sutinen, E., Tukiainen, M., 2005. Effects of experience on gaze behaviour during program animation. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Psychology of Programming Interest Group Workshop (PPIG 05), Brighton, UK, pp. 4961.
2. R. Bednarik, N. Myller, E. Sutinen, and M. Tukiainen Analyzing individual differences in program comprehension with rich data Technology, Instruction, Cognition and Learning 3 34 2006 205 232
3. R. Bednarik, and M. Tukiainen Validating the restricted focus viewer: a study using eye-movement tracking Behaviour Research Methods 39 2 2007 274 282
4. R. Bednarik, and M. Tukianen An eye-tracking methodology for characterizing program comprehension ETRA06: Eye Tracking Research and Applications 2006 ACM Press New York, NY, USA 125 132
5. R. Brooks Towards a theory of the comprehension of computer programs International Journal of ManMachine Studies 18 1983 543 554 (Pubitemid 13078414)
6. J. Burkhardt, F. Détienne, and S. Wiedenbeck Object-oriented program comprehension: effect of expertise, task and phase Empirical Software Engineering 7 2 2002 115 156 (Pubitemid 34566385)
7. R.L. Campbell, N.R. Brown, and L.A. DiBello The programmers burden: developing expertise in programming The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI 1992 Springer-Verlag Inc. New York 269 294
8. I.D. Coman An analysis of developers tasks using low-level, automatically collected data ESEC-FSE 07: Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering 2007 ACM Press New York, NY, USA 579 582 (Pubitemid 351438726)
9. C.L. Corritore, and S. Wiendenbeck An exploratory study of program comprehension strategies of procedural and object-oriented programmers International Journal of HumanComputer Studies 54 1 2001 1 23 (Pubitemid 32168910)
10. Crosby, M.E., Scholtz, J., Wiedenbeck, S., 2002. The roles beacons play in comprehension for novice and expert programmers. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Psychology of Programming Interest Group Workshop (PPIG 02).
11. M.E. Crosby, and J. Stelovsky How do we read algorithms? A case study IEEE Computer 23 1 1990 24 35
12. D. Gilmore Models of debugging Acta Psychologica 78 1991 151 172
13. J. Goldberg, and X.P. Kotval Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 24 1999 631 645 (Pubitemid 29447641)
14. L. Gugerty, and G. Olson Debugging by skilled and novice programmers CHI 86: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1986 ACM Press New York, NY, USA 171 174
15. Gugerty, L., Olson, G.M., 1986b. Comprehension differences in debugging by skilled and novice programmers. In: First Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers, pp. 1327.
16. Hyun, S.H., Kim, K.T., Song, S.M., Yoon, J.S., Lee, J.I., Cho, S.M., Sohn, Y.W., 2006. Effects of expertise and situation complexity on visual attention and action planning for air traffic control. In: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings 50, 420423.
17. A.R. Jansen, A.F. Blackwell, and K. Marriott A tool for tracking visual attention: the restricted focus viewer Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 35 1 2003 57 69 (Pubitemid 37545049)
18. H. Jarodzka, K. Scheiter, P. Gerjets, and T. Van Gog In the eyes of the beholder: how experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli Learning and Instruction 20 2 2010 146 154
19. M.N. Jones Tracking attention with the focus-window technique: the information filter must be calibrated Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36 2004 270 276 (Pubitemid 39196126)
20. Koenemann, J., Robertson, S.P., 1991. Expert problem solving strategies for program comprehension. In: CHI 91: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 125130.
21. Law, B., Atkins, M.S., Kirkpatrick, A.E., Lomax A.J., 2004. Eye gaze patterns differentiate novice and experts in a virtual laparoscopic surgery training environment. In: ETRA 2004: Proceedings of the 2004 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, pp, 4148.
22. Layzell, P.J., Champion, R., Freeman, M.J., 1993. Docket: program comprehension-in-the-large. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Second Workshop on Program Comprehension, pp. 140148.
23. T.C. Lethbridge, S.E. Sim, and J. Singer Studying software engineers: data collection techniques for software field studies Empirical Software Engineering 10 3 2005 311 341 (Pubitemid 40940550)
24. Nevalainen, S., Sajaniemi, J., 2005. Short-term effects of graphical versus textual visualisation of variables on program perception. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Psychology of Programming Interest Group Workshop (PPIG 05), Brighton, UK, pp. 7791.
25. Pennington, N., 1987. Comprehension strategies in programming. In: Empirical Studies of Programmers: Second Workshop. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, USA, pp. 100113.
26. Rajlich, V., 1994. Program reading and comprehension. In: Proceedings of the Summer School on Engineering of Existing Software. Dipartimento di Informatica, University of Bari, Italy, pp. 161178.
27. P. Romero, B. du Boulay, R. Cox, R. Lutz, and S. Bryant Debugging strategies and tactics in a multi-representation software environment International Journal of HumanComputer Studies 65 12 2007 992 1009 URL: 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WGR-4PC3SMN-1/2/ bc20d6920146cf28e5ed062363943aee (Pubitemid 47552880)
28. P. Romero, B. du Boulay, R. Lutz, and R. Cox The effects of graphical and textual visualisations in multi-representational debugging environments HCC 03: Proceedings of the IEEE 2003 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments 2003 IEEE Computer Society Washington, DC, USA
29. Romero, P., Lutz, R., Cox, R., du Boulay, B., 2002. Co-ordination of multiple external representations during java program debugging, HCC 02: Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments (HCC 02). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, p. 207.
30. Singer, J., Lethbridge, T., Vinson, N., Anquetil, N., 1997. An examination of software engineering work practices, CASCON 97: Proceedings of the 1997 Conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research. IBM Press, p. 21.
31. S. Sonnentag, C. Niessen, and J. Volmer Expertise in software design K.A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. Feltovich, R.R. Hoffman, The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance 2006 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 373 387
32. Uwano, H., Nakamura, M., Monden, A., ichi Matsumoto, K., 2006. Analyzing individual performance of source code review using reviewers eye movement. In: ETRA 06: Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications. ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 133140. (Pubitemid 44758660)
33. A. Vans, A. von Mayrhauser, and G. Somlo Program understanding behaviour during corrective maintenance of large-scale software International Journal of HumanComputer Studies 51 1 1999 31 70
34. I. Vessey Expertise in debugging computer programs: a process analysis International Journal of ManMachine Studies 23 5 1985 459 494 (Pubitemid 16211704)
35. A. von Mayrhauser, and S. Lang A coding scheme to support systematic analysis of software comprehension IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 25 4 1999 526 540 (Pubitemid 129304116)
36. A. von Mayrhauser, and A.M. Vans Program comprehension during software maintenance and evolution Computer 28 8 1995 44 55
37. von Mayrhauser, A., Vans, A.M., 1997. Program understanding behaviour during debugging of large scale software. In: ESP 97: Papers Presented at the Seventh Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers. ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 157179.
38. G. Weinberg, and E. Shulman Goals and performance in computer programming Human Factors 16 1 1974 70 77
39. S. Wiedenbeck, V. Fix, and J. Scholtz Characteristics of the mental representations of novice and expert programmers: an empirical study International Journal of ManMachine Studies 39 5 1993 793 812