Chronic hepatitis B: Management challenges in resource-poor countries

Hepatitis Monthly

Volumn 11, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 786-793

  Nwokediuko, Sylvester Chuks ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Chronic disease management public health; Hepatitis B

Indexed keywords

EMTRICITABINE; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; LAMIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS DNA;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CHINA; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE CONTROL; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION RISK; LABORATORY TEST; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MIXED INFECTION; NIGERIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT REFERRAL; PERSONNEL SHORTAGE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOUTH AMERICA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 80355130113     PISSN: 1735143X     EISSN: 17353408     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5812/kowsar.1735143X.757     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004;11(2):97-107.
2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1269-1276.
3. Hepatitis B Vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2004;79(28):255-263.
4. Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res. 2007;37(s1):S9-S19.
5. Merican I, Guan R, Amarapuka D, Alexander MJ, Chutaputti A, Chien RN, et al. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Asian countries. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(12):1356-1361.
6. Vardas E, Mathai M, Blaauw D, McAnerney J, Coppin A, Sim J. Preimmunization epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in South African children. J Med Virol. 1999;58(2):111-115.
7. Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105(2):94-98.
8. Roingeard P, Diouf A, Sankale JL, Boye C, Mboup S, Diadhiou F, et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Senegal, west Africa. Viral Immunol. 1993;6(1):65-73.
9. The World Bank. World Development Indicators. Nigeria: Data and statistics. [updated 2011 April 9]; Available from: http://go.worldbank.org/HREMVJ8T90.
10. Idoko J, Meloni S, Muazu M, Nimzing L, Badung B, Hawkins C, et al. Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Infection on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in Nigeria. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(8):1268-1273.
11. Abiodun PO, Ihongbe JC, Ubaru RJ. HBs antigen and blood donors in Benin City, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1985;62(12):883-888.
12. Bada AS, Olatunji PO, Adewuyi JO, Iseniyi JO, Onile BA. Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Cent Afr J Med. 1996;42(5):139.
13. Fakunle YM, Ajdukiewicz AB, Greenwood BM, Edington GM. Primary liver cell carcinoma (PLCC) in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977;71(4):335-337.
14. Mustapha SK, Pindiga UH. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Gombe, North Eastern Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2004;6(4):104-106.
15. Ndububa DA, Ojo OS, Adeodu OO, Adetiloye VA, Olasode BJ, Famurewa OC, et al. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: a prospective study of 154 cases. Niger J Med. 2001;10(2):59-63.
16. Nwokediuko S, Ijoma UN. Relatively High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Female Civil Servants in Enugu State of Nigeria Sylvester Chuks Nwokediuko, Uchenna Ijoma. Euroasian J Hepato- Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2011; 1(1): Available from: http://www.jaypeejournals.com/eJournals/ShowText.aspx?ID=1283&Type=Paid&TYP=TOP&IN=_eJournals/images/JPLOGO.gif&IID=110&Value=20&isPDF=YES.
17. Nwokediuko S, Ijoma UN, Obienu O. Liver Cancer in Enugu, South East Nigeria. Insight. 2011;1(1):1-5.
18. Oli JM, Okafor GO. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in Nigerian diabetics. Trop Geogr Med. 1980;32(1):40-44.
19. Olubuyide IO, Aliyu B, Olalelye OA, Ola SO, Olawuyi F, Malabu UH, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91(1):38-41.
20. Otu AA. Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria. Cancer. 1987;60(10):2581-2585.
21. Sirisena ND, Njoku MO, Idoko JA, Isamade E, Barau C, Jelpe D, et al. Carriage rate of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) in an urban community in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2002;9(1):7-10.
22. Beasley RP. Rocks along the road to the control of HBV and HCC. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(4):231-234.
23. Mast E, Mahoney F, Kane M, Margolis HS. Infectious Diseases Related To Travel. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, editors. Hepatitis B vaccine. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 299-337.
24. Sadoh AE, Eregie CO. Age at presentation for infant immunization in Nigeria: Implications for hepatitis B immunization. Public health. 2008;122(12):1318-20.
25. World Health Organization. Vaccine preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2006 global summary. Immunization Vaccines and Biologicals. 2005 [updated 2006 november]; Available from: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/GlobalSummary/GlobalSummary.pdf.
26. Amazigo UO, Chime AB. Hepatitis-B virus infection in rural and urban populations of eastern Nigeria: prevalence of serological markers. East Afr Med J. 1990;67(8):539-544.
27. Mutimer DJ, Olomu A, Skidmore S, Olomu N, Ratcliffe D, Rodgers B, et al. Viral hepatitis in Nigeria--sickle-cell disease and commercial blood donors. QJM. 1994;87(7):407-411.
28. Obiaya M, Ebohom PA. Blood Transfusion Hazards in Benin City, Nigeria. Nig Med J. 1982; 12:251-254.
29. Jayaraman S, Chalabi Z, Perel P, Guerriero C, Roberts I. The risk of transfusion-transmitted infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Transfusion. 2010;50(2):433-42.
30. Centre for Disease control and prevention (CDC). Division of viral hepatitis B. [updated 2009 May 25]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/none%20hepatitis/b/fact.
31. Nwokediuko S. Risk factors for Hepatitis B virus transmission in Nigerians: A case-control study. Internet J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2010; 10(1): Available from: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_gastroenterology/volume_10_number_1_14/article/risk-factors-for-hepatitis-b-virus-transmissionin-nigerians-a-case-control-study.html.
32. Ivlustapha SK, Jibrin YB. The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigenemia in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in Gombe, Nigeria. Ann Afrii Med. 2004;4:10-11.
33. Norder H, Hammas B, Lee SD, Bile K, Courouce AM, Mushahwar IK, et al. Genetic relatedness of hepatitis B viral strains of diverse geographical origin and natural variations in the primary structure of the surface antigen. J Gen Virol. 1993;74(Pt 7):1341-1348.
34. Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Sakugawa H, Sastrosoewignjo RI, Imai M, Miyakawa Y, et al. Typing Hepatitis B Virus by Homology in Nucleotide Sequence: Comparison of Surface Antigen Subtypes. J Gen Virol. 1988;69(10):2575-2583.
35. Stuyver L, De Gendt S, Van Geyt C, Zoulim F, Fried M, Schinazi RF, et al. A new genotype of hepatitis B virus: complete genome and phylogenetic relatedness. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(Pt 1):67-74.
36. Mulders MN, Venard V, Njayou M, Edorh AP, Bola Oyefolu AO, Kehinde M, et al. Low genetic diversity despite hyperendemicity of hepatitis B virus genotype E throughout West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(2):400.
37. Olinger CM, Venard V, Njayou M, Oyefolu AO, Maiga I, Kemp AJ, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of the precore/core gene of hepatitis B virus genotypes E and A in West Africa: new subtypes, mixed infections and recombinations. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(Pt 5):1163-1173.
38. Forbi JC, Vaughan G, Purdy MA, Campo DS, Xia GL, Ganova-Raeva LM, et al. Epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis B virus infection in two remote communities in rural Nigeria. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11615.
39. Isiugo-Abanihe UC. Sociocultural aspects of HIV/AIDS infection in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2006;35(Suppl):45-55.
40. Uwaezuoke SN, Nneli RO. Death of a G-6-P-D deficient child with co-morbid HIV infection linked to scarification. J Trop Paediatr. 2007;53:62-63.
41. Drucker E, Alcabes PG, Marx PA. The injection century: massive unsterile injections and the emergence of human pathogens. Lancet. 2001;358(9297):1989-1992.
42. Foege WH, Eddins DL. Mass vaccination programs in developing countries. Prog Med Virol. 1973;15:205-243.
43. Foege WH, Millar JD, Henderson DA. Smallpox eradication in West and Central Africa. Bull World Health Organ. 1975;52(2):209-222.
44. Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(10):789-800.
45. Parkin DM, Sitas F, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, Wabinga H. Part I: Cancer in Indigenous Africans--burden, distribution, and trends. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):683-692.
46. World Hepatitis Alliance. Viral Hepatitis: Global Policy. [updated 2011 April 10]; Available from: http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/2010_conference/easl/docs/0420_2010_a.html.
47. Lok ASF, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2001;34(6):1225.
48. Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1810-1818.
49. Ihekweazu C, Anya I, Anosike E. Nigerian medical graduates: where are they now? Lancet. 2005;365(9474):1847.
50. Castera L, Forns X, Alberti A. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. J Hepatol. 2008;48(5):835-847.
51. Mostert MC, Richardus JH, de Man RA. Referral of chronic hepatitis B patients from primary to specialist care: making a simple guideline work. J Hepatol. 2004;41(6):1026-1030.
52. Nwokediuko SC, Ijeoma U. Seroprevalence of antibody to HDV in Nigerians with hepatitis B virus-related liver diseases. Niger J Clin Pract. 2009;12(4):439-442.
53. Ojo OS, Akonai AK, Thursz M, Ndububa DA, Durosinmi MA, Adeodu OO, et al. Hepatitis D virus antigen in HBsAg positive chronic liver disease in Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1998;75(6):329-331.
54. Ojo OS, Thursz M, Thomas HC, Ndububa DA, Adeodu OO, Rotimi O, et al. Hepatitis B virus markers, hepatitis D virus antigen and hepatitis C virus antibodies in Nigerian patients with chronic liver disease. East Afr Med J. 1995;72(11):719-21.
55. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S6-S9.
56. Adewole OO, Anteyi E, Ajuwon Z, Wada I, Elegba F, Ahmed P, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in Nigerian patients with HIV infection. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3(5):369-375.
57. Hoffmann CJ, Thio CL. Clinical implications of HIV and hepatitis B co-infection in Asia and Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(6):402-409.
58. Palella FJ, Jr., Baker RK, Moorman AC, Chmiel JS, Wood KC, Brooks JT, et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(1):27-34.
59. Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, de Wit S, Antunes F, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, et al. Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort. Aids. 2005;19(6):593-601.
60. Lewden C, May T, Rosenthal E, Burty C, Bonnet F, Costagliola D, et al. Changes in causes of death among adults infected by HIV between 2000 and 2005: The" Mortalite 2000 and 2005" surveys (ANRS EN19 and Mortavic). J Acquir Immune Defic. 2008;48(5):590.
61. Mocroft A, Brettle R, Kirk O, Blaxhult A, Parkin JM, Antunes F, et al. Changes in the cause of death among HIV positive subjects across Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study. Aids. 2002;16(12):1663.
62. Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R, Filice G, Carosi G. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co-infected patients. J hepatol. 2006;44(1 Suppl):S65-S70.
63. Lacombe K, Massari V, Girard PM, Serfaty L, Gozlan J, Pialoux G, et al. Major role of hepatitis B genotypes in liver fibrosis during coinfection with HIV. Aids. 2006;20(3):419-427.
64. World Health Organization. Essential prevention and care interventions for adults and adolescents living with HIV in resource-limited settings. Switzerland: WHO. 2008 [updated 2009 October 12]; Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/plhiv/plhiv_treatment_care.pdf.
65. World Health Organization. Priority Interventions. HIV/AIDS prevention and care in the health sector. [updated 2009 October 12]; Available from: http://www.who.int/entity/hiv/pub/priority_interventions_web.pdf.
66. Lessells RJ, Main J, Cooke GS. HIV and hepatitis B co-infection in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(4):210-211.
67. Liu SL, Dong Y, Zhang L, Li MW, Wo JE, Lu LW, et al. Influence of HBV gene heterogeneity on the failure of immunization with HBV vaccines in eastern China. Arch Virol. 2009;154(3):437-443.
68. Wiseman E, Fraser MA, Holden S, Glass A, Kidson BL, Heron LG, et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: an Australian experience. Med J Aust. 2009;190(9):489-492.
69. Chan HLY, Tse CH, Mo F, Koh J, Wong VWS, Wong GLH, et al. High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J clin oncol. 2008;26(2):177.
70. Werle-Lapostolle B, Bowden S, Locarnini S, Wursthorn K, Petersen J, Lau G, et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(7):1750-1758.
71. Brunetto MR, Moriconi F, Bonino F, Lau GK, Farci P, Yurdaydin C, et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009;49(4):1141-1150.
72. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. New Engl J Med. 1997;336(26):1855-1859.