Should 'Mild Primary Hyperparathyroidism' be reclassified as 'insidious': Is it time to reconsider?

Clinical Endocrinology

Volumn 75, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 730-737

  MacFarlane, David P ^a   Yu, Ning ^a   Donnan, Peter T ^a   Leese, Graham P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; CINACALCET; CREATININE; ESTROGEN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; VITAMIN D;

BIOCHEMISTRY; BONE ATROPHY; BONE DENSITY; BREAST CANCER; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CALCIUM URINE LEVEL; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COLON CANCER; CONSENSUS; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG SAFETY; FATIGUE; FRACTURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTENSION; INSIDIOUS PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; KIDNEY CANCER; KIDNEY FAILURE; LONG TERM CARE; MENTAL DISEASE; MILD PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NEOPLASM; NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS; NEPHROLITHIASIS; OSTEITIS; OSTEITIS FIBROSIS CYSTICA; OSTEOPOROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANCREATITIS; PARATHYROID CARCINOMA; PARATHYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; PARATHYROIDECTOMY; PATIENT CARE; PEPTIC ULCER; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SKIN CARCINOMA; SKIN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

ADULT; CONSENSUS; ENDOCRINOLOGY; HUMANS; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, PRIMARY; MIDDLE AGED; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80855128818     PISSN: 03000664     EISSN: 13652265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04201.x     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Yu, N., Leese, G.P., Smith, D., et al. (2011) The natural history of treated and untreated primary hyperparathyroidism: the Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 104, 513-521.
2. Lundgren, E., Rastad, J., Thrufjell, E., et al. (1997) Population-based screening for primary hyperparathyroidism with serum calcium and parathyroid hormone values in menopausal women. Surgery, 121, 287-294. (Pubitemid 27114448)
3. Palmer, M., Jakobsson, S., Akerstrom, G., et al. (1988) Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in a health survey: a 14-year follow-up study of serum calcium values. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 18, 39-46.
4. Rubin, M.R., Bilezikian, J.P., McMahon, D.J., et al. (2008) The natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery after 15 years. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 93, 3462-3470.
5. Hedback, G., Tisell, L.E., Bengtsson, B.A., et al. (1990) Premature death in patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. World Journal of Surgery, 14, 829-835.
6. Adler, J.T., Sippel, R.S., &, Chen, H., (2010) New trends in parathyroid surgery. Current Problems in Surgery, 47, 958-1017.
7. Mollerup, C.L., Vestergaard, P., Frokjaer, V.G., et al. (2002) Risk of renal stone events in primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroid surgery: controlled retrospective follow up study. British Medical Journal, 325, 807.
8. Vestergaard, P., Mollerup, C.L., Frokjaer, V.G., et al. (2000) Cohort study of risk of fracture before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. British Medical Journal, 321, 598-602.
9. Consensus Development Conference Statements (1991) Proceedings of the NIH Consensus Development Conference on diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Bethesda, Maryland, October 29-31, 1990. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 6 (Suppl. 2), S1-166.
10. NIH Conference (1991) Diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: consensus development conference statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 114, 593-597.
11. Bilezikian, J.P., Potts, J.T. Jr, Fuleihan, G., et al. (2002) Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 87, 5353-5361. (Pubitemid 36034328)
12. Khan, A., Grey, A., &, Shoback, D., (2009) Medical management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: proceedings of the third international workshop. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 94, 373-381.
13. Scholz, D.A., &, Purnell, D.C., (1981) Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. 10-year prospective study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 56, 473-478. (Pubitemid 11023590)
14. Silverberg, S.J., Bilezikian, J.P., Bone, H.G., et al. (1999) Therapeutic controversies in primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 84, 2275-2285.
15. Van'T, H.W., Ballardie, F.W., &, Bicknell, E.J., (1983) Primary hyperparathyroidism: the case for medical management. British Medical Journal, 287, 1605-1608. (Pubitemid 14247665)
16. Christensson, T., Hellstrom, K., &, Wengle, B., (1977) Blood pressure in subjects with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism detected in a health screening programme. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 7, 109-113. (Pubitemid 8288186)
17. Lind, L., Jacobsson, S., Palmer, M., et al. (1991) Cardiovascular risk factors in primary hyperparathyroidism: a 15-year follow-up of operated and unoperated cases. Journal of Internal Medicine, 230, 29-35.
18. Rao, D.S., Wilson, R.J., Kleerekoper, M., et al. (1988) Lack of biochemical progression or continuation of accelerated bone loss in mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: evidence for biphasic disease course. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 67, 1294-1298. (Pubitemid 19012967)
19. Strewler, G.J., (1995) Indications for surgery in patients with minimally symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgical Clinics of North America, 75, 439-447.
20. Silverberg, S.J., Shane, E., Jacobs, T.P., et al. (1999) A 10-year prospective study of primary hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1249-1255. (Pubitemid 29489739)
21. Jimenez, L.E., Spinks, T.J., Ranicar, A.S., et al. (1984) Total body calcium mass in primary hyperparathyroidism and long-term changes. Calcified Tissue International, 36, 14-18. (Pubitemid 14026362)
22. Parfitt, A.M., Rao, D.S., &, Kleerekoper, M., (1991) Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism discovered by multichannel biochemical screening: clinical course and considerations bearing on the need for surgical intervention. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 6 (Suppl. 2), S97-S101.
23. Silverberg, S.J., Gartenberg, F., Jacobs, T.P., et al. (1995) Longitudinal measurements of bone density and biochemical indices in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 80, 723-728.
24. Leppla, D.C., Snyder, W., &, Pak, C.Y., (1982) Sequential changes in bone density before and after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. Investigative Radiology, 17, 604-606. (Pubitemid 13211542)
25. Silverberg, S.J., Brown, I., &, Bilezikian, J.P., (2002) Age as a criterion for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism. American Journal of Medicine, 113, 681-684. (Pubitemid 36015805)
26. Ljunghall, S., Jakobsson, S., Joborn, C., et al. (1991) Longitudinal studies of mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 6 (Suppl. 2), S111-S116.
27. Lundgren, E., Lind, L., Palmer, M., et al. (2001) Increased cardiovascular mortality and normalized serum calcium in patients with mild hypercalcemia followed up for 25 years. Surgery, 130, 978-985. (Pubitemid 34014563)
28. Hedback, G., &, Oden, A., (1995) Clinical evaluation of total serum calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism and the risk of death after surgery. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 25, 48-52.
29. Wermers, R.A., Khosla, S., Atkinson, E.J., et al. (1998) Survival after the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study. American Journal of Medicine, 104, 115-122. (Pubitemid 28117404)
30. Yu, N., Donnan, P.T., Murphy, M.J., et al. (2009) Epidemiology of primary hyperparathyroidism in Tayside, Scotland, UK. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 71, 485-493.
31. Yu, N., Donnan, P.T., Flynn, R.W., et al. (2010) Increased mortality and morbidity in mild primary hyperparathyroid patients. The Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 73, 30-34.
32. Yu, N., Donnan, P.T., &, Leese, G.P., (2011) A record linkage study of outcomes in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: the Parathyroid Epidemiology and Audit Research Study (PEARS). Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 75, 169-176.
33. Hedback, G., &, Oden, A., (1998) Increased risk of death from primary hyperparathyroidism-an update. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 28, 271-276. (Pubitemid 28188301)
34. Nilsson, I.L., Yin, L., Lundgren, E., et al. (2002) Clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism in Europe-nationwide cohort analysis on mortality from nonmalignant causes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 17 (Suppl. 2), N68-N74. (Pubitemid 35222315)
35. Ogard, C.G., Engholm, G., Almdal, T.P., et al. (2004) Increased mortality in patients hospitalized with primary hyperparathyroidism during the period 1977-1993 in Denmark. World Journal of Surgery, 28, 108-111. (Pubitemid 38095804)
36. Yu, N., Donnan, P.T., &, Leese, G.P., (2011) What predicts adverse outcomes in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism? Endocrine Abstracts, 25, P13.
37. Ahlstrom, T., Hagstrom, E., Larsson, A., et al. (2009) Correlation between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a community-based cohort of men and women. Clinical Endocrinolology (Oxf), 71, 673-678.
38. Nilsson, I.L., Zedenius, J., Yin, L., et al. (2007) The association between primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy: nationwide cohort analysis on cancer incidence after parathyroidectomy. Endocrine Related Cancer, 14, 135-140. (Pubitemid 47521729)
39. Lundgren, E., Ljunghall, S., Akerstrom, G., et al. (1998) Case-control study on symptoms and signs of "asymptomatic" primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery, 124, 980-985.
40. Vestergaard, P., &, Mosekilde, L., (2003) Cohort study on effects of parathyroid surgery on multiple outcomes in primary hyperparathyroidism. British Medical Journal, 327, 530-534.
41. Barletta, G., De Feo, M.L., Del, B.R., et al. (2000) Cardiovascular effects of parathyroid hormone: a study in healthy subjects and normotensive patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 85, 1815-1821. (Pubitemid 32269282)
42. Nappi, S., Saha, H., Virtanen, V., et al. (2000) Left ventricular structure and function in primary hyperparathyroidism before and after parathyroidectomy. Cardiology, 93, 229-233.
43. Stefenelli, T., Mayr, H., Bergler-Klein, J., et al. (1993) Primary hyperparathyroidism: incidence of cardiac abnormalities and partial reversibility after successful parathyroidectomy. American Journal of Medicine, 95, 197-202. (Pubitemid 23242713)
44. Persson, A., Bollerslev, J., Rosen, T., et al. (2011) Effect of surgery on cardiac structure and function in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 74, 174-180.
45. Stefenelli, T., Abela, C., Frank, H., et al. (1997) Time course of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after successful parathyroidectomy. Surgery, 121, 157-161. (Pubitemid 27091770)
46. Ambrogini, E., Cetani, F., Cianferotti, L., et al. (2007) Surgery or surveillance for mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 92, 3114-3121. (Pubitemid 47236379)
47. Hagstrom, E., Lundgren, E., Lithell, H., et al. (2002) Normalized dyslipidaemia after parathyroidectomy in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: population-based study over five years. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf), 56, 253-260. (Pubitemid 34233964)
48. Taylor, W.H., &, Khaleeli, A.A., (1997) Prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine, 14, 386-389. (Pubitemid 27248020)
49. Rubin, M.R., Maurer, M.S., McMahon, D.J., et al. (2005) Arterial stiffness in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 90, 3326-3330. (Pubitemid 41014293)
50. Rubin, M.R., Rundek, T., McMahon, D.J., et al. (2007) Carotid artery plaque thickness is associated with increased serum calcium levels: the Northern Manhattan study. Atherosclerosis, 194, 426-432. (Pubitemid 47513073)
51. Palmer, M., Adami, H.O., Bergstrom, R., et al. (1987) Mortality after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism: a follow-up of 441 patients operated on from 1956 to 1979. Surgery, 102, 1-7. (Pubitemid 17102941)
52. Silverberg, S.J., Gartenberg, F., Jacobs, T.P., et al. (1995) Increased bone mineral density after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 80, 729-734.
53. Vestergaard, P., Mollerup, C.L., Frokjaer, V.G., et al. (2003) Cardiovascular events before and after surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism. World Jornal of Surgery, 27, 216-222. (Pubitemid 36926340)
54. Hagstrom, E., Lundgren, E., Mallmin, H., et al. (2006) Positive effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mineral density in mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Internal Medicine, 259, 191-198.
55. Rao, D.S., Phillips, E.R., Divine, G.W., et al. (2004) Randomized controlled clinical trial of surgery versus no surgery in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 89, 5415-5422. (Pubitemid 39518419)
56. Bollerslev, J., Jansson, S., Mollerup, C.L., et al. (2007) Medical observation, compared with parathyroidectomy, for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 92, 1687-1692. (Pubitemid 46997172)
57. Almqvist, E.G., Becker, C., Bondeson, A.G., et al. (2004) Early parathyroidectomy increases bone mineral density in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective and randomized study. Surgery, 136, 1281-1288. (Pubitemid 39647546)
58. Sankaran, S., Gamble, G., Bolland, M., et al. (2010) Skeletal effects of interventions in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 95, 1653-1662.
59. Bollerslev, J., Rosen, T., Mollerup, C.L., et al. (2009) Effect of surgery on cardiovascular risk factors in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 94, 2255-2261.
60. Block, G.A., Martin, K.J., de Francisco, A.L., et al. (2004) Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. The New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 1516-1525. (Pubitemid 38477776)
61. Peacock, M., Bolognese, M.A., Borofsky, M., et al. (2009) Cinacalcet treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism: biochemical and bone densitometric outcomes in a five-year study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 94, 4860-4867.
62. Khan, A.A., Bilezikian, J.P., Kung, A.W., et al. (2004) Alendronate in primary hyperparathyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 89, 3319-3325. (Pubitemid 38951898)
63. Diamond, T., Ng, A.T., Levy, S., et al. (1996) Estrogen replacement may be an alternative to parathyroid surgery for the treatment of osteoporosis in elderly postmenopausal women presenting with primary hyperparathyroidism: a preliminary report. Osteoporosis International, 6, 329-333. (Pubitemid 26280829)
64. Rubin, M.R., Lee, K.H., McMahon, D.J., et al. (2003) Raloxifene lowers serum calcium and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 88, 1174-1178. (Pubitemid 36337773)
65. Barrett-Connor, E., Mosca, L., Collins, P., et al. (2006) Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 125-137. (Pubitemid 44050394)
66. Lowe, H., McMahon, D.J., Rubin, M.R., et al. (2007) Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism: further characterization of a new clinical phenotype. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 92, 3001-3005. (Pubitemid 47236362)
67. Silverberg, S.J., &, Bilezikian, J.P., (2003) "Incipient" primary hyperparathyroidism: a "forme fruste" of an old disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 88, 5348-5352. (Pubitemid 37452738)
68. Tordjman, K.M., Yaron, M., Izkhakov, E., et al. (2010) Cardiovascular risk factors and arterial rigidity are similar in asymptomatic normocalcemic and hypercalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. European Journal of Endocrinology, 162, 925-933.
69. Zanocco, K., &, Sturgeon, C., (2008) How should age at diagnosis impact treatment strategy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Surgery, 144, 290-298.