Real rape too

California Law Review

Volumn 99, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1259-1308

  Capers, Bennett ^a  

^a HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80455176423     PISSN: 00081221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (240)

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10. See, e.g., Mary Sigler, Just Deserts, Prison Rape, and the Pleasing Fiction of Guideline Sentencing, 38 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 561 (2006).
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17. United States v. Volpe, 78 F. Supp. 2d 76, 80 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
18. see also David Barstow, Officer, Seeking Mercy, Admits to Louima's Torture, N.Y. TIMES, May 26, 1999, at A1
19. Joseph P. Fried, Volpe Sentenced to a 30-Year Term in Louima Torture, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 14, 1999, at A1
20. Bob Herbert, One More Police Victim, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 14, 1997, at A31
21. David Kocieniewski, Injured Man Says Brooklyn Officers Tortured Him in Custody, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 13, 1997, at Bl.
22. See, e.g., Sewell Chan, The Abner Louima Case, 10 Years Later, N.Y. TIMES (Aug. 9, 2007, 1:11 PM), http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/09/the- abner-louima-case-10-yearslater
23. Elizabeth J. Kramer, Note, When Men Are Victims: Applying Rape Shield Laws to Male Same-Sex Rape, 73 N.Y.U. L. REV. 293 (1998)
24. Lara Stemple, Male Rape and Human Rights, 60 HASTINGS L.J. 605 (2009).
25. SEE, E.G., CAROLINE A. FORELL & DONNA M. MATTHEWS, A LAW OF HER OWN: THE REASONABLE WOMAN AS A MEASURE OF MAN (2000)
26. MARGARET T. GORDON & STEPHANIE RIGER, THE FEMALE FEAR: THE SOCIAL COST OF RAPE (1991)
27. Vivian Berger, Man's Trial, Woman's Tribulation: Rape Cases in the Courtroom, 77 COLUM. L. REV. 1 (1977).
28. See, e.g., Cheryl Bell et al., Rape and Sexual Misconduct in the Prison System: Analyzing America's Most "Open" Secret, 18 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 195 (1999)
29. Kim Shayo Buchanan, Our Prisons, Ourselves: Race, Gender, and the Rule of Law, 29 YALE L. & POL'Y REV. 1 (2010)
30. Sharon Dolovich, Strategic Segregation in the Modern Prison, 48 AM. CRIM. L. REV. 1 (2011)
31. Alice Ristroph, Sexual Punishments, 15 COLUM. J. GENDER & L. 139, 152 (2006)
32. Russell K. Robinson, Masculinity as Prison: Sexual Identity, Race, and Incarceration, 99 CALIF. L. REV. 1303 (2011)
33. Mary Sigler, By the Light of Virtue: Prison Rape and the Corruption of Character, 91 IOWA L. REV. 561 (2006).
34. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence, 8 SIGNS 635, 644 (1983).
35. Helen M. Eigenberg, The National Crime Survey and Rape: The Case of the Missing Question, 7 JUST. Q. 655 (1990).
36. David Johnston, Survey Shows Number of Rapes Far Higher Than Official Figures, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 14, 1992, at A9.
37. People v. Barnes, 731 P.2d 110, 121 (Cal. 1986)
38. Sandesh Sivakumaran, Male/Male Rape and the "Taint" of Homosexuality, 27 HUM. RTS. Q. 1274,1289 (2005).
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42. Cindy Struckman-Johnson et al., Sexual Coercion Reported by Men and Women in Prison, 33 J. OF SEX RES. 67 (1996).
43. Janet Anderson, Letter from the Editor, Prison Rape and Sexual Coercion Behind Bars, 7 RES. & ADVOC. DIG., May 2005.
44. ALLEN J. BECK & PAIGE M. HARRISON, BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS, SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION IN STATE AND FEDERAL PRISONS REPORTED BY INMATES 2007 (2008).
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48. ALAN MCEVOY ET AL., IF HE IS RAPED 12 (2003)
49. see also Ian O'Donnell, Prison Rape in Context, 44 BRIT. J. CRIMINOLOGY 241,243 (2004).
50. Cindy Struckman-Johnson et al., Sexual Coercion Reported by Men and Women in Prison, 33 J. SEX RES. 67, 75 (1996).
51. MARK S. FLEISHER & JESSIE L. KRIENERT, THE MYTH OF PRISON RAPE: SEXUAL CULTURE IN AMERICAN PRISONS 99 (2009).
52. Terry A. Kupers, Rape and the Prison Code, in PRISON MASCULINITIES.
53. Tamar Lewin, Editorial, Little Sympathy or Remedy for Inmates Who Are Raped, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 15, 2001, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/ 15/national/15RAPE.html.
54. H. Eigenberg, Male Rape: An Empirical Examination of Correctional Officers' Attitudes Toward Rape in Prison, 69 PRISON J. 39,48, 50 (1989).
55. Butler v. Dowd
56. Butler v. Dowd, 979 F.2d 661, 667 (8th Cir 1992)
57. Brenda V. Smith, Prosecuting Sexual Violence in Correctional Settings: Examining Prosecutors' Perceptions, 4 CRIM. L. BRIEF 19,20 (2008).
58. Joanne Mariner, Deliberate Indifference, State Authorities' Response to Prisoner-on-Prisoner Sexual Abuse, in PRISON NATION: THE WAREHOUSING OF AMERICA'S POOR.
59. Mark Hansen, Brutal Findings: Prison Rapists Go Unpunished, Victims Go Unrepresented, A.B.A. J., July 2001, at 16
60. See Bennett Capers [sic], Crime, Legitimacy, Our Criminal Network, and The Wire, 8 OHIO ST. J. CRIM. L. 459 (2011).
61. Brenda V. Smith, The Prison Rape Elimination Act: Implementation and Unresolved Issues, 3 CRIM. L. BRIEF, Spring 2008, at 12.
62. James E. Robertson, A Clean Heart and an Empty Head: The Supreme Court and Sexual Terrorism in Prison, 81 N.C. L. REV. 433 (2003).
63. Butler v. Dowd, 979 F.2d 661, 671 (8th Cir. 1992)
64. McGill v. Duckworth, 944 F.2d 344, 348, 353 (7th Cir. 1991)
65. James v. Tilghman, 194 F.R.D. 408, 412-13 (D. Conn. 1999)
66. Angela K. Brown, Jurors Reject Texas Prison Rape Lawsuit, ASSOC. PRESS, Oct. 18, 2005
67. Robert Crowe, Prison Workers Not Liable in Lawsuit, HOUS. CHRON., Oct. 19, 2005, at B7 (noting defense lawyers' references to Johnson's sexuality).
68. MICHAEL SCARCE, MALE ON MALE RAPE: THE HIDDEN TOLL OF STIGMA AND SHAME 3637 (1997).
69. Michael Wilson & Al Baker, Lured into a Trap, Then Tortured for Being Gay, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 8, 2010, at Al.
70. Susan B. Sorenson et al., The Prevalence of Adult Sexual Assault: The Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project, 126 AM. J. EPIDEMIOLOGY, 1154, 1158(1987).
71. See Bruce D. Forman, Reported Male Rape, 7 VICTIMOLOGY 235 (1982)
72. Patricia A. Frazier, A Comparative Study of Male and Female Rape Victims Seen at a Hospital-Based Rape Crisis Program, 8 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 64 (1993)
73. Cecile Grossin et al., Analysis of 418 Cases of Sexual Assault, 131 FORENSIC SCI. INT'L 125 (2003)
74. Arthur Kaufman et al., Male Rape Victims: Noninstitutionalized Assault, 137 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY 221 (1980)
75. Gene R. Pesola et al., Emergency Department Characteristics of Male Sexual Assault, 6 ACAD. EMER. MED. 92 (1999)
76. Netti Riggs et al., Analysis of 1,076 Cases of Sexual Assault, 35 ANNALS EMER. MED. 358, 35860 (2000)
77. Lana Stermac et al., Sexual Assault of Adult Males, 11 J. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 52 (1996).
78. Tom Gaffney, Hazing Allegations Overshadow Team: Undefeated Tallmadge Now Six Players Short, AKRON BEACON J., Oct. 9, 2007, http://www.ohio.com/news/ 10334312.html.
79. John Couwels, 4 Teens Charged as Adults in Locker Room Sexual Assault Case, CNN, June 4, 1999, http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/06/04/florida.sexual. assault/index.html
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81. Peter F. Goyer & Henry C. Eddleman, Same-Sex Rape of Nonincarcerated Men, 141 AM. J. PSYCHIATRY 576 (1984).
82. Martin L. Rosen et al., Prevalence and Timing of Sexual Assaults in a Sample of Male and Female U.S. Army Soldiers, 163 MIL. MED. 213 (1998).
83. See, e.g., Ian Fisher, Iraqi Tells of U.S. Abuse, from Ridicule to Rape Threat, N.Y. TIMES, May 14, 2004, at Al
84. Duncan Gardham, Abu Ghraib Abuse Photos 'Show Rape,' May 27, 2009, THE TELEGRAPH (U.K.), at Al, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ northamerica/usa/5395830/Abu-Ghraib-abuse-photos-show-rape.html.
85. Michael B. King, Male Sexual Assault in the Community, in MALE VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT
86. Philip N.S. Rumney, Police Male Rape and Sexual Assault, 72 J. CRIM. L. 67, 70 (2008).
87. King, Male Sexual Assault in the Community.
88. "Bubba" even has an entry in the Urban Dictionary. See URBAN DICTIONARY, http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=bubba (last visited May 30, 2011)
89. Sharon Marcus, Fighting Bodies, Fighting Words: A Theory and Politics of Rape Prevention, in FEMINISTS THEORIZE THE POLITICAL 389
90. JAMES HOGSHTRE, You ARE GOING TO PRISON
91. Michelle Davies et al., The Influence of Victim Gender and Sexual Orientation on Judgments of the Victim in a Depicted Stranger Rape, 16 VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 607 (2001).
92. See Kiran Mehta, Male Rape Victims: Breaking the Silence, 13 PUB. INT. L. REP. 93 (2008)
93. P.A. Washington, Second Assault of Male Survivors of Sexual Violence, 14 J. OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 713-30 (1999).
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95. Pentagon Says Certification on 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Likely Mid-Summer, LGBTQNATION (Sept. 1, 2011, 6:12 PM), http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2011/04/ breaking-dodsays- certification-on-dont-ask-dont-tell-likely-mid-summer/.
96. ViRGINlAN-PlLOT, Oct. 5, 2009, http://hamptonroads.com/2009/10/military- men-are-silent victims-sexual-assault.
97. Janet Halley, Reasoning About Sodomy: Act and Identity in and After Bowers v. Hardwick, 79 VA. L. REV. 1721, 1734 (1993).
98. Philip N.S. Rumney, In Defence of Gender Neutrality Within Rape, 6 SEATTLE J. FOR SOC. JUST. 481, 507 (2007)
99. People v. Yates, 637 N.Y.S.2d 625, 627, 628 (1995).
100. James Brooke, Witnesses Trace Brutal Killing of Gay Student, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 21, 1998, at A9.
101. James Brooke, Gay Murder Trial Ends with Guilty Plea, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 6, 1999, at A1.
102. Decision Letter, State v. McKinney, No. 6381 (Wyo. Dist. Ct., Oct. 30, 1999)
103. Michael Janoksky, Gay-Panic Defense Ruled Out, S.F. CHRON., NOV. 2, 1999, at A3
104. Wyoming Judge Bars 'Gay Panic'Defense, WASH. POST, Nov. 2,1999, at A7.
105. See Partial Transcript of Trial Proceedings in State v. McKinney, No. 6381, at 16-17 (Oct. 11, 1999)
106. Michael Janofksy, A Defense to Avoid Execution, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 26, 1999, at Al.
107. see also Lou Chibbaro, Jr., 'Gay Panic' Defense Used Despite Ban by Judge, Second Witness Says Shepard Made Pass, WASH. BLADE, Nov. 3, 1999.
108. see also Patrick O'Driscoll, Jury Begins Deliberations in Slaying of Gay Student, USA TODAY, Nov. 3,1999, at Al.
109. Michael Janofsky, Man Is Convicted in Killing of Gay Student, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 4, 1999, at Al.
110. FED. BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, HATE CRIME STATISTICS 2009 (2010), available at http://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/hc2009/data/table-01.html.
111. Cynthia Lee, The Gay Panic Defense, 42 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 471, 493-94 (2008).
112. Parisie v. Greer, 705 F.3d 882, 893 (7th Cir. 1983).
113. Gary David Comstock, Dismantling the Homosexual Panic Defense, 2 LAW & SEXUALITY 81, 81-82 (1992)
114. Developments in the Law-Sexual Orientation and the Law, 102 HARV. L. REV. 1519, 1542-46 (1989)
115. Joshua Dressier, When "Heterosexual" Men Kill "Homosexual" Men: Reflections on Provocation Law, Sexual Advances, and the "Reasonable Man " Standard, 85 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 726, 726-32 (1995)
116. Adrian Howe, More Folk Provoke Their Own Demise (Homophobic Violence and Sexual Excuse)-Rejoining the Provocation Law Debate, Courtesy of the Homosexual Advance Defence, 19 SYDNEY L. REV. 336 (1997)
117. Robert Mison, Homophobia in Manslaughter: The Homosexual Advance as Insufficient Provocation, 80 CALIF. L. REV. 133, 133-34 (1992)
118. Martha C. Nussbaum, "Secret Sewers of Vice": Disgust, Bodies, and the Law, in THE PASSIONS OF LAW 30, 35-38 (Susan Bandes ed., 1999)
119. Christina Pei-Lin Chen, Note, Provocation's Privileged Desire: The Provocation Doctrine, "Homosexual Panic," and the Non- Violent Unwanted Sexual Advance Defense, 10 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 195, 201-03, 210-13 (2000)
120. Kara S. Suffredini, Note, Pride and Prejudice: The Homosexual Panic Defense, 21 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 279, 279, 302 (2001)
121. Homosexual Panic Defense: Are Juries Really Buying It?, LGNY NEWS, Nov. 4, 1999, at 4.
122. JOSHUA DRESSLER, UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL LAW 221 (2001).
123. Susan D. Rozelle, Controlling Passion: Adultery and the Provocation Defense, 37 RUTGERS L. J. 197 (2005).
124. Joshua Dressier, Provocation: Partial Justification or Partial Excuse, 51 MOD. L. REV. 467 (1988)
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126. Commonwealth v. Paese, 69 A.2d 891, 892 (Pa. 1908)
127. Maher v. People, 10 Mich. 212, 220 (1862)
128. State v. Guebara, 696 P.2d 381, 385 (Kan. 1985)
129. Dennis v. State, 661 A.2d 175, 179 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1995).
130. Commonwealth v. Ewing, 567 N.E.2d 1262 (Mass. App. Ct. 1990)
131. State v. Volk, 421 N.W.2d 360 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988)
132. State v. Handy, 419 S.E.2d 545 (N.C. 1992)
133. State v. Oliver, No. 49613, 1985 WL 8138 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 17, 1985)
134. State v. Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d 75 (Term. 1994)
135. Twenty Years in Jail: Cottrell Sentenced, GRAYSON COUNTY NEWS-GAZETTE (KY), http://gcnewsgazette.com/view/full-story/1494261/article-Twenty-years-in- jail-Cottrellsentenced (last visited May 30, 2011)
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137. John Agar, Slaying Trial Leads from Trunk to Texas: FBI Picks up Murder Suspect
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139. Schick v. Indiana, 570 N.E.2d 918, 921.
140. Mills v. Shepart, 445 F. Supp. 1231,1234.
141. Angela Davis, Prosecution and Race: The Power and Privilege of Discretion, 67 FORDHAM L. REV. 13 (1988)
142. Robert L. Misner, Recasting Prosecutorial Discretion, 86 J. CiUM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 717 (1996).
143. Alafair S. Burke, Prosecutorial Passion, Cognitive Bias, and Plea Bargaining, 91 MARQ. L. REV. 183 (2007).
144. Christopher Mangum, Guilty Plea in Hunter Case, ADVOCATE.COM (Sept. 18,2009, 2:05 PM), http://www.advocate.eom/News/Daily-News/2009/09/l 8/Guilty-Plea-in-Hunter-Case.
145. See MARTHA C. NUSSBAUM, HIDING FROM HUMANITY 13-14 (2004)
146. Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412,432 (1986)
147. United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180 (1984)
148. Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977).
149. Beckwith v. United States, 425 U.S. 341, 350 (1976).
150. Michael Barone, Bill Lockyer Is California Dreaming, WASH. EXAMINER, May 14, 2009, http://www.washingtonexammer.com/opinion/blogs/beltwayconfidential/ Bill-Lockyer-is-California-dreaming-44987157.html.
151. Frank Rudy Cooper, "Who's the Man?": Masculinities Studies, Terry Stops and Police Training, 18 COLUM. J. GENDER & L. 671 (2009).
152. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
153. Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2003).
154. See also DRESSLER, UNDERSTANDING CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 445 (2002)
155. Arnold H. Loewy, Police-Obtained Evidence and the Constitution: Distinguishing Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence from Unconstitutionally Used Evidence, 87 MlCH. L. REV. 907 (1987).
156. OTIS H. STEPHENS, THE SUPREME COURT AND CONFESSIONS OF GUILT 5-6 (1973).
157. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,287 (1991).
158. Beecher v. Alabama, 389 U.S. 35, 36 (1967).
159. Rogers v. Richmond, 365 U.S. 534, 541 (1961)
160. Lisemba v. California, 314 U.S. 219, 236 (1954)
161. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 750 (1970)
162. John Langbein, Torture and Plea Bargaining, 46 U. CHI. L. REV. 3 (1978).
163. Cobb v. United States, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 587 (Can.)
164. MATTHEW HALE, THE HISTORY OF THE PLEAS OF THE CROWN 628-29 (1778)
165. DIANA H. RUSSELL, RAPE IN MARRIAGE (rev. ed. 1990)
166. Jill Elaine Hasday, Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape, 88 CALIF. L. REV. 1373 (2000).
167. Mary Anne Case, "The Very Stereotype the Law Condemns": Constitutional Sex Discrimination Law as Quest for Perfect Proxies, 85 CORNELL L. REV. 1447 (2000).
168. Michelle J. Anderson, Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses, 54 HASTINGS L. J. 1465 (2003).
169. Commonwealth v. Mlinarich, 542 A.2d 1335 (Pa. 1988)
170. State v. Alston, 312 S.E.2d 470 (N.C. 1984)
171. Gruber, Rape, Feminism, and the War on Crime, 84 WASH. L. REV. 581, 601-02 (2004)
172. Michelle J. Anderson, From Chastity Requirement to Sexuality License: Sexual Consent and a New Rape Shield Law, 70 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 51, 56 (2002).
173. Ronet Bachman & Raymond Paternoster, A Contemporary Look at the Effects of Rape Law Reform: How Far Have We Really Come, 84 J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY 554 (1993)
174. Wallace D. Loh, The Impact of Common Law and Reform Rape States on Prosecution: An Empirical Study, 55 WASH. L. REV. 543,613 (1980).
175. Cassia Spohn & Julie Horney, "The Law's the Law, but Fair Is Fair": Rape Shield Laws and Officials' Assessments of Sexual History Evidence, 29 CRIMINOLOGY 137 (1991).
176. Peter H. Rossi et al., The Seriousness of Crimes: Normative Structure and Individual Differences, 39 AM. SOC. REV. 224, 228-29 (1974)
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178. Jury: Woman in Rape Case "Asked For It," CHI. TRIB., Oct. 6, 1989, at 11.
179. Shirley Feldman-Summers & Gayle C. Palmer, Rape as Viewed by Judges, Prosecutors, and Police Officers, 7 CRIM. JUST. & BEHAV. 19, 28 (1980)
180. WILLIAM N. ESKRIDGE, JR., DISHONORABLE PASSIONS: SODOMY LAWS IN AMERICA 1860-2003, at 20 (2008).
181. See, e.g., JOSHUA DRESSLER, CRIMINAL LAW 270 (5th ed. 2009)
182. MARKUS D. DUBBER & MARK G. KELMAN, AMERICAN CRIMINAL LAW: CASES, STATUTES, AND COMMENTS 926 (2005)
183. SANFORD H. KADISH & STEPHEN J. SCHULHOFER, CRIMINAL LAW AND ITS PROCESSES 413 (7th ed. 2001)
184. KAPLAN, WEISBERG & BINDER, CRIMINAL LAW: CASES AND MATERIALS 349 (6th ed. 2009).
185. State v. Powers, 277 P. 373 (Wash. 1929).
186. State v. Toscano, 378 A.2d. 755 (N.J. 1977)
187. LAWRENCE M. FRIEDMAN, CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY 189-92 (1993).
188. TRUDIER HARRIS, EXORCISING BLACKNESS: HISTORICAL AND LITERARY LYNCHING AND BURNING RITUALS 23 (1984)
189. Robyn Wiegman, The Anatomy of Lynching, in AMERICAN SEXUAL POLITICS: SEX, GENDER, AND RACE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 223 (John C. Fout & Maura Shaw Tantillo eds., 1993).
190. United States v. Volpe, 78 F. Supp. 2d 76 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)
191. Michelle J. Anderson, The Legacy of the Prompt Complaint Requirement, Corroboration Requirement, and Cautionary Instructions on Campus Sexual Assault, 84 B.U. L. REV. 945, 947 n.4 (2004).
192. Michelle J. Anderson, Women Do Not Report the Violence They Suffer: Violence Against Women and the State Action Doctrine, 46 VILL. L. REV. 907 (2001).
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194. Cory Rayburn, To Catch a Sex Thief: The Burden of Performance in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials, 15 COLUM. J. GENDER & L. 437 n.3 (2006).
195. Robin Charlow, Bad Acts in Search of a Mens Rea: Anatomy of a Rape, 71 FORDHAM L. REV. 263 (2002)
196. I. Bennett Capers, The Unintentional Rapist, 87 WASH. U. L. REV. 1345 (2010).
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