Update in hyper- and hypogonadotropic amenorrhea

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 96, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 3281-3288

  Santoro, Nanette ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; FOLLITROPIN; GONADOTROPIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; PROGESTERONE;

AMENORRHEA; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; EARLY MENOPAUSE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERGONADOTROPIC AMENORRHEA; HYPOGONADOTROPIC AMENORRHEA; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OVARIECTOMY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY AMENORRHEA; SURVIVAL TIME;

ADULT; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASES; MENOPAUSE; MENOPAUSE, PREMATURE; MIDDLE AGED; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME;

EID: 80655147800     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: 19457197     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1419     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Harlow SD 2000 Menstruation and menstrual disorders: the epidemiology of menstruation and menstrual dysfunction. In: Goldman MB, Hatch M, eds. Women and health. San Diego: Academic Press; 99-113
2. Adams Hillard PJ 2008 Menstruation in adolescents: what's normal? Medscape J Med 10:295
3. Anasti JN, Kalantaridou SN, Kimzey LM, Defensor RA, Nelson LM 1998 Bone loss in young women with karyotypically normal spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Obstet Gynecol 91:12-15 (Pubitemid 28042325)
4. Jeffrey Chang R, Coffler MS 2007 Polycystic ovary syndrome: early detection in the adolescent. Clin Obstet Gynecol 50:178-187 (Pubitemid 46279861)
5. Luborsky JL, Meyer P, Sowers MF, Gold EB, Santoro N 2003 Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition. Hum Reprod 18:199-206 (Pubitemid 36138877)
6. Scott RT, Opsahl MS, Leonardi MR, Neall GS, Illions EH, Navot D 1995 Life table analysis of pregnancy rates in a general infertility population relative to ovarian reserve and patient age. Hum Reprod 10:1706-1710
7. Carmina E, Azziz R 2006 Diagnosis, phenotype, and prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 86(Suppl 1):S7-S8
8. Bachelot A, Rouxel A, Massin N, Dulon J, Courtillot C, Matuchansky C, Badachi Y, Fortin A, Paniel B, Lecuru F, Lefrère-Belda MA, Constancis E, Thibault E, Meduri G, Guiochon-Mantel A, Misrahi M, Kuttenn F, Touraine P; POF-GIS Study Group 2009 Phenotyping and genetic studies of 357 consecutive patients presenting with premature ovarian failure. Eur J Endocrinol 161:179-187
9. He C, Kraft P, Chasman DI, Buring JE, Chen C, Hankinson SE, ParéG, Chanock S, Ridker PM, Hunter DJ 2010 A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Hum Genet 128:515-527
10. Morris DH, Jones ME, Schoemaker MJ, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ 2011 Familial concordance for age at menarche: analyses from the Breakthrough Generations Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 25:306-311
11. Murray A, Bennett CE, Perry JR, Weedon MN, Jacobs PA, Morris DH, Orr N, Schoemaker MJ, Jones M, Ashworth A, Swerdlow AJ 2011 Common genetic variants are significant risk factors for early menopause: results from the Breakthrough Generations Study. Hum Mol Genet 20:186-192
12. Reddy P, Liu L, Adhikari D, Jagarlamudi K, Rajareddy S, Shen Y, Du C, Tang W, Hämäläinen T, Peng SL, Lan ZJ, Cooney AJ, Huhtaniemi I, Liu K 2008 Oocyte-specific deletion of Pten causes premature activation of the primordial follicle pool. Science 319:611-613 (Pubitemid 351197061)
13. Mendoza N, Sánchez-Borrego R, Galiano D, Salamanca A, Mozas J, Quereda F, Vázquez F, Martínez-Astorquiza T, Moron F 2009 Multigenic combination of estrogen-related genes is associated with age at natural menopause in a Spanish population. Menopause Int 15:150-156
14. Laissue P, Christin-Maitre S, Touraine P, Kuttenn F, Ritvos O, Aittomaki K, Bourcigaux N, Jacquesson L, Bouchard P, Frydman R, Dewailly D, Reyss AC, Jeffery L, Bachelot A, Massin N, Fellous M, Veitia RA 2006 Mutations and sequence variants in GDF9 and BMP15 in patients with premature ovarian failure. Eur J Endocrinol 154:739-744 (Pubitemid 43810861)
15. van der Schouw YT, van der Graaf Y, Steyerberg EW, Eijkemans JC, Banga JD 1996 Age at menopause as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Lancet 347:714-718 (Pubitemid 26085645)
16. Joakimsen O, Bønaa KH, Stensland-Bugge E, Jacobsen BK 2000 Population-based study of age at menopause and ultrasound assessed carotid atherosclerosis: the Tromso Study. J Clin Epidemiol 53:525-530 (Pubitemid 30254350)
17. Parashar S, Reid KJ, Spertus JA, Shaw LJ, Vaccarino V 2010 Early menopause predicts angina after myocardial infarction. Menopause 17:938-945
18. Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, Brown Jr RD, Roger VL, Melton 3rd LJ, Rocca WA 2009 Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 16:15-23
19. Matthews KA, Crawford SL, Chae CU, Everson-Rose SA, Sowers MF, Sternfeld B, Sutton-Tyrrell K 2009 Are changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in midlife women due to chronological aging or to the menopausal transition? J Am Coll Cardiol 54:2366-2373
20. Rocca WA, Grossardt BR, Geda YE, Gostout BS, Bower JH, Maraganore DM, de Andrade M, Melton 3rd LJ 2008 Long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 15:1050-1059
21. Hale GE, Hughes CL, Burger HG, Robertson DM, Fraser IS 2009 Atypical estradiol secretion and ovulation patterns caused by luteal out-of-phase (LOOP) events underlying irregular ovulatory menstrual cycles in the menopausal transition. Menopause 16:50-59
22. O'Connor KA, Ferrell R, Brindle E, Trumble B, Shofer J, Holman DJ, Weinstein M 2009 Progesterone and ovulation across stages of the transition to menopause. Menopause 16:1178-1187
23. O'Connor KA, Ferrell RJ, Brindle E, Shofer J, Holman DJ, Miller RC, Schechter DE, Singer B, Weinstein M 2009 Total and unopposed estrogen exposure across stages of the transition to menopause. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:828-836
24. Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, Rebar R, Santoro N, Utian W, Woods N 2001 Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW). Climacteric 4:267-272 (Pubitemid 34002968)
25. Pal L, Zhang K, Zeitlian G, Santoro N 2010 Characterizing the reproductive hormone milieu in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril 93:1074-1079
26. Franks S 2006 Controversy in clinical endocrinology: diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome: in defense of the Rotterdam criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:786-789 (Pubitemid 43357737)
27. Bekx MT, Connor EC, Allen DB 2010 Characteristics of adolescents presenting to a multidisciplinary clinic for polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 23:7-10
28. Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Díaz M, Marcos MV, de Zegher F 2011 Early metformin therapy (age 8-12 years) in girls with precocious pubarche to reduce hirsutism, androgen excess, and oligomenorrhea in adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E1262-E1267
29. Sum M, Warren MP 2009 Hypothalamic amenorrhea in young women with underlying polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 92:2106-2108
30. Shaw LJ, Bairey Merz CN, Azziz R, Stanczyk FZ, Sopko G, Braunstein GD, Kelsey SF, Kip KE, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Johnson BD, Vaccarino V, Reis SE, Bittner V, Hodgson TK, Rogers W, Pepine CJ 2008 Postmenopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1276-1284 (Pubitemid 351519721)
31. Wang ET, Cirillo PM, Vittinghoff E, Bibbins-Domingo K, Cohn BA, Cedars MI 2011 Menstrual irregularity and cardiovascular mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E114-E118
32. Wang ET, Calderon-Margalit R, Cedars MI, Daviglus ML, Merkin SS, Schreiner PJ, Sternfeld B, Wellons M, Schwartz SM, Lewis CE, Williams OD, Siscovick DS, Bibbins-Domingo K 2011 Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for long-term diabetes and dyslipidemia. Obstet Gynecol 117:6-13
33. Ewens KG, Stewart DR, Ankener W, Urbanek M, McAllister JM, Chen C, Baig KM, Parker SC, Margulies EH, Legro RS, Dunaif A, Strauss 3rd JF, Spielman RS 2010 Family-based analysis of candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2306-2315
34. Urbanek M, Nampiaparampil G, D'Souza J, Sefton E, Ackerman C, Legro RS, Dunaif A 2009 The role of genetic variation in the lamin a/c gene in the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2665-2669
35. Pall M, Azziz R, Beires J, Pignatelli D 2010 The phenotype of hirsute women: a comparison of polycystic ovary syndrome and 21-hydroxylase-deficient nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia. Fertil Steril 94:684-689
36. Williams NI, Berga SL, Cameron JL 2007 Synergism between psychosocial and metabolic stressors: impact on reproductive function in cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293:E270-E276 (Pubitemid 47105941)
37. Berga SL, Loucks TL 2006 Use of cognitive behavior therapy for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Ann NY Acad Sci 1092:114-129 (Pubitemid 47092331)
38. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, Murphy R, Smith P, DePaoli AM, Karalis A, Mantzoros CS 2004 Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 351:987-997 (Pubitemid 39166262)
39. Sterling WM, Golden NH, Jacobson MS, Ornstein RM, Hertz SM 2009 Metabolic assessment of menstruating and nonmenstruating normal weight adolescents. Int J Eat Disord 42:658-663
40. Meguerditchian C, Samuelian-Massat C, Valéro R, Begu-Le Corroller A, Fromont I, Mancini J, Sparrow JD, Poinso F, Vialettes B 2009 The impact of weight normalization on quality of recovery in anorexia nervosa. J Am Coll Nutr 28:397-404
41. Prioletta A, Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Lassandro AP, Mezza T, Policola C, Salomone E, Cipolla C, Della Casa S, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A 2011 Anorexia nervosa, even a small increase of abdominal fat is responsible for the appearance of insulin resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 75:202-206
42. Haas VK, Gaskin KJ, Kohn MR, Clarke SD, Müller MJ 2010 Different thermic effects of leptin in adolescent females with varying body fat content. Clin Nutr 29:639-645
43. De Souza MJ, Toombs RJ, Scheid JL, O'Donnell E, West SL, Williams NI 2010 High prevalence of subtle and severe menstrual disturbances in exercising women: conformation using daily hormone measures. Hum Reprod 25:491-503
44. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, Sykiotis GP, Quinton R, Thambundit A, Avbelj M, Dhruvakumar S, Plummer L, Hughes VA, Seminara SB, Boepple PA, Sidis Y, Crowley Jr WF, Martin KA, Hall JE, Pitteloud N 2011 Agenetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 364:215-225
45. Santoro N, Neal-Perry G 2010 The role of body weight in menstrual disturbances and amenorrhea. New York: Springer
46. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR 2010 Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 303:235-241
47. Polotsky AJ, Hailpern SM, Skurnick JH, Lo JC, Sternfeld B, Santoro N 2010 Association of adolescent obesity and lifetime nulliparity - the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Fertil Steril 93:2004-2011
48. Bordini B, Littlejohn E, Rosenfield RL 19 September 2010 LH dynamics in overweight girls with premature adrenarche and slowly progressive sexual precocity. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol doi: 10.1155/2010/724696
49. Du X, Rosenfield RL, Qin K 2009 KLF15 is a transcriptional regulator of the human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 gene. A potential link between regulation of testosterone production and fat stores in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2594-2601
50. Souza FA, Dias R, Fernandes CE, Pimentel F, Dias D 2010 Menstrual irregularity: a possible clinical marker of metabolic dysfunction in women with class III obesity. Gynecol Endocrinol 26:768-772
51. Solomon CG, Hu FB, Dunaif A, Rich-Edwards JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Manson JE 2002 Menstrual cycle irregularity and risk for future cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2013-2017 (Pubitemid 34521483)