Infrainguinal disease treatment: To stent or not to stent

Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

Volumn 52, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 701-716

  Dosluoglu, H H ^a,b   Lall, P ^b  

^a VA WESTERN NEW YORK HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Endovascular procedures; Intermittent claudication; Limb salvage; Stents

Indexed keywords

NITINOL; PACLITAXEL; RAPAMYCIN;

ATHERECTOMY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BARE METAL STENT; CLAUDICATION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; EVENT FREE SURVIVAL; FEMOROPOPLITEAL BYPASS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INGUINAL REGION; LIMB ISCHEMIA; LIMB SALVAGE; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REOPERATION; REVIEW; STENT; STENT FRACTURE; SUPERFICIAL FEMORAL ARTERY; VASCULAR PATENCY;

ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; LIMB SALVAGE; LOWER EXTREMITY; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; STENTS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR PATENCY;

EID: 80755169646     PISSN: 00219509     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Jemal A Ward E, Hao Y, Thun M. Trends in the leading causes of death in the United States, 1970-2002. JAMA 2005;94:1255-9. (Pubitemid 41352114)
2. Selvin E, Erlinger TP. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation 2004;110:738-43. (Pubitemid 39056275)
3. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, Mccann TJ et al. Mortality Over A Period of 10 Years in Patients with Peripheral Arterial-Disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-6.
4. Anderson PL, Gelijns A, Moskowitz A, Arons R, Gupta L, Weinberg A et al. Understanding trends in inpatient surgical volume: Vascular interventions 1980-2000. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:1200-8. (Pubitemid 38952586)
5. Goodney PP, Beck AW, Nagle J, Welch HG, Zwolak RM. National trends in lower extremity bypass surgery, endovascular interventions and major amputations. J Vasc Surg 2009;50:54-60.
6. Cheng SWK, Ting ACW, Ho P. Angioplasty and primary stenting of high-grade, long-segment disease: Is it worthwhile? Ann Vasc Surg 2003;17;430-7. (Pubitemid 37193185)
7. Lugmayr HF, Holzer H, Kastner M, Riedelsberger H, Auterith A. Treatment of complex arteriosclerotic lesions with nitinol stents in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries: A mid-term follow-up. Radiology 2002;222:37-43. (Pubitemid 34031461)
8. Sabeti S, Mlekusch W, Amighi J, Minar E, Schillinger M. Primary patency of long-segment self-expanding nitinol stents in the femoropopliteal arteries. J Endovasc Ther 2005;12:6-12. (Pubitemid 40229383)
9. Ferreira M, Lanziotti L, Monteiro M, Abuhadba G, Capotorto LF, Nolte L, Fearnot N. Superficial femoral artery recanalization with self-expanding nitinol stents: long-term follow-up results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;34:702-8. (Pubitemid 350056379)
10. Meuwissen MW. Self-expanding nitinol stents in the femoropopliteal segment; technique and mid-term results. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;7:2-5.
11. Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Loewe C, Dick P, Amighi J, Mlekusch W et al. Balloon angioplasty versus implantation of nitinol stents in superficial femoral artery. N Eng J Med 2006;354:1879-88. (Pubitemid 43872689)
12. Loftus IM, Hayes PD, Bell PR. Subintimal angioplasty in lower limb ischemia. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:217-29. (Pubitemid 39069802)
13. Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Yegin A, Luleci E. Subintimal angioplasty of long superficial femoral artery occlusions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:997-1010. (Pubitemid 36959517)
14. Lipsitz EC, Veith FJ, Ohki T. The value of subintimal angioplasty in the management of critical lower extremity ischemia: failure is not always associated with a threatened limb. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:231-7. (Pubitemid 39069803)
15. Hynes N, Akhtar Y, Manning B, Aremu M, Oiakhinan K, Courtney D et al. Subintimal angioplasty as a primary modality in the management of critical limb ischemia; Comparison to bypass grafting for aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease. J Vasc Ther 2004;11:460-71. (Pubitemid 39096344)
16. Saxon RR, Coffman JM, Gooding JM, Natuzzi E, Ponec DJ. Long-term results of ePTFE stent-graft versus agioplasty in the femoropopliteal artery: single center experience from a prospective randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:303-11. (Pubitemid 36314758)
17. Lammer J, Dake MD, Bleyn J, Katzen BT, Cejna M, Piquet P et al. Peripheral arterial obstruction: Prospective study of treatment with a transluminally placed self-expanding stent-graft. International Trial Study Group. Radiology 2000;217:95-104. (Pubitemid 33097584)
18. Deutschmann HA, Schedlbauer P, Bérczi V, Portugaller H, Tauss J, Hausegger KA. Placement of Hemobahn stent-graft in femoropopliteal arteries: Early experience.and mid-term results in 18 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:943-50.
19. Ko YG, Kim JS, Choi DH, Jang Y, Shim WH. Improved technical success and midterm patency with subintimal angioplasty compared to intraluminal angioplasty in long femoropopliteal occlusions. J Endovasc Ther 2007;14:374-81. (Pubitemid 47057922)
20. Kudo T, Chandra FA, Ahn SS. The effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of critical limb ischemia: A 10-year experience. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:423-35. (Pubitemid 40523584)
21. Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). J Vasc Surg 2000;31:S1-S296.
22. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG; TASC II Working Group. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007;45(Suppl S):S5-67.
23. Cho L, Roffi M, Mukherjee D, Bhatt DL, Bajzer C, Yadav JS. Superficial femoral artery occlusion: nitinol stents achieve better flow and reduce the need for medications than balloon angioplasty alone. J Invasive Cardiol 2003;15:198-200. (Pubitemid 36438315)
24. Duda SH, Bosiers M, Lammer J, Scheinert D, Zeller T, Oliva V et al. Drug-eluting and bare nitinol stents for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions in the superficial femoral artery: long-term results from the SIROCCO trial. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:701-10. (Pubitemid 44907633)
25. Duda SH, Bosiers M, Lammer J, Scheinert D, Zeller T, Tielbeek A et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare nitinol stent for obstructive superficial femoral artery disease: the SIROCCO II trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005;16:331-8. (Pubitemid 40354849)
26. Duda SH, Pusich B, Richter G, Landwehr P, Oliva VL, Tielbeek A et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of obstructive superficial femoral artery disease: six-month results. Circulation 2002;106:1505-9.
27. Schlager O, Dick P, Sabeti S, Amighi J, Mlekusch W, Minar E et al. Long-segment SFA stenting - the dark sides: in-stent restenosis, clinical deterioration, and stent fractures. J Endovasc Ther 2005;12.676-84.
28. Scheinert D, Scheinert S, Sax J, Piorkowski C, Bräunlich S, Ulrich M et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of stent fractures after femoropopliteal stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:312-5. (Pubitemid 40094743)
29. Clark TW, Groffsky JL, Soulen MC. Predictors of long-term patency after femoropopliteal angioplasty: results from the STAR registry. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12.923-33.
30. Rocha-Singh KJ, Jaff MR, Crabtree TR, Bloch DA, Ansel G; VIVA Physicians, Inc. Performance goals and endpoint assessments for clinical trials of femoropopliteal bare nitinol stents in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;69:910-9. (Pubitemid 46867500)
31. Muradin GS, Bosch JL, Stijnen T, Hunink MG. Balloon dilation and stent implantation for treatment of femoropopliteal arterial disease: meta-analysis. Radiology 2001;221:137-45 (Pubitemid 32880382)
32. Mwipatayi BP, Hockings A, Hofmann M, Garbowski M, Sieunarine K. Balloon angioplasty compared with stenting for treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:461.
33. Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Loewe C, Dick P, Amighi J, Mlekusch W et al. Balloon angioplasty versus implantation of nitinol stents in superficial femoral artery. N Eng J Med 2006;354:1879-88. (Pubitemid 43872689)
34. Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Dick P, Amighi J, Mlekusch W, Schlager O et al. Sustained benefit at 2 years of primary femoropopliteal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty with optional stenting. Circulation 2007;115:2745-9. (Pubitemid 46842791)
35. Krankenberg H, Schlüter M, Steinkamp HJ, Bürgelin K, Scheinert D, Schulte KL et al. Nitinol stent implantation versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in superficial femoral artery lesions up to 10 cm in length: the femoral artery stenting trial (FAST). Circulation 2007;116:285-92. (Pubitemid 47196564)
36. Katzen, BT. The RESILIENT trial. Presented at: Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics meeting; October, 23 2007; Washington, DC.
37. Dick P, Wallner H, Sabeti S, Loewe C, Mlekusch W, Lammer J et al. Balloon angioplasty versus stenting with nitinol stents in intermediate length superficial femoral artery lesions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2009;74:1090-5.
38. Bosiers M, Torsello G, Gissler HM, Ruef J, Müller-Hülsbeck S, Jahnke T et al. Nitinol stent implantation in long superficial femoral artery lesions: 12-month results of the DURABILITY I study. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16:261-9.
39. Saxon RR, Coffman JM, Gooding JM, Natuzzi E, Ponec DJ. Long-term results of ePTFE stent-graft versus agioplasty in the femoropopliteal artery: single center experience from a prospective randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:303-11. (Pubitemid 36314758)
40. Gray W. Interim results from the Zilver PTX Global Registry. Presented at the 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), San Diego, CA, May 7, 2010.
41. Dake M. ZILVER-PTX: A Prospective Randomized Trial of a Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent Compared to Balloon Angioplasty with Provisional Bare Metal Stenting in Patients with Superficial Femoral Artery Disease. Presented at the Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics (TCT) Congress 2010, Washington DC, September 21-25, 2010.
42. Werk M, Langner S, Reinkensmeier B, Boettcher HF, Tepe G, Dietz U et al. Inhibition of restenosis in femoropopliteal arteries: paclitaxel-coated versus uncoated balloon: femoral paclitaxel randomized pilot trial. Circulation 2008;118:1358-65.
43. Tepe G, Zeller T, Albrecht T, Heller S, Schwarzwälder U, Beregi JP et al. Local delivery of paclitaxel to inhibit restenosis during angioplasty of the leg. N Engl J Med 2008;358:689-99. (Pubitemid 351240748)
44. Bakken AM, Palchik E, Hart JP, Rhodes JM, Saad WE, Davies MG. Impact of diabetes mellitus on outcomes of superficial femoral artery endoluminal interventions. J Vasc Surg 2007;46:946-58.
45. DeRubertis BG, Pierce M, Chaer RA, Rhee SJ, Benjeloun R, Ryer EJ et al. Lesion severity and treatment complexity are associated with outcome after percutaneous infra-inguinal intervention. J Vasc Surg 2007;46:709-16. (Pubitemid 47454692)
46. Kudo T, Chandra FA, Ahn SS. The effectiveness of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of critical limb ischemia: A 10-year experience. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:423-35. (Pubitemid 40523584)
47. Dosluoglu HH, Cherr, GS, Lall P, Harris LM, Dryjski, ML. Stenting vs. above-knee polytetrafluoroethylene bypass for TransAtlantic Inter-Society Concensus-II (TASC-II) C and D superficial femoral artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1166-74.
48. Pereira CE, Albers M, Romiti M, Brochado-Neto FC, Pereira CAB. Meta-analysis of femoropopliteal bypass grafts for lower extremity arterial insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2006;44:510-7.
49. van der Zaag ES, Legemate DA, Prins MH, Reekers JA, Jacobs MJ. Angioplasty or bypass for SFA disease? A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28:132-7. (Pubitemid 38967265)
50. Kedora J, Hohmann S, Garrett W, Munschaur C, Theune B, Gable D. Randomized comparison of percutaneous Viabahn stent-grafts vs. prosthetic FPB in the treatment of SFA occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2007;45:10-6. (Pubitemid 46038657)
51. McQuade K, Gable D, Hohman S, Pearl G, Theune B. Randomized comparison of ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent-graft vs. prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:109-15.
52. McQuade K, Gable D, Pearl G, Theune B, Black S. Four-year randomized prospective comparison of percutaneous ePTFE/nitinol self-expanding stent-graft versus prosthetic femoral-popliteal bypass in the treatment of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:584-90.
53. Surowiec SM, Davies MG, Eberly SW, Rhodes JM, Illig KA, Shortell CK et al. Percutaneous angioplasty and stenting of the superficial femoral artery. J Vasc Surg 2005;41:269-78. (Pubitemid 40342478)
54. Ihnat DM, Duong ST, Taylor ZC, Leon LR, Mills JL Sr, Goshima KR et al. Contemporary outcomes after superficial femoral artery angioplasty and stenting: the influence of TASC classification and runoff score. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:967-74.
55. Soga Y, Iida O, Hirano K, Yokoi H, Nanto S, Nobuyoshi M. Midterm clinical outcome and predictors of vessel patency after femoropopliteal stenting with self-expandable nitinol stent. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:608-15.
56. Shah PS, Hingorani A, Ascher E, Shiferson A, Gopal K, Jung D et al. Full metal jacket stenting of the superficial femoral artery: a retrospective review. Ann Vasc Surg 2011;25:127-31.
57. Gur I, Lee W, Akopian G, Rowe VL, Weaver FA, Katz SG Clinical outcomes and implications of failed infrainguinal endovascular stents. J Vasc Surg 2011;53:658-66.
58. Hu H, Zhang H, He Y, Jin W, Tian L, Chen X, Li M. Endovascular nitinol stenting for long occlusive disease of the superficial femoral artery in critical limb ischemia: a single-center, mid-term result. Ann Vasc Surg 2011;25:210-6.
59. Suzuki K, Iida O, Soga Y, Hirano K, Inoue N, Uematsu M et al. Long-term results of the S.M.A.R.T. ControKTM) stent for superficial femoral artery lesions, J-SMART registry. Circ J 2011;75:939-44.
60. Laganà D, Carrafiello G, Barresi M, Lumia D, Dizonno M, Vizzari FA et al. Full metal jacket with direct stenting of complete chronic occlusions of the superficial femoral artery. Radiol Med 2011;116:444-53.
61. Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, Bell J, Bradbury AW, Forbes JF et al. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1925-34. (Pubitemid 41713982)
62. Bosiers M, Deloose K, Keirs K, Verbist J, Peeters P. Prevention and treatment of in-stent restenosis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2010;51:591-8.
63. Antusevas A, Aleksynas N, Kaupas RS, Inciura D, Kinduris S. Comparison of results of subintimal angioplasty and PTA in SFA occlusions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008;36:101-6.
64. Ko YG, Kim JS, Choi DH, Jang Y, Shim WH. Improved technical success and midterm patency with subintimal angioplasty compared to intraluminal angioplasty in long femoropopliteal occlusions. J Endovasc Ther 2007;14:374.
65. Loftus IM, Hayes PD, Bell PR. Subintimal angioplasty in lower limb ischemia. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:217-29. (Pubitemid 39069802)
66. Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Yegin A, Luleci E. Subintimal angioplasty of long superficial femoral artery occlusions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:997-1010. (Pubitemid 36959517)
67. Lipsitz EC, Veith FJ, Ohki T. The value of subintimal angioplasty in the management of critical lower extremity ischemia: failure is not always associated with a threatened limb. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:231-7. (Pubitemid 39069803)
68. Hynes N, Akhtar Y, Manning B, Aremu M, Oiakhinan K, Courtney D et al. Subintimal angioplasty as a primary modality in the management of critical limb ischemia; Comparison to bypass grafting for aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease. J Vasc Ther 2004;11:460-71. (Pubitemid 39096344)
69. Flørenes T, Bay D, Sandbaek G, Saetre T, Jørgensen JJ, Slagsvold CE et al. Subintimal angioplasty in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication: long term results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;28:645-50. (Pubitemid 39462659)
70. Baril DT, Marone LK, Kim J, Go MR, Chaer RA, Rhee RY. Outcomes of endovascular interventions for TASC II B and C femoropopliteal lesions. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:627-33.
71. rd, Panneton JM. Selective stenting in subintimal angioplasty: analysis of primary stent outcomes. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1175-80.
72. Tisi PV, Mirnezami A, Baker S, Tawn J, Parvin SD, Darke SG. Role of subintimal angioplasty in the treatment of chronic lower limb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;24:417-22. (Pubitemid 41079317)
73. Treiman GS, Treiman R, Whiting J. Results of percutaneous subintimal angioplasty using routine stenting. J Vasc Surg 2006;43:513-9. (Pubitemid 43332735)
74. Laxdal E, Jenssen GL, Pedersen G, Aune S. Subintimal angioplasty as a treatment of femoropopliteal artery occlusions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;25:578-82. (Pubitemid 36701799)
75. Sidhu R, Pigott J, Pigott M, Comerota A. Subintimal angioplasty for advanced lower extremity ischemia due to TASC II C and D lesions of the superficial femoral artery. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010;44:633-7.
76. Setacci C, Chisci E, de Donato G, Setacci F, Iacoponi F, Galzerano G. Subintimal angioplasty with the aid of a re-entry device for TASC C and D lesions of the SFA. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;38:76-87.
77. Sultan S, Hynes N. Five-year Irish trial of CLI patients with TASC II type C/D lesions undergoing subintimal angioplasty or bypass surgery based on plaque echolucency. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16:270-83.
78. rd, Panneton JM. Outcomes of reinterventions after subintimal angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:375-82.
79. Lipsitz EC, Veith FJ, Ohki T. The value of subintimal angioplasty in the management of critical lower extremity ischemia: failure is not always associated with a rethreatened limb. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2004;45:231-7. (Pubitemid 39069803)
80. Ansel GM. 1-year interim results from the VIBRANT (Viabahn Versus Bare-Nitinol Stent) study of the Gore Viabahn endoprosthesis in the treatment of long-lesion (? 8 cm) superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusive disease. Presented in the late-breaking trials session at the Vascular Interventional Advances meeting in Las Vegas, NE, October 2009.
81. Kedora J, Hohmann S, Garrett W, Munschaur C, Theune B, Gable D. Randomized comparison of percutaneous Viabahn stent-grafts vs. prosthetic FPB in the treatment of SFA occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2007;45:10-6. (Pubitemid 46038657)
82. Saxon RR, Coffman JM, Gooding JM, Natuzzi E, Ponec DJ. Long-term results of ePTFE stent-graft versus agioplasty in the femoropopliteal artery: Single center experience from a prospective randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;14:303-11. (Pubitemid 36314758)
83. Kougias P, Chen A, Cagiannos C, Bechara CF, Huynh TT, Lin PH. Subintimal placement of covered stent versus subintimal balloon angioplasty in the treatment of long-segment superficial femoral artery occlusion. Am J Surg 2009;198:645-9.
84. Verta MJ, Schneider JR, Alonzo MJ, Hahn D. Percutaneous Viabahn-assisted subintimal recanalization for severe superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008;19:493-8. (Pubitemid 351423647)
85. Fischer M, Schwabe C, Schulte KL. Value of the hemobahn/viabahn endoprosthesis in the treatment of long chronic lesions of the superficial femoral artery: 6 years of experience. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:281-90. (Pubitemid 44775202)
86. Farraj N, Srivastava A, Pershad A. One-year outcomes for recanalization of long superficial femoral artery chronic total occlusions with the Viabahn stent-graft. J Invasive Cardiol 2009;21:278-81.
87. Daenens K, Maleux G, Fourneau I, Nevelsteen A. Hemobahn stent-grafts in the treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2005;46:25-9. (Pubitemid 43933016)
88. Boufi M, Dona B, Orsini B, Auquier P, Hartung O, Alimi YS. A comparison of the standard bolia technique versus subintimal recanalization plus Viabahn stent-graft in the management of femoro-popliteal occlusions. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:1211-7.
89. Scheinert D, Laird JR Jr, Schröder M, Steinkamp H, Balzer JO, Biamino G. Excimer laser-assisted recanalization of long, chronic superficial femoral artery occlusions. J Endovasc Ther 2001;8:156-66. (Pubitemid 32423620)
90. Sadek M, Ellozy SH, Turnbull IC, Lookstein RA, Marin ML, Faries PL. Improved outcomes are associated with multilevel endovascular intervention involving the tibial vessels compared with isolated tibial intervention. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:38-44.
91. Conte MS, Belkin M, Upchurch GR, Mannick JA, Whittemore AD, Donaldson MC. Impact on increasing comorbidity on infrainguinal reconstruction: A 20 year perspective. Ann Surg 2001;233:445-52. (Pubitemid 32187826)
92. Romiti M, Albers M, Brochado-Neto FC, Durazzo AE, Pereira CA, De LN. Meta-analysis of infrapopliteal angioplasty for chronic critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2008;47:975-81.
93. Albers M, Romiti M, Brochado-Neto FC, Pereira CA. Meta-analysis of alternate autologous vein bypass grafts to infrapopliteal arteries. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:449-55.
94. Conrad MF, Kang J, Cambria RP, Brewster DC, Watkins MT, Kwolek CJ et al. Infrapopliteal balloon angioplasty for the treatment of chronic occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2009;50:799-805.
95. Giles KA, Pomposelli FB, Spence TL, Hamdan AD, Blattman SB, Panossian H et al. Infrapopliteal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia: relation of TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus class to outcome in 176 limbs. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:128-36.
96. Ingle H, Nasim A, Bolia A, Fishwick G, Naylor R, Bell PR et al. Subintimal angioplasty of isolated infragenicular vessels in lower limb ischemia: long-term results. J Endovasc Ther 2002,9:411-6.
97. Faglia E, Dalla Paola L, Clerici G, Clerissi J, Graziani L, Fusaro M et al. Peripheral angioplasty as the first-choice revascularization procedure in diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia: prospective study of 993 consecutive patients hospitalized and followed between 1999 and 2003. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;29:620-7. (Pubitemid 40626707)
98. Gargiulo M, Maioli F, Ceccacci T, Morselli-Labate AM, Faggioli G, Freyrie A et al. What's next after optimal infrapopliteal angioplasty? Clinical and ultrasonographic results of a prospective single-center study. J Endovasc Ther 2008;15:363-9. (Pubitemid 351969152)
99. Bosiers M, Hart JP, Deloose K, Verbist J, Peeters P. Endovascular therapy as the primary approach for limb salvage in patients with critical limb ischemia: experience with 443 infrapopliteal procedures. Vascular 2006;14:63-9. (Pubitemid 44047250)
100. Bosiers M, Lioupis C, Deloose K, Verbist J, Peeters P. Two-year outcome after Xpert stent implantation for treating below the knee lesions in critical limb ischemia. Vascular 2009;17:1-8.
101. Feiring AJ, Wesolowski AA, Lade S. Primary stent-supported angioplasty for treatment of below-knee critical limb ischemia and severe claudication: early and one-year outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2307-14. (Pubitemid 39647603)
102. Deloose K, Bosiers M, Peeters P. One year outcome after primary stenting of infrapopliteal lesions with the Chromis Deep stent in the management of critical limb ischaemia. Eurointervention 2009;5:318-24.
103. Bosiers M, Deloose K, Verbist J, Peeters P. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for treatment of "below-the-knee"' critical limb ischemia: early outcomes following the use of sirolimus-eluting stents. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2006;47:171-6.
104. Commeau P, Barragan P, Roquebert PO. Sirolimus for below the knee lesions: mid-term results of SiroBTK study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;68:793-8. (Pubitemid 44721107)
105. Kickuth R, Keo HH, Triller J, Ludwig K, Do DD. Initial clinical experience with the 4-F self-expanding XPERT stent system for infrapopliteal treatment of patients with severe claudication and critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18:703-8. (Pubitemid 46805148)
106. Siablis D, Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K, Kagadis GC, Kraniotis P, Diamantopoulos A et al. Sirolimus-eluting versus bare stents after suboptimal infrapopliteal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia: enduring 1-year angiographic and clinical benefit. J Endovasc Ther 2007;14:241-50. (Pubitemid 46776123)
107. Siablis D, Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K, Diamantopoulos A, Christeas N, Kagadis GC. Infrapopliteal application of paclitaxel-eluting stents for critical limb ischemia: midterm angiographic and clinical results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18:1351-61. (Pubitemid 350010920)
108. Biondi-Zoccai GL, Sangiorgi G, Lotrionte M, Feiring A, Commeau P, Fusaro M et al. Infragenicular Stent Implantation for Below-the-Knee Atherosclerotic Disease: Clinical Evidence From an International Collaborative Meta-Analysis on 640 Patients. J Endovasc Ther 2009;16:251-60.
109. Siablis D, Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K, Diamantopoulos A, Spiliopoulos S, Kagadis GC et al. Infrapopliteal application of Sirolimus-eluting versus bare metal stents for critical limb ischemia: Analysis of long-term angiographic and clinical outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;20:1141-50.
110. Karnabatidis D, Spiliopoulos S, Diamantopoulos A, Katsanos K, Kagadis GC, Kakkos S et al. Primary everolimus-eluting stenting versus balloon angioplasty with bailout bare metal stenting of long infrapopliteal lesions for treatment of critical limb ischemia. J Endovasc Ther 2011;18:1-12.
111. Rastan A, Schwarzwälder U, Noory E, Taieb FH, Beschorner U, Sixt S et al. Primary use of sirolimus-eluting stents in the infrapopliteal arteries. J Endovasc Ther 2010;17:480-7.
112. Balzer JO, Zeller T, Rastan A, Sixt S, Vogl TJ, Lehnert T, Khan V. Percutaneous interventions below the knee in patients with critical limb ischemia using drug eluting stents. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2010;51:183-91.
113. Feiring AJ, Krahn M, Nelson L, Wesolowski A, Eastwood D, Szabo A. Preventing leg amputations in critical limb ischemia with below-the-knee drug-eluting stents: the PaRADISE (PReventing Amputations using Drug eluting StEnts) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1580-9.
114. Rand T, Basile A, Cejna M, Fleischmann D, Funovics M, Gschwendtner M et al. PTA versus carbofilm-coated stents in infrapopliteal arteries: pilot study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006129:29-38.
115. Randon C, Jacobs B, De Ryck F, Vermassen F. Angioplasty or primary stenting for infrapopliteal lesions: results of a prospective randomized trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010;33:260-9.
116. Laird JR, Zeller T, Gray BH, Scheinert D, Vranic M, Reiser C et al.; LACI Investigators. Limb salvage following laser-assisted angioplasty for critical limb ischemia: results of the LACI multicenter trial. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:1-11. (Pubitemid 43273492)
117. Ramaiah V, Gammon R, Kiesz S, Cardenas J, Runyon JP, Fail P et al. Midterm outcomes from the TALON Registry: treating peripherals with SilverHawk: outcomes collection. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:592-602. (Pubitemid 44749190)
118. McKinsey JF, Goldstein L, Khan HU, Graham A, Rezeyat C, Morrissey NJ et al. Novel treatment of patients with lower extremity ischemia: use of percutaneous atherectomy in 579 lesions. Ann Surg 2008;248:519-28.
119. Sarac TP, Altinel O, Bannazadeh M, Kashyap V, Lyden S, Clair D. Midterm outcome predictors for lower extremity atherectomy procedures. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:885-90.
120. Stoner MC, deFreitas DJ, Phade SV, Parker FM, Bogey WM, Powell S. Mid-term results with laser atherectomy in the treatment of infrainguinal occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 2007;46:289-95.
121. Das TS, McNamara T, Gray B, Sedillo GJ, Turley BR, Kollmeyer K et al. Primary cryoplasty therapy provides durable support for limb salvage in critical limb ischemia patients with infrapopliteal lesions: 12-month follow-up results from the BTK Chill Trial J Endovasc Ther 2009;16(2 Suppl 2):II19-30.
122. Samson RH, Showalter DP, Lepore M Jr, Nair DG, Merigliano K. CryoPlasty therapy of the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries: a reappraisal after 44 months' experience. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:634-7.
123. Canaud L, Alric P, Berthet JP, Marty-Ané C, Mercier G et al. Infrainguinal cutting balloon angioplasty in de novo arterial lesions. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1182-8.
124. Zeller T, Schmitmeier S, Tepe G, Rastan A. Drug-coated balloons in the lower limb. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2011;52:235-43.