Major depressive disorder in the African American population

Journal of the National Medical Association

Volumn 103, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 548-559

  Bailey, Rahn K ^a   Patel, Milapkumar ^a   Barker, Narviar C ^a   Ali, Shahid ^a   Jabeen, Shagufta ^a  

^a MEHARRY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Depression; Health disparities; Psychiatry; Race ethnicity; Stigma

Indexed keywords

SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ATTITUDE TO MENTAL ILLNESS; COMORBIDITY; CULTURAL FACTOR; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR DEPRESSION; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STIGMA; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; MALE; NEGRO; SOCIAL STIGMA; UNITED STATES;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL STIGMA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80555142935     PISSN: 00279684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30380-1     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Ustün TB, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Chatterji S, Mathers C, Murray CJ. Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184:386-392. (Pubitemid 38624764)
2. González HM, Vega WA, Williams DR, Tarraf W, West BT, Neighbors HW. Depression care in the United States: too little for too few. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(1):37-46.
3. National Institute of Mental Health. Statistics www.nimh.nih.gov/health/ publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml. Accessed January 28, 2010.
4. Unützer J, Patrick DL, Simon G, Grembowski D, et al. Depressive symptoms and the cost of health services in HMO patients aged 65 years and older. A 4-year prospective study. JAMA. 1997;277(20):1618-1623. (Pubitemid 27231194)
5. Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, Leong SA, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(12):1465-1475. (Pubitemid 41270106)
6. Kessler RC, Akiskal HS, Ames M, Birnbaum H, et al. Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(9):1561-1568. (Pubitemid 44465756)
7. Kessler, RC. The national co morbidity survey: Preliminary results and future directions. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res. 1995;5(2):139-151.
8. US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity-a supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: 2001.
9. Center for Mental Health Services. (1998). Cultural competence standards in managed care mental health services: four underserved/under-represented racial/ethnic groups.
10. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Barcelona, Spain: Masson; 2003.
11. www.webmd.com/depression/recognizing-depression-symptoms/ physical-symptoms. Accessed June 18, 2011.
12. Carrington CH. Clinical depression in African American women: diagnoses, treatment, and research. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(7):779-791. (Pubitemid 44074806)
13. Silverstein B. Gender differences in the prevalence of somatic versus pure depression: a replication. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(6):1051-1052. (Pubitemid 34586955)
14. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Depression in women: ACOG technical bulletin number 182-July 1993. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1993;43:203-11.
15. Dwight-Johnson M, Sherbourne CD, Liao D, Wells KB. Treatment preferences among depressed primary care patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(8):527-534.
16. Brown C, Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ. Clinical presentations of major depression by African Americans and whites in primary medical care practice. J Affect Disord. 1996;41(3):181-191. (Pubitemid 26422948)
17. Williams DR, González HM, Neighbors H, Nesse R, et al. Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(3):305-315. (Pubitemid 46376782)
18. Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity, 2001. A supplement to Mental Health: A report of the Surgeon General, 2000.
19. Strakowski SM, Hawkins JM, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, et al. The effects of race and information variance on disagreement between psychiatric emergency service and research diagnoses in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(10):457-463. (Pubitemid 27485628)
20. Brown C, Schulberg HC, Sacco D, Perel JM, Houck PR. Effectiveness of treatments for major depression in primary medical care practice: a post hocanalysis of outcomes for African American and white patients. J Affect Disord. 1999;53(2):185-192. (Pubitemid 29232359)
21. Brown C, Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ. Clinical presentations of major depression by African Americans and whites in primary medical care practice. J Affect Disord. 1996;41(3):181-191. (Pubitemid 26422948)
22. Adebimpe VR. Overview: white norms and psychiatric diagnosis of black patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138(3):279-285. (Pubitemid 11155874)
23. Neighbors HW, Trierweiler SJ, Munday C, Thompson EE, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis of African Americans: diagnostic divergence in clinicianstructured and semistructured interviewing conditions. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91(11):601-612.
24. National Mental Health Association. "What you need to know Clinical Depression and African Americans." www.mcmha.org/facts/depression-and- african-americans.pdf Accessed February 8, 2011.
25. National Mental Health "American Attitudes about Clinical Depression and Its Treatment" (March 27, 1996). www.nmha.org/index.cfm?objectid= C7DF952E-1372-4D20-C8A3DDCD5459D07B. Accessed January 10, 2011.
26. Mental Health Association in New Jersey Inc African American Outreach (African American factsheet). Verona, NJ: 2001.
27. Moran M, Primm A. Culture, History Can Keep Blacks From Getting Depression Treatment, Psychiatric News. 2004;39:11-12.
28. African American Community Mental Health Fact Sheet, NAMI Multicultural Action Sheet, 2006.
29. Poussaint A. The Stigma of Mental Illness in Communities of Color. www. npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4694220. Accessed June 17, 2011. Interview with Ed Gordon, NPR.
30. Edmonds H. African Americans and mental illness: It's not just the blues. IQ Solutions. www.iqsolutions.com/ideas-and-insights/blog/african-americans- and-mental-illness-its-not-just-blues. Accessed June 17, 2011.
31. Ellis G. Mental Illness in the African American Community. www.blackpressusa.com/news/Article.asp?SID=4&Title=Departments&Ne wsID=8812. Accessed June 17, 2011.
32. American Diabetes Association. African American and Diabetes Facts. www.diabetes.org/communityprograms-and-localevents/africanamerican/facts.jsp. Accessed February 15, 2011.
33. Eaton WW, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford DE. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(10):1097-1102. (Pubitemid 26334257)
34. Fabrega H Jr, Mezzich J, Ulrich RF. Black-white differences in psychopathology in an urban psychiatric population. Compr Psychiatry. 1988;29(3):285-297.
35. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: results of a national survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1995;39(3):197-206.
36. Cooper RS, et al. The Puzzle of Hypertension in African-Americans. Scientific American Magazine. February 1999.
37. American Obesity Society. AOA Fact Sheet 2002. www.obesity.org/subs/ fastfacts/Obesity-Minority-Pop.shtml. Accessed February 18, 2011.
38. Kessler L, Burns B, Shapiro S, Tischler G. Psychiatric diagnoses of medical service users: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Am J Public Health. 1987;77:18-24. (Pubitemid 17218493)
39. Leaf P, Livingston M, Tischler G. Contact with health professionals for the treatment of psychiatric and emotional problems. Med Care. 1985;23:1322-1337. (Pubitemid 16210547)
40. Pérez-Stable EJ, Miranda J, Muñoz RF, Ying YW. Depression in medical outpatients. Underrecognition and misdiagnosis. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1083-1088. (Pubitemid 20155335)
41. Balsa AL, McGuire TG, Meredith LS. Testing for statistical discrimination in health care. Health Serv Res. 2005;40(1):227-252. (Pubitemid 40229358)
42. Katon W, Von Korff M, Lin E, Bush T, Ormel J. Adequacy and duration of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Med Care. 1992;30(1):67-76.
43. Ghods BK, Roter DL, Ford DE, Larson S, Arbelaez JJ, Cooper LA. Patientphysician communication in the primary care visits of African Americans and whites with depression. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):600-606.
44. Lie D. A Depressed African American Doesn't Get Treatment-Whose Fault Is It? Case Response. www.medscape.com/viewarticle/731121-2. Accessed November 10, 2010.
45. Smith G. Antidepressant use doubles in US, except among Blacks. BlackVoices Wellness. www.bvwellness.com/2009/08/13/antidepressantuse-doubles- in-u-s-except-among-blacks. Accessed June 17, 2011.
46. Kirby TB, Hudson J, Miller GE. Explaining racial and ethnic differences in antidepressant use among adolescents. Med Case Res Rev. 2010;67(3):342-363.
47. Melfi CA, Croghan TW, Hanna MP, Robinson RL. Racial variation in antidepressant treatment in a Medicaid population. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(1):16-21. (Pubitemid 30104378)
48. Kunnen-Jones, M. Unfair treatment at the root of African American preference for same-race doctors. University of Cincinnati Study. www.uc.edu/News/NR.aspx?ID=793. Accessed June 18, 2011.
49. Smith-King, T. The color of death: 10 years later. The Jackson Sun. http://orig.jacksonsun.com/fe/cod/distrust.shtml. Accessed June 18, 2011.
50. Allmark P. Should research samples reflect the diversity of the populations? J Med Ethics. 2004;30:185-189. (Pubitemid 38559869)
51. Borowsky S, Rubenstein L, Meredith L, Camp P, Jackson-Triche M, Wells K. Who is at risk of nondetection of mental health problems in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(6):381-388. (Pubitemid 30431307)
52. Bradford D. Recognizing depression in African American men. Annual Convention and Scientific Assembly, National Medical Association. July 25-29, 2009, Las Vegas, NV.
53. Brody DS, Khaliq A, Thompson T. Patients perspectives on the management of emotional distress in primary care settings. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12(7):403-406. (Pubitemid 27300555)
54. Brown ER, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in access to health insurance and health care. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Health Policy Research and the Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation; 2000.
55. Baker FM, Bell CC. Issues in the psychiatric treatment of African Americans. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50:362-368. (Pubitemid 29122564)
56. Braithwaite R, Taylor SE, Treadwell HM. Health issues in the Black community. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
57. Das AK, Olfson M, McCurtis HL, Weissman MM. Depression in African Americans: breaking barriers to detection and treatment. J Fam Pract. 2006;55(1):30-39. (Pubitemid 43108033)
58. Bradford LD. CYP2D6 allele frequency in European Caucasians, Asians, Africans and their descendents. Pharmacogenomics. 2002; 229-243. (Pubitemid 34223859)
59. Ruiz P. Ethnicity and Psychopharmacology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2000.
60. Ruiz, P. The Role of Ethnicity in Psychopharmacology. International Psychiatry. 2007;4(3):55-56.
61. Weathermon R, Crabb DW. Alcohol and Medication Interactions. Alcohol Res Health.1999;23(1):40-54.
62. Hirschfeld RM. Review and Synthesis of Available Evidence in Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder, 2nd Edition. PsychiatryOnline. 2002;April:1-30.
63. Depression Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Guideline Group Health Cooperative, 1997-2010.
64. Williams, T. Black pain: It just looks like we're not hurting. Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group; 2008.
65. Jones-Webb RJ, Snowden LR. Symptoms of depression among blacks and whites. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(2):240-244. (Pubitemid 23046483)
66. American Psychiatric Association. www.psych.org. Accessed December 15, 2010.
67. Freedman LS, Simon R, Foulkes MA, et al. Inclusion of women and Minorities in Clinical Trials and the NIH Revitilization Act of 1993-The Prespective of NIH Clinical Trialist. Control Clin Trials. 1995;16:277-285.
68. Bonner GJ, Miles TP. Participation of African Americans in clinical research. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:281-284. (Pubitemid 27515868)
69. Wendler D, Kington R, Madans J, et al. Are racial and ethnic minorities less willing to participate in health research? Plos Med. 2006;3(2):e19.
70. EL-Sadr W, Capps L. The challenge of minotity recruitment in clinical trials for AIDS. JAMA. 1992;267:954-957.
71. Thomas CP, Pinto HA, Roach M III, Vaugn CB. Participation in clinical trials: is it state of the art treatment for African American and other people of color. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86:177-182.